Women, men and the management of forests and landscapes
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Transcript of Women, men and the management of forests and landscapes
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WOMEN, MEN AND THE MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS AND LANDSCAPESAmy Duchelle – Scientist – Climate Change, Energy & Low Carbon DevelopmentEvent: “Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Social Inclusion” Cancun, 14th December 2016
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STRONG GENDER FOCUS IN NEW CIFOR STRATEGY• Rural women play key
role in forestry sector in many developing countries
• Yet gender inequities remain pervasive in governance of forests and landscapes
• Undermines local resource conditions, and constrains ability of women to realize full range of capabilities
foreststreesagroforestry.org/shedding-light-on-opportunities-and-challenges-for-rural-women/
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GENDER INTEGRATION ACROSS RESEARCH THEMES• Effect of women’s
participation on local resource conditions
• Effect of migration on women’s influence in forestry decision-making
• Effect of agribusiness expansion on women’s livelihoods
• Nature of gender inclusion in REDD+
• Role of women in timber value chains
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1. GENDER COMPOSITION OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT GROUPS
Systematic map: provides an overview of existing evidence
www1.cifor.org/ebf/
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STUDY SELECTION• 11,069 records by title/abstract => 113 for full
review => 17 studies included in systematic map
Leisher et al. 2016
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
• All studies identified improvements in natural resource governance – and 3 identified conservation benefits – when women participated in management groups
• Other influencers: landlessness, caste, wealth, education, political/economic inequality
• Substantial gaps in the evidence base, yet clear priorities for future research (work in regions beyond South Asia, identifying causal pathways for theory of change etc.)
Leisher et al. 2016
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COMPLEMENTARY EVIDENCE
• Determinants of women’s participation: less exclusive institutions, more education, less income inequality across genders
• Institutional outcomes associated with women’s participation: less disruptive conflict, but little effect on perceived fairness of rules
• Mixed evidence of environmental outcomes associated with women’s participation
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2. POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT NETWORK (PEN)
• Large, tropics-wide collection of detailed, high-quality &comparable data by PhD students on the poverty-forest(environment) nexus, coordinated by CIFOR, with partners
• Most comprehensive analysis of poverty-forest linkages to date
(24 countries ─ 364 villages ─ 8,000+ households)www1.cifor.org/pen
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MYTHS & REALITIES ABOUT MEN, WOMEN & FOREST PRODUCT USE
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IS HARVESTING OF FOREST PRODUCTS MAINLY UNDERTAKEN BY WOMEN?
• The data do not support this claim
• For unprocessed products, this claim only holds in Sub-Saharan Africa
• For processed products, it does not hold in any geographical location
Sunderland et al. 2014
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DO WOMEN COLLECT PRIMARILY FOR SUBSISTENCE AND MEN FOR SALE?
• Both women and men collect predominantly for subsistence use, but …
• Men´s sale share is higher than women´s
• However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, the share is almost equal
Sunderland et al. 2014
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DO WOMEN COLLECT GREATER SHARE OF FOREST PRODUCTS FROM LANDS UNDER COMMON PROPERTY REGIMES THAN MEN?
• Vast majority of products for men and women collected under state property tenure regimes
• In global sample, proportion collected by men and women from common property is about the same
• Conventional claim holds for Latin America and Asia, but not for Africa
Sunderland et al. 2014
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SUMMARY OF PEN GENDER FINDINGS• Large regional variation in both the shares of
forest products collected by women • Even after controlling for most of the factors
discussed in the literature, as well as differences in level of market integration, women in Africa collect a much larger share of forest products than women in Asia and Latin America
• Many of the claims that originate from the gender and forest literature do not hold using the PEN global data sample
• Men play a much more important and diverse role in the contribution of forest products to rural livelihoods than is often reported Sunderland et al. 2014
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3. GLOBAL COMPARATIVE STUDY (GCS) ON REDD+
• 6 countries• 22 initiatives• 150 villages• 4,000
households
Comparison (Control)
REDD+ site(Intervention)
Before After
IMPACT
InterventionAfter
ControlAfter
InterventionBefore
ControlBefore
2010 / 2011 2013 / 2014
www.cifor.org/gcs
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WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN EARLY REDD+ IMPLEMENTATION
Higher knowledge of and participation in early REDD+ initiatives reported from (male-dominated) village focus groups compared to women’s focus groups
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PARTICIPATION FINDINGS IN PHASE 2 (2013/14)
Larson et al. forthcoming, IUCN book
Knowledge of in
itiative
Decision to
implement
Design & Im
plementation
0
20
40
60
80
100 91%
63%51%
92%
76% 75%
Women Men
% fo
cus g
roup
s (n
=150
)
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IMPACTS ON WELL-BEING
• Almost half of women’s focus groups said having own source of income was important for women’s well-being
• For those women who reported improved well-being in Phase 2, the second most common reason given (19% of villages) was gender equity/ women’s empowerment
• Nevertheless, overall, preliminary evidence shows REDD+ initiatives are not reducing – and in some cases appear to be widening – gender gaps
Larson et al. in prep
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NET CHANGE IN WELLBEING BY TYPE OF FOCUS GROUP
Being located in a REDD+ site had a significant (p < .10) negative impact on women’s perceived wellbeing
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REFLECTIONS ON COLLECTIVE FINDINGS
• Global comparative studies useful in understanding gendered patterns of natural resource management, since long-held gender assumptions hold true in certain contexts but not others
• Participation only partial solution to addressing women’s strategic needs in ways that could strengthen their position in forestry and conservation
• Time to re-frame the consideration of gender equality in forestry in terms of women's rights, rather than justifying women's inclusion on the grounds that it would lead to other beneficial outcomes
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cifor.orgblog.cifor.orgForestsTreesAgroforestry.org
THANK YOU
www.cifor.org/gender/