Woman Muslim Leaders

8/12/2019 Woman Muslim Leaders

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WOMAN MUSLIM LEADERS

and

FEMALE LEADERS IN MUSLIM COUNTRIESthroughout the times

624 Opposition Leader Hind al-Hunnud, Arab WorldA member of the Quaish Tribe in the Kingdom of Kindah, she was one of theleaders of the opposition to Muhammed. She led a battle against him in624, where her father and brother were killed and she then led a battle ofvengeance against Muhammed. In the end she submitted to him andbecame a Muslim convert.

631-56 Politically Influential'A'ishah Bint Abi Bakr, Arab WorldAishah was a powerful force in the political turmoil that followed the deathof her husband, the Prophet Muhammed. She became very important forher role in the civil war, where she was defeated and captured in a battle in656 and only released on promising to abandon political life. Her religiousteachings became important for the Shiite branch of the Muslim faith. Shelived (613-78).

681 KhanumPisutu of Uighuristan (Central Asia)The Uighur Khans governed portions of Central Asia in the centuriesimmediately following the Muslim expansion, and then fade from view. It is

not entirely clear that the Turkic people called Uighurs who now dwellmostly in Western China are the same folk; the name is the same, but itcould have been adopted by later-arriving tribes. The country was invadedby the Got Turks in 681.

Ca 690-701 Queen Dahlia al-Chain of the Moors (Berbian tribe inTunisia)Her name means the "priestess" or the "prophetess", and she assumedpersonal command of the Barbarian forces, and under her leadership, theArabs were briefly forced to retreat, but since the Arabs were relentless, sheordered a scorched earth policy. After her defeat, Dahia al-Kahina took herown life, and sent her sons to the Arab camp with instructions that they

adopt Islam and make common cause with the Arabs. Ultimately, thesemen participated in invading Europe and the subjugation of Spain andPortugal.

720-.. De facto Joint Ruler Hababa of Bagdad (Iraq)She was slave singer of the 9th Ummayyad Caliph, Yarzid II Ibn 'Abd al-Malik who was hostage to her carm. She choked on a pomegranate seedand he died of grief a few weeks later. Later historians stigmatized him andheld him in contempt for letting himself be infatuated by a slave.


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734-41 Khatun and RegentMo-ki-lien of Mong (Mongolia)Is known as Khatun Mo-ki-lien, which was the name of her husband. He waspoisoned by his minister, and she acted as regent for their son, Yu-jan, whowas again succeeded by her minor brother, Tngri Khagan, who died in 741.

Ca. 774 GovernorCara Zon of Carcasson (Spain)

A Marurian-Arab Princess. She defended the city-state against Charles theGreat.

775-809 Politically Influential Caliph-ConsortAl-Haizuran of Bagdad(Iraq)Also known as Khayzuran (literally, Bamboo) she was a slave, born mostlikely in Yemen, and gained substantial influence during the reigns of herhusband, al-Mahdi (775-785), who allowed her to make many importantroyal decisions. After his death, it was Khayzuran who kept the peace bypaying off the Caliph's army in order to maintain order. She arranged for

the accession of her son, al-Hadi, even when he was away from the capitol.When al-Hadi proved less tolerant of Khayzuran's political maneuveringsthan had al-Mahdi, it was speculated that it was Khayzuran who arrangedhis murder in favour of her second, more tolerant son, Harun. Whatever thetruth, Khayzuran is more fondly remembered than many of the caliphsthemselves.

908-32 Politically Influential Shaghab of Baghdad (Iraq)Succeeded in maneuvering the religious and military elite into recognizingher only 13 year old son, Muqtadir, as caliph. She had origially been aslave.

926 Regent Dowager Empress Shul Hatun of Qidan(China and of Mongolia)

Also known as Khatun Shu-l Shih of Purtmish, she wasregent after the death of her husband Abaoji until her sonYaoku was elected as his successor as ruler of The Qidannationality, which originally dwelt in the upper reaches of themountains. It was nomadic and its main activities werefishing and hunting.

Around 950 QueenYehudit of the Falasha Agaw (Ethiopia)Also known as Yodit, Esato or Judith, she attacked the Christian southernprovinces of Ethopia as far as the mountains of Tigre around 975. TheEthiopians saw her invasion as a punishment for having failed to beobedient to their Coptic patriarch. While the Agaw held power, the Amharaand Tegre culture entered a "dark age" about which little is known, and alarge part of the Ethiopian civilization was lost or destroyed during this time.

Until 970 PrincessAlan-Goa of the Hori-Tumat Dynasty in Mongolia


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Succeeded by Bodonchar

Around 976Politically InfluentialDowager Queen of Persia (Iran)Together with vizier Abu'l-Husain 'Abd-Allah ibn Ahmad 'Utbi, she assisted

her son, Nuh II ibn Mansur, of the Samanid Dynasty (d. 997) who ascendedto the throne as a youth.

981RegentHint bint Ishaq of Thima (Arabia)

997-1028/29 Regent for the Caliph-GovernorSayuda Sirin Hatyn ofGabal of Persia

Reigned in the name of both her son and grandson, both of the BayideDynasty

Around 1000 LeaderBadit bint Maja of the Politically Organized

Islamic Society (Ethiopia)Either leader of a tribe or substate-entity.

1020-24 RegentNaib us SultanatSitt al-Moluk of EgyptAlso known as the Lady of Cairo, her name means "Lady of Power", andassumed power after having arranged the "disappearance" of her brotherImam Hakim bin Amr Allah. She had his son al-Zahir proclaimed Imam andCaliph and she became regent. She appointed competent ministers,managed to setting the economy in order and brought peace to the country.(d. 1024)

1046-62 Regent The Caliph-Motherof Egypt

For the Fathamide-Caliph. She was a Sudanese ex -slave.

1061-1107Joint Ruler al-qa'ima bi mulkini Zainab al-Nafzawiyya ofthe Berber Empire (Northern Africa)Contemporary sources name her "the one in charge of her husband'srealm", and she was joint ruler with her husband, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin of anEmpire covering most of Northern Africa.

1084-1137 Regent Dowager Sultana Saiyida Hurra Arwa bint Ahmad

as-Sulayhi of Tihama (Arabia)Ruled in the name of Saba, who died in 1197/99 and then reigned alone,though together with other co-regents. From sometime in the 1130s shewas the sole ruler. She was succeeded by Sultan al-Mansur bin al Mugaddal.

1086-94 Regent Dowager QueenKhanum of theTanguts (Dangxiang)(China and Mongolia)Regent for son Li Qianshum (1086-1139), who ruled in Jingbian/Ningxian.


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Until 1087 Co-Ruler al-Sayyida al-Hurra MalikaAsma Bint Shibab al-Sulayhiyya of YemenHer title means "The Most Noble Lady who is independent, the womansovereign who bows to no superior authority, Queen". She was married toSultan Ali al-Sulahi, who entrusted much of the management of the realmto her. She also enjoyed the privilege of the Khutba - having the Friday's

prayer preached in her name - the ultimate proof of sovereignty. In 1067her husband was taken prisoner on a pilgrimage to Mecca and she wastaken prisoner by the Bane Najah family, when she was released shecontinued to direct her son's rule along with her daughter-in-law 'Arwa, untilher death in 1087.

1091-1138 Co-Ruler al-Sayyida al-Hurra Malika'Arwa bint Ahmadal-Salayhiyya of YemenThe wife of al-Mukarram Ahmad (1067-84), she was joint ruler with hermother-in-law Queen Asma. After her husband's death she became ruler inher own name, having the Friday's Prayers said in her name. She lived(1047-1137).

1092-94 Regent Dowager PrincessTurhan Hatun ofSeljuk Persia (Iran)The Seljuqs were a Turkish people whose history beginsaround the year 1000, by which time they were thedominant presence in Transoxiana and Turkestan. Theyoverran the western part of the Ghaznavid Emirate in 1040,and shortly thereafter took over all of Persia andMesopotamia from the Buwayhids. The death of Sanjar in1118 signaled the decline of the Great Seljuq Empire, whichbroke up into several smaller states.

1107-24Regent Dowager Sultana of the Seljuk-Principality ofMalatya in Anatolia (Turkey)Widow of Sultan Kilj Arslan, and married to three Turkish chiefs insuccession who acted as guardians of her son, Sultan Tughril Arslan. In1124 the principality was concord by the Danishmendide-Turks.

Ca. 1120-30 RulerAl-HurraAlam al-Malika of Zubayd (Yemen)A singer or slave of the king Mansur ibn-Najah (Ca. 1111-23), who was soimpressed by her political astuteness that he placed her in charge of therealm's management and "made no decisions without consulting her". In1123 he was poisoned by his vizier Mann Allah, but Alam continued togovern but she never had the Khutba proclaimed in her name at the Friday

night prayer. Zybayd was a principality in western Yemen near San'a, withwhom it was in a perpetual state of war. The title of al-hurra was bestowedon women who were active in politics, but did not denote Queenship.

1142Regent Dowager KhanumTa-pu-yen of Qara Khitai(Turkestan)

After the death of her husband, Ta-pu-yen, she was regent for her son Ye-lYi-lie.


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1151-77 Khanum RegnantTabuyan Ta-Pu-YenGantian Huanghou of Qara Khitai (Turkestan nowKyrgyzstan)Leader of the Central Asian Khanate in what today is partlyKyrgyzstan and partly Chinese Turkestan the region Sinkiang

Uighur Autonomous Region/Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu. The statewas founded by the Khitan ruler Yeh-l Ta-shih when heconquered the Kharakhanid Turks in 1137. In 1141 Yeh-lconsolidated his conquest by defeating the Great Seljuksultan Sanjar near Samarkand. The khanate was weakenedin about 1200 by attacks from the Khwarizmshahdom and in1218 it collapsed precipitately when the Mongols invaded.The governmental institutions of Qara Khitai were takenover by the Mongols to form the foundations of their ownimperial administration.

1163-77/78 Dowager Khanum Regnant Yel Pusuwan Chengtian

Taihou of Qara Khitai (Turkestan)In the 1120s China's Liao Dynasty was ousted by the Liaos, or Khitans, andwere driven west into Central Asia, where, after defeating the Seljuq Turksof Persia under the Sultan Sanjar in 1141, they founded the Qara-KhitaiEmpire with Samarkand as its capital covering present day's Mongolia,Northern-China, Kyrgyzstan and other central Asian territories.

1170/72 Regent Dowager SultanTurhan of Hwarizim Sahi ofUiguristan (China and Kazakstan)Reigned for Sultan Sah Abdl Quasim Mahmud 1170/72, who was deposedas ruler of the kingdom. The origin of Uigur ethnic group can be traced backto the nomadic people living around Lake Baikal and the area between the

Irtish River and Lake Balkhash in the third century B.C. During the longhistory, these people amalgamated the north and south Xinjiang (China),Mongolian, Han and Tibetan clans. And the present Uigur ethnic group cameinto being. The Uigur has its own language and alphabet, which belongs tothe Turki Austronesian, Altai Phylum. In their language, "Uigur" means"solidification and union". The Uigurs rely heavily on agriculture as theirmain source of survival. They plant cotton, wheat, corn and paddy. Thelargest grape base of China is also located in the Turpan Basin.

1172-74Politically I nfl uentialTerken Khatun (I) of the KhwarezmianEmpire (Iran)After the death of her husband, Shah Il-Arslan, his sons began fighting

over who would succeed him. Sultan Shah was the younger son, but hewas considered the formal heir and she placed him on the throne. Theelder son, Tekish, fled to the Qara Khitai and was given a large army, andhe soon set off for Khwarazm. She and her son decided to flee, and Tekishinstalled himself in Khwarazm unopposed in December 1172, but shegained the support of Mu'ayyad al-Din Ai-Aba, a former Seljuk Amir whohad set himself up in Nishapur since the collapse of Seljuk power there, heled an army into Khwarazm, but was defeated, captured and executed. Herson eventually found refuge with the Ghurids, but she was hunted down


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and killed by Tekish's forces.

1200-20 De-facto Co-RulerTerken Khatun (II) of KhwarezmianEmpire (Iran)

After the death of her partner, 'Ala' al-Din Tekish (1172-1200), she sodominated the court of their son, 'Ala' al-Din Muhammad II (1200-20) andquarreled so bitterly with his heir by another wife, Jalal al-Din, that shemay have contributed to the impotence of the Khwarazmshahi kingdom inthe face of the Mongol onslaught. She had a separate Divan and separatepalace and the orders of the sultan were not considered to be effectivewithout her signature. The Shah ruled the heterogeneou peoples withoutmercy. In face of Mongol attacks, Khwarazm empire, with a combinedarmy of 400.000, simply collapsed. Harezmshah Muhammed hadretreated to Samarkand towards the end of his domination and he had toleave the capital city of Gurgen to her.

1208-20 QueenAhmadilidyn of the Urmiya Dynasty of Persia

Succeeded her father as head of the Ahmadilit-dynasty.

121?-18 Ruler Salbak Turhan of Uiguristan (Kazakstan)The Qara-Khitai Empire with Samarkand as its capital covering presentday's Mongolia, Northern-China, Kyrgyzstan and other Central AsianTerritories. In 1210 the Qara-Khitai Empire lost Transoxiana to theKhwarazim Shahdom, previously a vassal. The empire ended in 1218, whenit was annexed by the Mongol Empire of Chingiz Khan.

1218 Regent the Dowager Sultana of the Selsjuks in

Aleppo (Syria)

Widow of Al-Zahir for son al-Aziz. Her troops was involved inthe fight against the crusaders.

1236-40 Sultan Galalat ad-Din BegumRadiya bint

Shamas al-Din Iltutmish of the Delhi Sultanate (Mostof Northern India)


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Also known Razia Begum or Radiyya Altamish, she was Thedaughter of the first Mameluk king of Delhi, Sultan Ilutmish,she came to the throne after deposing her brother andhaving him killed. She used the title al-dunya wa aldin,which can be translated into "the blessed of the earthlyworld and of the faith". She was a very able leader and

military commander, but was deposed and executed in1246/47.

1236-42Regent Dowager PrincessDayfa Khatun bint al-AdilMuhammadn of Yamkhad (Syria)Dayfat Hatun was the widow of ad az-Zahir Ghazi Ghiyath ud-Din I, whoruled (1186-1216) and after the death of her son, al-'Aziz MuhammadGhiyath ud-Din II (1216-1236) she became regent for her grandson al-NasrII Yusuf Salah ad-Din (1236-1260). The capital of the Kingdom was Aleppo,an ancient city in northwestern Syria, about 130 km east of Antiochia.

From 1237 Regent the Dowager Sultana of the Selsjuks in Aleppo

(Syria)

for Sultan al-Nazir, fighting with the Latin kings and counts in the area.

1241-...Joint Ruler EmpressKassi of MaliAccording to custom, the emperor and the principal wife ruled jointly. Shewas married to her paternal cousin, Suleyman (1241-60), and wasextremely popular with the royal court. After her husband divorced her inorder to marry the commoner Bendjou, she rallied support of the nobleladies, who refused to pay homage to the new Empress. Kassi was thenforced to seek refuge in a mosque, where she initiated a revolt, whichended in the defeat of her Faction.

1241-48 Grand Khanum Regnant Trgn of the Qagans of ChinaAlso known as Tregene Khtn, she was head of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty,which ruled most of China and Chinese Turkestan. Her son, Guyuk, wasKhan 1246-48.

1242-46Regent Dowager KhanumEbskn of Qara Khitai(Turkestan)

For Qara Hlg. The dynasty used to rule over a vast empire, but had beenforced back to present day's Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

1248-51 Empress KhanumHatun Ogul Gamys of The Yuan Dynastyin ChinaAlso known as Oghul Qamish or Ghaimish. After the death of her husband,Greath Khan Gyk, she became regent for her three young sons Qucha,Naqu and Qughu and thereby became ruler over parts of China, Mongolia,Tibet, Kazakstan and Turkestan. In 1250 she received three envoys of LouisIX of France. She accepted their presents as a tribute and demanded thatthe king of France made more explicit submission to her. In 1251 fightingbroke out between rival Factions of the ruling family, she was convicted of


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sorcery, sewn up in a sack and drowned in 1252.

1249-50 RegentShajarat al-Dur of Egypt and Syria1250 Sultan Regnant (Queen of the Muslims)1250-57 Co-rulerIn 1249, the French army under Louis IX of France attackedEgypt. Shagrat who was regent for her husband Salih, whowas in Damascus, organized the defence of the realm. Afterher husband's death his son Turan became ruler, but sheretained control, and defeated the Crusaders at Damietta.The leaders of the army plotted against Turan and have himmurdered. On May 2, 1250, they put Shagrat al-Durr on thethrone, thus beginning the Mamluk dynasty. As sultan shehas coins struck in name, and she is mentioned in weeklyprayers in mosques. These two acts only can be done for theperson who carries the title of sultan, but the Caliphate atBaghdad did not approve of Shagrat, who stepped down

after for only two months. But she married her successorAibak, a Mamluk soldier. Reports tell of their great love forone another, and for seven years she continued to rule. Anhistorian who lived at the time comments: "She dominatedhim, and he had nothing to say." Shagrat continued to signthe sultan's decrees, has coins struck in boththeir names,and dared to be addressed as Sultana. She was killed 1257apparently after having murdered her husband.

1252-61 Regent Dowager KhanumOrgana Hatum of the Khanate ofthe Eastern Turkiut (Xinjiang) and of Qara Khitai (China, Mongolia,Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan) and of Khurasan

(Iran)Head of the Ghafa Sid Horde (or Qara Khitai/ Chagataiid Horde) and ruledover a vast territory after the death of Qara Hulegu as successor of QaraHulegu, who reigned 1247-52 and 1252. She was succeeded by KhanAlughu. Her name also spelled as Orqina Khatum.

1255-57 Regent Dowager Khanum Boraqcin of Hwarizim Sahi (orthe Khanate of Kipchak) (Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan)Widow of Batu, who was khan (1227-55). When he died in 1255 his son andheir, Sartaq, had gone to pay court to Grand Khan Mongka, his father'sfriend. But he died before he could return home to the Khanate of Kipchak.Mongka nominated the young prince Ulagci, who was either the brother or

son of Sartaq, and made Boraqchin regent of the Mongol tribe (The GoldenHorde) in West Turkestan, roughly covering present day Kazakhstan andUzbekistan.

1257-82 Regent Dowager SultanTurhan Hatun 'Ismatad-Duyan Wal-Dinof Qutlug Khan (Iran)


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Also known as Qutlug or Kutlugh, she ruled as regent for sonSultan Haggag (Haa) until 1267, and afterwardsalone. She had the khutba (prayer for the sovereign)proclaimed in the mosques, the ultimate sign of legitimatereign. She was deposed by Ahmad Teguder and replaced byher stepson as ruler of Qutluq Khan or Kirman. Her

daughter, Padisha, later reigned the Kingdom of Kirman.

1260-62 Regent Dowager PrincessTurhan Hatun of Banu-Salgar(Iran)The Mongol Empire after 1260 laid fragmented as the four Mongol states -the Golden Horde in the west, Il-Khans in Persia, Chagatai empire inMongolia, and Kublai Khan in China - and the Mongols in Persia were furtherdivided into a number of smaller states in addition to the Il-Khans. One ofthem was Banu-Salgar.

1261-63 Regent Dowager PrincessTerken Khatun of Fars (Iran)After the death of her husband, Atabeg Sa'd II bin Abi Bakr bin Sa'd bin

Zangi, she was duly confirmed by ruler of Fars by the Ilkhan Hleg. Shethen married a kinsman, presumably as part of some now forgottendynastic pact, but he killed her in a drunken frenzy and subsequentlyrebelled against the Ilkhan. After his defeat and death in 1263/64, Hlegnominated her infant daughter, Abish Khatun to be the ruler of Fars.

1263-75Atabeg Regnant Abisha Hadud Khatun of Fars(Iran)1283-87 Governor of FarsAlso known as Abish Khatun or Aubee Khatton, she wasnominated as ruler by the Ilkhan of the Khwarazham Empirein Persi, after her mother, Terken Khatun, was killed. Her

name was read in the khutha and struck on the coinage. In1274, when she was about fifteen, she was taken to theIlkhan'sordu (Court), and married to Tash-Mngke (MengTemr), a younger son of Hleg This was a marriage,forbidden in Islamic law, between a Muslim woman and ashamanist, but presumably the will of the Ilkhan transcendedall other considerations. She became his chief wife and hadtwo daughters by him, Krdjin and Alghanchi. When herhusband was sent as governor to Fars, she was retained inthe ordu,but 1283, the new Ilkhan, Ahmad Tegder (1282-84), recalled him from Shiraz and appointed her in his place.Her financial recklessness, coinciding with a drought

throughout Fars, meant that she defaulted on her revenuepayments, so that Ahmad Tegder's successor, Arghun(1284-91), ordered her to appear at the ordu. Perhapsrelying on the good offices of ljei Khatun, Hleg's widow,to protect her from the Ilkhan's wrath, she declined to goand behaved outrageously toward the officials sent tosupersede her. She was eventually forced to capitulate andsubmitted to the Ilkhan (ljei Khatun did indeed intercedefor her), dying at the ordu in 1287, after having lived (ca.


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1269-87).

1285-87 Maat Layla Sultanof Harrar (Ethiopian Sup state)

Succeeded her brother as head of the Semitic speaking Islamic EthiopianBoarder State.

1291-95 Safwad al dunya wa ad-DinPadshah Hatun of QutlughKhan (Iran)Padshah became ruler and took the title Safwad al dunya wa ad-Din(Purityof the earthly world and of the faith) after Djalal da-Din Abu'l-Muzzafar wasdeposed as head of the Mongol tribe, which reigned in the southeasternIran. She had her stepbrother Suyurghatamish arrested and eventuallykilled. She was daughter of Kitlugh Turkan or Turkan Khatun, Queen ofQutlugh Khan or Kirman (1257-82). In 1295 her husband's successor GreatKhan Baydo of the Ilkhan dynasty, had her put to death on the advise of theleader of Suyurghatamish's clan, his widow, Khurdudjin.

1307 Dowager EmpressKhanum Bulugan of theYuanDynasty in China

She was widow of Temur Oljetu (Cheng Tsung) who ruled(1294-1307) as successor to Khubilaikhan (Shizu) and actedas regent for her step-grandson Wu Tsung, also known asKhaishan or Hai San. She was born as Princess Bulukhan ofthe Baya'ud.

1316-17 Regent and Principal MinisterQutlug Sah Hatun of Persiaand IraqAfter the death of her husband, Ghiyath al-Din Muhammed Uljaytu (1282-1304-16) the 8th Il Khan she was regent for their son, 'Ala al-Dunaya wa 'l-din Abu Said (1304-1317-1335). The dynasty had reigned Persia and IraqChina since Kubilai Khan of Mongolia and China appointed his brother,Halagu (1256-1265) as tributary sub-ruler. With the death of Abu Sa'id theIl-lkhanid dynasty in Iran virtually came to an end.

1316 Ruler Dawlat Khatunof Luristan (Persia)Succeeded her husband, Izz al-Din Muhammad, the 13th sovereign of the

Mongol Bani Kurshid dynasty, which ruled Luristan in southwestern Persia.She proved to be a poor administrator, and therefore she abdicated after ashort period in favour of her brother-in-law, Izz al-Din Hassan.

1325-36 Politically InfluentialBaghdad Khatun of the Ilkhanate inPersia (Iran)First married to Shaykh Hasan Buzurg, founder of the Jalayirid dynasty,whom she married in 1323. Two years later, they divorced on the orders ofher uncle, Abu Said, the Ilkhan, and they married in 1327, and now


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enjoyed a period of unprecedented power as the harem favorite, evenacquiring the honorific title of Khudawandigar [sovereign]. 1331-32, shebriefly fell from grace because of accusations that she had plotted theassassination of Abu Said with her former husband, but in the followingyear she was restored to favour. Another blow to her authority came in734/1333-34, when Abu Sa'id married her niece, Dilshad Khatun, and

elevated the latter to the rank of principal wife. She displayed herresentment at her diminished status and when, according to Ibn Battuta,Abu Sa'id died in 1335, she was accused of poisoning him and was beatento death in her bathhouse either by order of his amirs or his successor,Arpa.

1332-33 Regent Dowager Empress Khanum Ptashali of theYuanDynasty of ChinaLeader of the Qagans Mongolian Dynasty which ruled most of China andsurrounding territories, during the reigns of Irinjibal (1332) and ToghonTemur (1333-70). In 1368 the Yuans were replaced by the Ming Dynastyafter a period of internal revolt.

1338-39Acting Caliph GovernorandPrincipalMinisterSati Beg Hatun of the Mongols Il KhansEmpires in Persia (Iran)

Used the titleAl-sultana al-radila Sati BekKhan Khallad Allahmulkaha - The just sultana Sati Bek, may Allah perpetuateher reign, and was daughter and sister of some of the earlierrulers. After Mohammad was overthrown, she took powerand married Suleiman, who became titular co-ruler. TheMongols Il Khans controlled Persia as a sort of local Mongolauthority under the Great Horde.

Ca.1344-ca.52 Sultan RegnantMo'at Laila of Ifat (EastShoa, Ethiopian Substate)

The Muslim sultanate situated in the northeastern Shewanfoothills was one of the boarder-states threatening theEthiopian state but it was about one hundred years later.

1348-79 Sultan andMaha RadunMalikat Rahandi Kambadi-Kilagi ofthe Maldive Islands, Sultan of Land and Sea and Lord of thetwelve-thousand islands

One of three daughters of Sultan Salah ad-Din Salih Albendjaly, who wassucceeded by her brother. The vizier 'Abdallah al-Muhammad al-Hazramimarried the sultan's mother, and had him put to death. Meanwhile, Khadijahad married Jamal-ud-din, who managed to take over the reigns of powerfor his wife. As vizier he issued orders in her name. Succeeded by sister,


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Myriam.

1366-71 Regent KhanumBeng Shi of Yuan China

For the pretender Ming Sheng.

1370-73 Khanum RegnantTulun Beg of the Golden Horde in Russiaand Serbia

Member of the Akurdu Dynasty.

1379-81 Sultan Myriam Raadafati Kambadi Kilege of the MaldiveIslandsAlso known as Queen Siri Suvama Abaarana. Her sister, Sultan Khadija,reigned three times beginning in 1337. Myriam was the last of the LunarDynasty and was deposed by a Moslem cleric by the name of Fagi Mohamedson of Kaeumani Kaulhannaa Kilege of Maakuratu, who was succeeded byhis daughter Daainu Kambaa in 1383.

1383-88 Sultan MalikatDaainuKambaa Radafati Kambadi-Kilagiofthe Maldive IslandsAlso known as Fatima, she was daughter of Sultana Myriam, who wasdeposed by Fagi Mohamed in 1381. Daainu was deposed by her husbandwho ascended the throne as Sultan Abdulla II and reigned a month and ahalf before being assassinated by Osman of Fehendu.

14.Tribal Leader Lalla Aziza in Morocco

Very influential during her lift-time in her Berban tribe, she isnow considered a saint who protects chasseurs and theadesberbres.

14.... MalikaTindu of the Jallarid Dynasty (Iraq)

Ruled sometime during the 15th century, and had the khubta - Friday'sprayers - preached in her name.

1411-19 Governor and SultanTandu of Baghdad (Iraq)


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Also known as Tindu, she belonged to the Jalarid Dynasty, abranch of the Ilkhan Mongol rulers, and daughter of kingAwis. She was first married to al-Zahir Barquq, the lastMamluk king of Egypt. She did not like life in Cairo and herhusband let her go back to Baghdad, where she married hercousin Shah Walad bin Ali, the Governor for the Caliph, and

after his death she acceded to the throne, had coins stuck inher name and the khutba (sovereign's prayer) proclaimed inher name in the mosques. She was one of the last Mongolrulers in the area.

1432 Regent Dowager Sultana Aisha Sia of Ternate (Indonesia)After the death of her husband Paduka Sri Sultan Bessi MuhammadHasan,Kaicili Komalo Pulu, Sultan of Ternate (1377-1432), who establishedhimself as paramount ruler of the Moluccas, taking the title of Kolanoma-Lukkuin 1380, for grandson KaiciliNgolo-ma-Kaya, who succeeded asPaduka Sri Sultan Gapi Baguna II. She was daughter of another sultan ofthe state.

Around 1450 ChieftainessSharifaFatima of the Zaydi(Yemen)

The daughter of the religious leader, Imam al-Zayel al-NasirLi Din Allah, she and her tribe took San'a by force of arms inthe mid 15th century.

1461-70 Regent Dowager SultanaMhduma Gahan of Bahmani Sahi(India)

For Nizanu Shah (d. 1463) and Sams ad-Din Muhamed Shah II (1463-82).

1467 Princess Regnant Bigum Hatun of Qara Quynl(Iraq)

Ruler of a Turkish Tribe in Mesopotamia

1470-ca. 92 Regent KhatunMandughai of Mongolia

Also known as Mandugaya Setsen Khantun, she was widow of Grand KhanMandaghol, the 27th successor of Jengis Khan, who was succeeded by his


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nephew, Bolkho, in 1467. When he was assassinated three years later, themother of his five-year-old son, Dayan Qagani, had deserted the child, andMandughai took him under her protection, proclaimed him khan, andbecame his regent. She assumed command of the Mongol troops anddefeated their enemy, the Oirat. In 1481 she married Dayan, and 1491-92she again lead the army to fend off the Orat.

1470-90 We Ban-ri Gau Daeng Marawa Makalappi Bisu-ri La LangpiliPatta-ri La We Larang ,Arumponeof Bone (Indonesia)

StyledArungMajangbefore her accession on the death of her father. Herceremonial name was Malajangi-ri China, and she was mother of two sons.

1470-... Sultana Narisa Malik uz-Zahir of Samudra Pasai Kesepulih(Indonesia)

Daughter of Sultan Kadir al Malik uz-Zahir ibnu al-Marhum of Pasai andmarried to Sultan Muhammad of Aceh, who reigned (1465-77)

1481-92 Amina Gul-Bahar Khanum Valide Sultan ofThe Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

The Valide Sultan was the mother of the sultan, and had animportant place in the imperial family. In some aspects shewas considered as a joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdictionover the women in the empire.She was married toMohammed II and mother of Bajazet (1481-1512), and lived(1434-94)

1482-92 Regent'A'isha al-Hurra of Cordova (Spain)

Gained support from the nobles and military leaders todepose her husband, 'Ali abu al-Hasan (reigned 1461-82),who was being infatuated by his Christian concubine,Isabella, who had converted to Islam and taken the name ofSoraya. Her son, Muhammad Abu 'Abdallah was proclaimedas caliph. She played a prominent role in the last years ofthe Muslim reign in the south of Spain, which was conqueredby their Catholic majesties, Isabel I of Castilla and Fernandoof Aragon.

1482-1530 President of the Regency CouncilThe Makhduma-e-Jahan of The Bahmani Deccan (Oudh) (India)As Dowager Queen, she was Regent for son Mahmud Shah Bahmani, whoascended the throne at the age of 12 years, when some usurpers had beenoverthrown.

15.. Princesss RegnantNur Begum of Hunza(Afganistan)


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The daughter of Girkis Han, she ruled for 12 years of themountainous region on the boarder to China. Succeeded bynephew Ayaso I.

1510-52 Governor Sayyida al-Hurra of Tetoun(Morocco)

First confirmed as prefect and then appointed governor ofthe city state of Tetoun ("Hakima Tatwan"). She was theundisputed leader of the pirates in the westernMediterranean. She was married to Sultan Al-Mandri andafter his death she married Ahmad al-Wattasi, who reigned(1524-49). After her first husband's death, she gained thetitle al-hurra (Sovereign Lady). She was member of theAndalusian noble family, Banu Rashid, who immigrated toMorocco after the Christian conquest of Muslim Spain. Shewas deposed in 1552.

1520-34 Gulbehar Hatun Mahidevran Valide Sultan of The Ottoman

Empire (Turkey)Also known as Aisha Hafsa Khanum, she was mother of Suleiman II, theson of Selim I. In some aspects the Valide Sultan was considered as a joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire.

1521-32 Regent The Dowager Queen Njai Tjiliof Ternate (Indonesia)

Regent for sons Deijalo and Bohejat. In 1532 Prince Kaitjil became sultan.

1523-58 De-facto Ruler KadinRoxelana of the

Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Very influential during the reign of her husband SultanSleiman II (1520-66). She had originally been bought as aslave by Sleiman's friend Ibrahim Pascha. The Pascha latergave her to the Sulatan as a gift. she is believed to havebeen born in Russia and lived (ca. 1507-58)

1529-30 Regent DowagerSultan Dudu of Janupur (India)

After the death of her husband, Muhammed, she was regentfor Galal Han, who was deposed in 1533. Under her family'sreign, the state became the home of Muhammadan cultureand refuge for men of letters. She was killed in 1530.

1543-52 Regent Dowager SultanaBat'ial Dl Wanbara


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of Harar (Ethiopia)In charge of the territory after her husband, Imam Ahmadhad been killed. She reigned jointly with 'Ali Jarad. She hadaccompanied her husband on his expeditions of conquest inthe Christian highlands. At times she had to be carried ontheir shoulders up and down steep and rocky mountain

slopes, twice in a state of pregnancy. She gave birth toMuhammad in 1531 and Ahmad two years later. After thedefeat and death of her husband and the capture of heryoung son Muhammad, she fled to the north-west of LakeTana, and eventually succeeded in returning to Harar, thenat the center of Adal power. Her first task was to makearrangements for the exchange of her eldest son Muhammadfor Emperor Galawdewo's brother, Minas. Del Wanbara wasdetermined to revenge her husband's death and, nine yearslater, agreed to marry the Emir of Harar, Nur Ibn Mujahid,son of her first husband's sister, seeing in him the bestprospect of achieving her aim. Emir Nur began by rebuilding

Harar, which had been sacked, and enclosed the town with awall which can be seen to this day. Having reorganized hisforces, he undertook a new conquest of the Christianhighlands and, in 1559, killed Emperor Galawdewos in battle.She was daughter of Imam Mehefuz, governor ofZayla and de facto ruler of the state of Adal. She marriedImam Ahmad and, ignoring the protests of his soldiers,

1544-? Politically influential Mihrumh Sultana oftheOttoman EmpireOnly daughter of Sultan Sleyman the Magnificent byHrrem Sultan. Her father ored his her, and complained withher every wish. She married Rstem Paa, Governor-Generalof Diyarbakr, who was shortly afterwards appointed grandvizier. According to Ottoman historians, Hrrem, Mihrumhand Rstem Paa conspired to bring about the death ofehzade Mustafa, who stood in the way of Mihrumh Sultansinfluence over her father. The fact that Mihrumhencouraged her father to launch the campaign against Malta,promising to build 400 galleys at her own expense; that likeher mother she wrote letters to the King of Poland; and thaton her fathers death she lent 50.000 gold sovereigns toSultan Selim to meet his immediate needs, illustrate thepolitical power which she wielded. Her husband was grandvizier in the periods 1544-1553 and 1555-1561, and she and

her mother formed an inner circle in the government whichevidently influenced the sultan's decisions particularly inissues concerning the succession and the future of thesultanate. They wereaccused of putting pressure on herfather to execute his eldest surviving son, Mustafa. At thatcritical point whenSultan Sleyman was faced with openprotest from the army and negative public opinion followingthe murder of Mustafa, Sleyman was forced to replace hisson-in-law in the position of grand vizirate with Kara Ahmed


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Pasha, a war hero and favourite of the army. But within twoyears under pressure from the inner circle under Hrrem,Kara Ahmed was eliminated and Rustem resumed the grandvizirate, keeping the office until his death in 1561.

Ca. 1545-ca.1570/80 Sultan Hudah bint Sarmah al-Fasi of Fazzan

(Libya)Grandchild of Muhamad al-Fasi Fezzan. The state mainly consisted of oasesin the Sahara Desert, and the population is largely Arab, with Berber andblack African influence. Located on caravan routes connecting theMediterranean Sea with the Sudan, Fazzan was long important in the trans-Saharan trade. From the early 16th to the early 19th century it was thecenter of the Bani Muhammad dynasty, which originated in Morocco.

1549-51 Regent Dowager PrincessSyun Beka of Kazan(Russia)

Regent for son. Today Kazan is the capital of the RussianRepublic of Tatarstan.

1556-64 Regent for the Governor Mah Cucak Bigum of Kabul,Afganistan

Reigned for Governor Miza Muhammad Hakim (1556-85) hereditaryrepresentative of the Grand Mogul of India. She was murdered in 1565

1560-62 De-facto regentMaham Anga of the MughalEmpire (India)

The chief nurse of Emperor Akbar, she gained influence aftershe convinced Akbar to dismiss his minister, Bairam. Herpower began to wane in 1561, when Akbar appointed AtkahKhan as chief minister. Five months later her son, AdhamKhan, Akbar's foster-brother, attempted to assassinate AtkahKhan, but was executed, and she died shortly after, and theemperor, who was now 19 ruled alone from then on.

1574-83 Politically Influential Nurbanu Sultan ValideSultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)


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Nur Banu took an active part in the governance of theempire as the chief advisor of her son, Murad III. Of Italianorigin, she was married to Selim III, and lived (1530-83).(or to 1595)

1576-1610 Queen Amina Sarauniya of Zazzua, Zaria

and Abuja1580-82Queenof Kano (Nigeria)Probably the granddaughter of Sarkin (king) Zazzau Nohir.Zazzua was one of a number of Hausa city-states whichdominated the trans-Saharan trade after the collapse of theSonghai empire to the west. At the age of sixteen, Aminabecame the heir apparent (Magajiya) to her mother, Bakwaof Turunku, the ruling Queen of Zazzua. With the title camethe responsibility for a ward in the city and daily councilswith other officials. Although her mother's reign was knownfor peace and prosperity, Amina also chose to learn militaryskills from the warriors. Queen Bakwa died around 1566 and

the reign of Zazzua passed to her younger brother Karama.At this time Amina emerged as the leading warrior of Zazzuacavalry. Her military achievements brought her great wealthand power. When Karama died after a ten-year rule, Aminabecame Queen of Zazzua. She set off on her first militaryexpedition three months after coming to power andcontinued fighting until her death. In her thirty-four yearreign, she expanded the domain of Zazzua to its largest sizeever. Lived (ca. 1533-ca- 1610)

1577-80 Regent Dowager QueenMahid-I Uliyah ofPersia

Regent for Esmil II (1576-78) and Shah MohammedKhodbanda (1578-87) of the Safavid Dynasty, which was ofTurkmen origin and established themselves first at Tabriz,which had been the capital of the Mongol Il Khans, in Turkishspeaking Azerbaijanistan. They also brought the Shi'itebranch of Islam to Persia.

1580-90 Regent Dowager SultanaCandBibi of Bijapur(India)1596-99Regent of Ahmadnagar

After her husband, 'Ali 'Adil Shah II, was killed in 1580, shewas regent for her nephew, Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II, and ruledwith great prudence and intelligence till the young king cameof age. When order was restored in Bijapur kingdom, ChandBibi went back to her motherland Ahmadnagar, where theruler, Murtada Shah, died at a moment when the foreignrelations of the state were strained to breaking-point andwas imminent, she returned to Bijapur, and mustered some


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reliable troops in consideration of the defence ofAhmadnagar fort against the mighty army of the Mughals ledby their able general. After this great defence, Chand Bibicame to be known as Chand Sultana. Later the Mughalssucceeded to turn the troops of Chand Bibi and had a siegeover Ahmadnagar in 1008/1599. This time, emperor Akbar

himself rushed to Deccan and pitched his tents outside thecity. Chand Bibi became desperate and resisted the Mughalattacks with such courage that the invaders were repelled atmany places. At length, Hamid Khan, the traitor allowed theMughal force to enter Ahmadnagar, and entered the palaceof Chand Bibi to kill her. At that moment of disaster, ChandBibi came out of her apartments and fought bravely and waskilled, and thus, Ahmadnagar was captured by the Mughalsin 1600. She was daughter of Hussain NIzam shah ofAhamadnagar, and lived (1550-99).

1584-1616 RajaIjau I of Patani (Thailand)

Also known as Ratu Hijau "The Green Queen", she succeeded brother asruler of the Malayan kingdom-sultanate, and was succeeded by sister in1616. Her aunt, Raja A'isyah had sometime been regent for Sultan Bahdurafter Sultan Manzur Syah who ruled (1564-73). She was succeded by sister.

1595-1603 Politically InfluentialSafiye VaildeSultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Took an active part in the governance of the empire as thechief advisor of her sons Murad III and Mehmed III. She

lived (1550-1605)

1603-05 De-facto RulerHandam Valide Sultan of theOttoman Empire (Turkey)

Her full title was Daulatlu IsmatluHansam Validi Sultan'Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari, and she was very powerful during

the reign of Ahmed Khan I (1613-17), and lived (1576-1605).

1607-09 SultanKuda Kala Kamanafaanu,Sultana of Land andSea,Lady of the Thousand Islands and Sultans of the MaldiveIslands


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Around 1635 Datu We Tan-ri Sui of Mario-ri Wawo (Indonesia)Daughter of I-Dangka We Tan-ri Tuppu, Arumpone of Bone (1590- 1607)and her husband and successor La Tan-ri Ruwa Paduka Sri Sultan Adam(1607-08). She was married to La Pakkou To' Angkone Taddampali, Princeof Bone and their son became Sultan and Arumpone of Bone in 1672, at atime when he had already succeeded her as Datu of Mario-ri Wawo. He lived

(1635-96). It is not known when she lived.

1641-75 H.H. Paduka Sri Sultana RatuSafiat ud-dinTaj ul-'Alam Shah Johan Berdaulat Zillu'llahi fi'l-'Alambinti al-Marhum Sri Sultan Iskandar Muda MahkotaAlam Shah,Sultana of Aceh (NorthSumatra) (Indonesia)Born as Raja Permusairi Putri Sri 'Alam, she was installed onthe death of her husband and relative, Paduka Sri SultanIskandar Thani 'Ala ud-din Mughayat Shah Johan BerdaulatZillu'llahi fi'l-'Alam ibnu al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad Shah, whohad succeeded her father, Sultan Iskander, in 1636. She lost

Pahang to Johor soon after her accession. Her reign usheredin half a century of rule under women sovereigns, beginningwith her husband's other widow, 'Taj ul-Alam. Her femalesuccessors, were all chosen by the increasingly powerfulregional nobles and territorial magnates unwilling to submitto surrender power to a strong ruler. All four were chosenafter they had past childbearing age, so that husbands orsons could not establish themselves in the supremeauthority. Her throne name Safiat ud-din Taj ul-'AlamShahmeans "Purity of the Faith, Crown of the World", andshe was succeeded by Sultana Nagiat, and (d. 1675)

1651-56 Naib-i-Sultanat (Regent) Khadija Turhan Hadice ValideSultan of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey)Had been Valide Sultan since 1648, and took over as regent for her son,Mehmed IV (1648-51-87) after her mother-in-law was killed. As herpredecessor as regent, she took part in the deliberations in the ImperialDiet seated behind a curtain, she authorized all appointments andcooperated closely with the Grand Vizier as "The Guardian andRepresentative of the Sultan". Of Russian origin, she lived (1627-83).

1652-1697Sultan Fatimah of North Zanzibar(Tanzania)Succeeded Sultan Bakiri, her brother, who had been sultan

of the whole island. In 1652 Sultan ibn Seif of Oman droveher off the island, but for the next forty years, thePortuguese continued to maintain the upper hand and shewas soon able to return to Zanzibar. In 1697 the Arabscaptured Zanzibar and took her prisoner, deporting to herMuscat. After 10 years she was allowed to return, but herisland remained under Arab control.

1662-67Regent DowagerFatima Sultan Saiyia


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Burhanof Kasimov/ Borjegin-Sibil (The Golden Horde)(Russia)1677-81 Sultan RegnantAlso known as Sultana Sayyidovna , she was first regent orSaiyia Burhan, before becoming ruler of the Ilkhan Kingdomof Qasim in Central Asia in her own right and had the Khutba

(sovereign's prayer) proclaimed in her name in the mosques,the ultimate sign of legitimate rule. She was a descendant ofthe Tatars golden horde and said to be the last Mongolsovereign. The state was annexed by the Russian 1681 andshe died the same year.

1662 De-facto Ruler Imperial PrincessRashanaraBegum of the Indian Mongul Empire

Seized the power during the illness of the Emperor

Aurangzer.

1675-77 H.H. Paduka Sri SultanaNaqiat ud-din Nur ul-'Alam Shah, Sultana of Aceh Dar us-Salam(Indonesia)

Granddaughter of Sultan 'Ali Mughayat II Ri'ayat Shah, whoruled 1604-07, and married Laksamana 'Abdu'r Rahman binZainal Abidin, Orang Kaya Kaya Maharaja Lela Melayu, son ofZainal Abidin bin Daim Mansur, Tengku of Ribee. Perhapsmother of Sultan 'Ala ud-din Ahmad Shah Johan Badr

Berdaulat, but she was succeeded by Sultana Zaqiyat. HerThrone-name Naqiat ud-din Nur ul-'Alam Shah means Lightof the world, Purity of the Faith. (d. 1677)

Ca. 1676-ca. 1711 SultanAlimah II of Nzwani, Comoro IslandsArabic-style sultanates developed in Nzwani as early as the sixteenthcentury with different areas of the island first ruled by chiefs known as Fani.Later, the chiefs were involved in conflicts and appealed to Europeans tointercede on their behalf. Eventually, in 1886, the island became a Frenchprotectorate and was formally annexed by France to its possessions in 1909.

1678-88H.H. Paduka Sri SultanaZaqiyat ud-din 'Inayat Shah binti al-

Marhum Raja Mahmud Shah, Sultanaof Aceh Dar us-Salam(Indonesia)Succeeded sultana Naqiat. She was daughter of Raja Mahmud Shah bin RajaSulaiman Shahand and married to a great-grandson of Sultan Mukmin, whoreigned 1579. Succeeded by her sister, Sultana Zinat. Sultana Zaqiyat (d.1688).

1680s Sultan Nur al-Azam of Sulu (Philippines)


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Sulu is an archipelago in the extreme southwestern corner of thePhilippines, just east of Sabah (Malaysia), the northeast corner of Borneo.The region is the home of a people outsiders call Moros, a feroce and deeplyindependent sea-going nation; it was never conquered by the Spanishauthorities in the Philippines. She succeeded Salah ud-Din Bakhtiyar andwas succeeded by al-Haqunu.

1687-91 RegentH.H. Sultana Mariyam Kaba'afa'anu Rani Kilegeofthe Maldive IslandsAfter the having poisoned her husband, Iskander Ibrahim, she becameregent for their infant son, Sultan Muhammad I. She was killed off DuniduIsland when a spark from a victory salute blew up a powder magazine,destroying the royal vessel in which she was sailing. Her son died shortlyafter of the wounds he received in the explosion that killed his mother.

1687-89 Saliha Dilasub Valide Sultan of The OttomanEmpire (Turkey)

Her full title as mother of the sultan was DaulatluIsmatluMahfiruzl Validi Sultan 'Ahiyat us-ShanHazratlari, and in some aspects she was considered as a

joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in theempire. Mother of Sleiman II (1687-91), she lived (1627-89)

1688-99 H.H. Paduka Sri SultanaZinat ud-din Kamalat Shah binti al-Marhum Raja Umar of Aceh Dar us-Salam (Indonesia)The last of four consecutive female rulers, she succeeded her sister-in-law,sultana Zaqiyat. Born as Putri Raja Setia, she was great-granddaughter ofSultan Mukmin, who ruled 1579. In 1699 Sayyid Ibrahim Habib, obtained adecree from Mecca stating that female rule was contrary to the tenets ofIslam. He deposed her, married her and assumed the Sultanate. They hadtwo sons who both became sultans.

1695-1715 Mah-Para Ummatallah Rabia Gl-NzUmmetulla Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire(Turkey)

Mother of Mustafa II (1695-1703) and Ahmed III (1703-30).She did not play any major role during their reigns, but she

was asked to approve and authorize the replacement ofMustafa by Ahmed, which she did. As the seniorrepresentative of the dynasty, her approval was consideredto be imperative. Daughter of the Venetian Retimo Verzizzi,she lived (1647-1715).

1700-07 Regent H.HShrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Tara Bai SahibMaharaj (Sita Bai Ali Sahib) of Satara (India)


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In 1714 her son, H.H Kshatrtiya-Kulawatasana Sinhasanadhishwar ShrimantRaja Shahu Sambahaji II Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1698-1760),became ruler of Kolhapur. Tara Bai lived (1675-1761).

1700-17.. Sultan Aisa of Mayuta (Mayotte, today a FrenchPossession)

At a not known date, she was succeeded by daughter, Sultan Monavo.

17.. SultanNyau wa Faume of Ngazidja (Comoro Islands)

The island is also known as Grande Comore.

17... Sultan Adji di Kurin-dana Malaka of Berau (Indonesia)

Berau is a scarcely populated area in the Island of Borneo.

17..InasEmbun Serin of Undang Luak (Malaysia)

The state was one of nine minor states which joined in the Negeri SembilanConfederation.

17..Amira Ghaliyy al-Whhabiyya in Saudi Arabia

A Hanibali from Tarba, she led a military resistancemovement to defend Mecca against foreign take over in thebeginning of the 18th century. She was given the title of

Amira, the female equivalent of the title of Amir - militaryleader.

1704 RegentPrincess Fatima of the Maldive IslandsWhen the news of the possible drowning of Isdu King Siri Muthei RanmaniLoka/ Sultan Ibrahim Mudhiruddine who after his abdication was known asIsdu Ibrahim Bodu Kilegefan, while returning from the Hajj pilgrimagereached Mal in 1704, his wife and regent Princess Fatima attempted tousurp the throne in her own right. Her rival and brother-in-law, Admiral-in-

chief Hussain was banished to Naifaru. Fatima was however displaced fromthe Eterekoilu -the residence of the Sultans - by the Prime MinisterMohamed Faamuladeyri Thakurufan who was crowned as King Siri KulaSundhura Siyaaka Sasthura - Sultan Mudzhaffar Mohamed Imaduddine II.

1707-16 RajaDevi P'ra-Chao of Patani (Thailand)

Successor of the male ruler, Raja Emas Jayam Bagunda, who reigned 1704-07 and 1721-28.


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1714-1715, 1720, 1724-1738 and 1741-1749 H.H. Bata-ri TojaDaeng Talaga SultanaZainab Zakiat ud-din,Arumponeof Bone1715 and 1728-1738 Ruler of Soppeng1719-20Datuof Luwu (Indonesia)Succeeded her father, H.H. La Patau Paduka Sri Sultan Idris.

Styled DatuChitaandArungTimurangbefore her accession and during thetimes she had vacated the throne. First abdicated in favour of her brother.After his deposition she again became ruler, but abdicated immediately infavour of her eldest half-brother. Restored for the third time on hisdeposition, in 1724. Married to Sultan Muharram Harun ar-Rashid ofSumbawa, Prince Pabukajuwa of Bone and Datu Ulaweng, Arung Zallieng,Adatuwang of Sidenreng, who was Regent of Bone 1724-1725, and finally toDaeng Mamuntuli, Arung Kayu, Regent of Bone 1726-1728. All but the thirdmarriage ended in Divorce. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Tipulunahad no children, and she was succeeded by a female relative, Siti Nafisha,and lived (1687-1749).

1723-47 Dato' Putri SitiAwan Setiawanm I of Johol (Malaysia)The state of Johol is one of the component states of the Negri SembilanFederation. Originally known as Pasir Besar, it was renamed Luak Johol in1723. The ruler is one of the four traditional electors of the Yangdi-Pertuan of the Negri Sembilan federation. Setiawanm I was the first rulerand she was married to Dato' Johan Pahlawan Lelei Perkasa Setia Wan.

1724-37 Regent Dowager Princess Dharmapala of TheVolga Kalmyks (Lower Volga Area in Russia andKazakstan)1741-45 Regent

The first time she was regent for Cerlu Donduk, who reigned(1725-35) until he was deposed, the second time was afterthe death of Donduk Ombu, Prince of the Kalmykians. (d.1741)

1728-32 RaniHerrabichi KadavubeAdi RajaBibi of Cannanore (India)

Succeeded by Rani Junmabe.

1730-95 De facto Ruler BegumMamola Bai of Bhopal (India)1777 RegentExercised a dominant influence during the reign of her husband, YarMohammad Khan (1728-42) after their marriage. After his death, she wasde facto ruler during the reign of her stepson Faiz Mohammad Khan, whoconcentrated on religious contemplation. After his death she acted as regentand quickly proclaimed Faiz' brother, Hayat, as Nawab, but Faiz'widow, Bahu Begum, lead a revolt and set up an alternative governmentwhich lasted until 1780. Also during Hayat's reign she was the effectiveruler, and it was she who took decisions on military campaigns and all other


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administrative affairs. She was born as a Hindu Rajput Princess, and lived(1715-95).

1730-39 Saliha Sabkati Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire(Turkey)

After the death of Ahmed III a revolt of the Janissaries put her son withMustafa II,Mahmud I (1750-54) on the throne, and she became SultanValide and in some aspects considered joint-ruler with theoretical

jurisdiction over the women in the empire. Affairs of state were largely inthe capable hands of the Nubian agha Beshir (16531746), who was thepower behind a number of successive grand viziers At the tune OttomanEmpire was involved in wars with Persia. 1737 Emperor Karl IV entered thewar with Russia on Russian side, but by the separate peace of Belgrade(1739) he restored North Serbia to Turkey. Mahmud was succeeded by hisbrother, Osman III. Saliha Sabkati lived (1680-1739).

1738-41 H.H. I-Danraja SitiNafisah Karaeng Langelo,ArumponeofBone (Indonesia)Succeeded SultanaZainab Zakiat ud-din. She was second daughter of H.H.I-Mappainga Karaeng Lempangang Paduka Sri Sultan Safi ud-din, Sultan ofTallo, by his first wife, H.H. I-Tanitaja Siti Amira Maning Ratu,ArungPalakkaand Heir Apparent of Bone, whose father was sultan 1720-21. SitiNafisah died unmarried and lived (1729-41).

1739-96 Politically Influential Nawab Aliya Sadrunissa Begum,Nawab Begum of Oudh (or Avadh) (India)She was the oldest daughter of Burhan-ul-Mulk, Subedar of Avadh. Marriedto her cousin and father's successor Mirza Muhammad Muqim (Safdar Jung)(1739-64) in around 1724. When her father died in 1839, Nadir Shahplundered Delhi in 1739, and the Avadh landlords and small chiefs who hadbeen effectively subdued by her father, raised their heads and arms in theattempt to secure their individual independence. In his capacity as theNawab of Avadh, her husband was hesitant to face them despite hissuperior military strength. Had it not been for Nawab Begum's forcefulpromptings which eventually culminated in success, there may have beenno further history of Avadh. Her court and courtiers maintained the peaceand pomp of Faizabad. Her son, Shuja-ud-daula's, died in 1775, andtogether with her daughter-in-law, Bahu Begum she secured the continuedexistance of the capital of Avadh, Faizabad. Imprisoned in 1781 bygrandson together with daughter-in-law. She lived (Ca. 1712-96).

1741Regent Dowager Princess Gan of The Volga

Kalmuks (Lower Volga Area) (Russia)


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Regent for Kandul, who reigned in 1741. Gan later convertedto Christianity and took the name Vera. Originally theKalmyks lived in Central Mongolia. Reaching the Volga regionin 1630. Since the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism has beenthe Kalmyks religion, and they are the only EuropeanBuddhist people, living to the northwest of the Caspian area.

They live on the northwest shores of the Caspian Sea in thelower regions of the soviet Dagestan. Kalmyks are of theTurkic language group.

1746-70 Sovereign Princess Irdana Bi Erdeni ofKhokanda (Uzbekistan)

Succeeded by Sulaiman who reigned for less than a year asPrince of Khokanda, which is a city near Tashkent, nowlocated in a far eastern part of Uzbekistan. Founded in 1732,it stands on the site of the ancient city of Khavakend,obliterated by the Mongols in the 3rd century. It was ruled

by the Dzungarian Kalmucks until 1758, when it becamepart of China.

1746 SultanMwana Mimi Hadiga of Patta-Pate and Witu (Kenya)

There were 4 sultans that year. Pate is an island of the coast of Kenya.

1747-ca.60 Dato' Johan Pahlawan Lele Perkasa SetiawanDato'Rambut Panjang, Dato' Undangof Luak Johol (Malaysia)

Succeeded by another woman; Dato' Johan Pahlawan Lela Perkasa

SetiawanDato' Putri Setiawan II ,Dato' Undangof Luak Johol (1760-90)

1748-50/53 Sultan Ratu SarifahFatima of Bantam (Bali)(Indonesia)Appointed sultan after her husband, Mangkubumi was arrested after anuprising against the Dutch occupiers. She was deposed and banned fromthe state by the same Dutch regents.

1748-54 De facto co-ruler Queen Udham Bai of theMughal Empire (India)Became powerful after the death of her husband,Muhammad Shah (Rawshan Akhtar) (1719-48), who lost theprovince of Kabul to Persia and during whose reign otherprovinces became practically independent. Her son, AhmadShah Badahur, was no stronger, and she dominated himcompletely. When The Marathas in Punjab rebelled, her sonchose to flee, abandoning her and the other women at court.He was captured, blinded, and deposed and died inconfinement in 1775.


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1753-56 Regent H.HShrimant Akhand SoubhagyavatiRaniSavitri Bai Raje Sahiba of Dewar (Senior) (India)

Widow of Tukaji Rao I Puar she was regent for adopted son,Krishnaji Rao I Puar (1753-89)

1753 Nominal RegentPrincess Sanfa Rendi Kabafa'anu of theMaldive IslandsNominally reigned as Regent for her brother Hasan Manikufa'anuSultan al-Ghazi al-Hasan 'Izz ud-din Baderi. Her father Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar IIreigned ( 1721 -50 )

1753-57 Nominal RegentPrincess Amina Rani Kilegefaanu of theMaldive Islands1757-59 Rani-SultanaIn 1752 her father, H.H. Sultan al-Mukarram Muhammad 'Imad ud-din III,

was seized by the Ali Raja of Cannanore and transported to Kavaratti islandin the Laccadives. Male was occupied. The occupation was ended byMuleegey Dom Hassan Maniku, a direct descendant of the penultimateChristian King Joao. The sultan died in captivity in 1757. The de factoregent was Muleegey Dom Hassam Maniku. Her sister Amina Kkanbafaanuwas regent in 1773.

1754 and 1761 Governor-RegentMuglani Suraiya Bigumof Lahore(India)

Regent for Muhammad Amin Han, who lived 1751-54 and was governor forthe Emperor of the Mongul-Afgan Empire of India in 1754.

1754-56 Sehsuvar Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Mother of Osman III (1754-57). Of Russian origin, she lived (1682-1756).

1760-73 () RegentH.HShrimant AkhandSoubhagyavatiJiji Bai Sahib Maharajof Kolhapur(India)

Jijibai was regent for adopted son, since her husband H.HKshatrtiya-Kulawatasana Sinhasanadhishwar Shrimant RajaShahu Sambahaji II Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1698-1760) only had a posthumously born daughter with one of

his seven wifes. He was Raja of Satara (with his mother asregent) and then of the newly created state, Kolhapur) JijiBai lived (1716-73),

1768-78 Regent Dowager RaniChandawatiji MaharaniSahibaof Janipur (India)


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government.Also know as HH Qusida Begum Sahiba orPrincess Qudsia, shelived (1801-81).

1819-56 Politically influentialSubadar Nawwab of Oudh (India)Very powerful during the reign of Abul Mozaffar, and that of his son

Soleyman (1827-37), his son Ali (1837-42), his son Amjad Ali (1842-47)and finally during the reign of Wajid Ali,who was deposed in1856, and died1887.

1823-35 H.H. I-Mani Ratu SultanaSalima Rajiat ud-din,Arumponeof Bone (Indonesia)StyledArungDatabefore her accession. Her ceremonial name wasMatinroE-ri Kassi, she was unmarried and succeeded by brother, LaMapaseling Sultan Adam Nazim ud-din .

1825-37 Regent Dowager NawabSardar Bibi SahibaofRadhanpur (India)

After the death of her husband H.H. Nawab Sher Khan SahibBahadur (1794-1813-25), she was regent for her infantstepson H.H. Nawab Muhammad Zorawar Khan SahibBahadurn (1822-25-74).

Around 1828 Chief Sheha Mwana wa Mwana of Tumbai(North Zanzibar)

Also known as Khadija bint Nwale, she succeeded father asSheik of the state in North Zanzibar. Married to Hassan II ofZanzibarwho reigned before 1828 until 1845. Her successorreigned until 1856.

1831-41 Regent Nawab Yamuna Bibi Sahiba of Balasinor (India)

After the death of her husband, Nawab Shri Jalal [Edul Khan] SahibBahadur, she was regent for son Nawab Shri Zorawar Khan Sahib Bahadur.

1833-40 Ruler 'Aisha of Tuggurt (Algeria)

Also known as Aichouch, she succeeded Sultan 'Ali IV bin al-Kabir as ruler ofa Berber state in the south of the country. Succeded by 'Abd ar-Rahman.

1838-52 Rani HayashabeAdi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)

Succeeded mother, Rani Mariambe, and first succeeded by son. In 1907 herdaughter, Imbichi, ascended to the throne.


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Until 1838 Rani RegnantSinghasari Cokorda of Karang AsemSinghasari (Indonesia)Until 1827 she reigned jointly with Gusti Gede Jelantik Sasak, 1827-35 withGusti Ngurah Made Karang Asem and finally with Gusti Ngurah Bagus PajiKarang Asem until 1838.

1839-51 () Governor Weyzero Elleni of Hamasen(Eritrea)

Murdered together with grandsons in the fighting with theEmperor of Ethiopia.

1839-53 Bezmrlem Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Also known as Daulatlu IsmatluBazim-i Alam Validi Sultan 'Ahiyat us-ShanHazratlari, she was mother of Abdlmecid I (1839-61) and lived (1807-52)

1842-67 and 1871-78 Sultan Jumbe Fatima bintAbderremane of Mwali/Mohli (Comoro Islands)Succeeded her father, Ramanetaka, cousin of Radama I ofMadagascar, who conquered Mwali. Also known as ReketakaJombe Sudy or Djoumb Soudi or Djoumb Fatouma . JumbeFatimah was married two times and was deposed by theFrench Colonial powers in 1867 but was reinstalled and ruleduntil her death. She lived (1837-78)

1842-51 Regent Dowager SultanRovao of Mwali/Mohli (ComoroIslands)

Reigned in the name of daughter together with her second husband,Tsivandini

1844-49 Regent Begum H.H.Sikander Begum Sahibaof Bhopal (India)1859-68 Nawab Begum RegnantHad been proclaimed Reigning Begum at the age of 15months in 1819 under the regency of her mother,Begum Quisada, who resigned in 1844, and on a special

Dunbar conveyed in Bhopal, the British Political Agent, J.D.Cunningham, read out a proclamation from the Governor-General that Sikander would be the sole regent and exercisefull executive powers on behalf of her 9 year old daughter,Shahjehan. She was the most aggressive, dynamic andcharismatic. She rode, played polo, went tiger hunting andwas an expert swordswoman. She reorganized the army,whose commander she was. She backed the winning horse inthe 1857 mutiny and became the star of several British


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even by Kokand Khan guardian of Muslim norms. At thattime, it was considered astounding that a woman couldgovern such a huge territory as the Fergana valley. After theKyrgyz territory was annexed by Russia in 1876, shecontinued the resistance movement. She lived (1811-1907)

1857-60 Regent H.H. Panchai-tana I-Basse Tan-ri Waru KajuwaraSultana Um ul-Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa of Bone (Indonesia)1860-... Datukof Supa (Akataparang)Also known as Basse Kajuwara Hadie Abel Hadie Pelai-eengi Paseempa, shewas widow of her cousin, H.H. La Parenringi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad SalehMuhi ud-din, and regent for her infant son La Pamadanuka until his death.She was daughter of her husband's uncle, La Tan-ri suki,ArungKajuwara,by his wife, the Adatuwang of Sawito. She was formerlystyled ArungKajuwaraand succeeded her mother's brother as reigningDatuk of Supa, where she was succeeded by the female ruler, DatukMadallung, who reigned until 1902.

1858-59Arumponi RegnantBassee Kajuwara Hadie Abdel HadiePelai-eengi Paseemba of Bone (Indonesia)

Succeeded by Ahmad Singkarru Rukka Arung Palakka, who reigned until1871.

1858-59 QueenBasse Kajuwara Hai-de Abdel Haide Pelai-eengiePaseempa of Celebes at the Moluccas (Indonesia)Today the island is called Sulawesi Selatan. Among the many ethnic groupsare the seafaring Bugis dominates the southern part, whereas the northernpart is inhabited by the Torajas whose unique culture rivals that of Balinese.Famed for their seafaring heritage and Pinisi Schooners for centuries, theBugis posses to the present day one of the last sailing fleets in the world.The Bugis vessels have sailed to as far as the Australian coast, leavingbehind drawing of their ships on stone with words that have been integratedinto the Aboriginal language of North Australia.

1861-1902AdatuwangWe Tan-ri-Paderang Bau Jella of Alita(Indonesia)Succeeded Aru Anipong and was succeeded by La Pangorisang - both malerulers. Daughter of H.H. La Parenrengi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Saleh,Arumpone of Bone and I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara hadi Abel HadiPelaiengi Pasimpa, Datu of Supa - daughter of La Tan ri Suki, Arung ofKajuwara. We Tan-ri was married to H.H. Paduka Sri Sultan Husain ibnuSultan Muhammad Idris, Sultan of Gowa (1895-1906)

1861-...Al Sitt Bader Amin al-Din of the Druze inLebanon


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Became acting leader of the Druze Tribe after her husband,Said Beik Jumblatt had tried to reestablish the leadership ofthe Jumblatts, but was accused of fueling sectarian conflictbetween the Druze and the Maronites by the Ottomans, whosentenced him to life in prison, where he died oftuberculosis. The leadership afterwards went to her son

Nassib. Said's other son, Najib, who managed to win overthe Ottomans, who gave him the esteemed title of Pasha andappointed him governor of the Shouf in 1884.

1861-76 Pertherhiyal Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Mother of Murad, and as Sultan Valide she was in some aspects consideredjoint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire

1868-76 Regent Dowager Queen Warqito Mastawat ofWalo (Ethiopia)She was mother of the young Imam Amede Beshir, one ofthe two claimants to the leadership of the Weresek(Mammadoch) clan of Wollo. Emperor Tewodros had seizedAmede Beshir, had him baptized as his godson, and hadfought the mother of the other claimant, the rival QueenMestawat. Although bitter rivals, both Mestawat and Werqituwere foes of the Emperor. Werqitu was not initially eager tohelp the Shewan prince even though his father had been aclose ally. She initially decided to send emissaries to theEmperor to inform him that the Shewans were in her camp,and that she would exchange them for her son. Tewodroshowever was extremely furious when he found out about theescape of the Shewans. Her son died during the siege, andher grief and anger knew no bounds. Until the very end, she

never stopped attacking Tewodros' army, and never heldback aid from anyone who rebelled against him.

1869-72RegentTengku Intan binti Tengku AlangHusain,Tunku AmpuanofNegri Sembilan (Malaysia)

Regent for son, H.H. Tuanku Antah ibni al-Marhum RajaRadin Sunnah, Yang di-Pertuan of Sri Menanti, who waselected as ruler on the death of his uncle in 1869.

1870-86Adatuwang Regnant Pasule Daeng Bulaeng of Sawito(Indonesia)Married La Tan-ri Suki,ArungKajaura, Prince of Bone. Her daughter I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara Hadi Abel Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa was regentfor her infant son, the Sultan of Bone, before succeeding Pasule's brother asDatu of Supa in 1860. Pasule was succeeded in Sawito by the male ruler


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Palagau Aru Patojo, who reigned until 1902.

1871-95 H.H. I-Banri SultanaSiti Fatima,ArumponeofBone(Indonesia)

StyledArungTimurungand DatuChittabefore she succeeded her father,Ahmad Singkarru Rukka Arung Palakka. She married I-Magulaga KaraengPopo, Prince of Gowa (d. 1902), whose mother was I-Tenri Pada Sultana SitiAisha [Besse-Barru], Arung of Barru, daughter of To' Patarai SumangaRukka, Arung of Barru. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Bola Mapare,and she was succeeded by her half-brother. Her ceremonial name wasMatinroE-ri Bola Mapare, and mother of a son and a daughter, and (d.1895).

1872-73 and 187..-18.. SultanSinga Madi Jimba Aicha of M'Bude(Comoro Islands)In 1873 she was taken as a captive to Itsandra.. As she was howevertreated well and even married Mussafubu it is possible that she hascontinued to be Sultan in Name. In this case her successor, Jumbe BoinaFumu, was possibly only a kind of governor. In 1880 she submitted to SaidiAli of the Comoros. She was succeeded by Jema Niema bint Jumbe Fumu ata not known date.

1873-1901 Guerilla Leader "Ibu Perbu"Tjoet NjakDien in Aceh (Indonesia)"Ibu Perbu" means Queen, and in 1862 she married TeukuIbrahim Lamnga. In 1873 Her father and husband joined thefight against the Dutch, and she followed them into the

jungle. After both her father and husband was killed and theIndonesian forces defeated by the Dutch, Dien took over bothher late husbands and fathers army commands and ledthem in guerilla warfare Her second husband was TeukuUmar, who was another relative. They led the two armiesinto a series of successful assault missions. In 1899 Dienshusband was killed in battle, and she was again left to leadthe rebel army alone, and retreated further into the jungle.She continued to lead the fight until the army was destroyedin 1901. One of her followers, Pang Laot Ali, felt sorry forDiens condition, hoped that the Dutch might give medicaltreatment for her. He deserted to the Dutch and bought theDutch army into Diens camp in Beutong Le Sageu. Theywere completely caught by surprise and fought to the last

man and woman except for Gambang and Dien. Only due toher blindness was Dien captured and even then she held arencong (a traditional Acehnese dagger) in her hand trying tofight the enemy. Her daughter Gambang, however escapeddeep into the jungle, where it is known that she continuedthe resistance until her death, which is believed to havetaken place in 1910. She spend the rest of her life teachingthe Koran in Sumedang, West Java. She lived (1848-1908).In 1964 she was declared a National Hero.


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1876-87 Perest Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire(Turkey)

Mother Abdlhamid II (1876-1909), she was the last ValideSultan and theoretical joint ruler.

1878... Regent Warquito Mastawat of Gera Walo (Ethiopia)

Regent for chief Muhammad Ala, who became Ras Mika'el in 1878. Theboarder state was incorporated into Ethiopia in 1896.

Around 1884Sultan Mzade Badgini binti Munk Mwembwani ofBadgini (Comoro Islands)

Succeeded Umam wa Dari, who reigned (1852-84) and was succeeded byKhadija.

Ca. 1884, 1884-8.. and 1887-ca.88 SultanKhadija bintiMugn Mku of Badgini (Comoro Islands)

It is not clear what happened to her after Hachimu binMugne Mku seized power in 1885, After he had been drivenout in 1887 she was first arrested but later reinstalled as

Sultane by Saidi Ali of the Comoros and French. Later she isknown to have been in exile in 1888 and to have joinedHachimu the following year. (d. 1889)

1885-1902 Sultan Aisya of Indragiri (Indonesia)

Succeeded by sultan Mahmud

1888-94 Regent Queen Mother Regnant Njapdungke ofBamum (Cameroon)

Also known as Setfon or Nazabidunke. Initially regent for herson, Ibrahum Njoya, who was Fon of Bamun 1888-1923, in1918 he also became sultan of Fumban, he was deposed in1923, and lived (1885-1933). After he took over the reignshimself she became his closest advisor. Bamun was underindirect colonial rule by the Germans. She (d. 1913)


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1888-89Regent PrincessBalia of Mwali (Mohli)(Comoro Islands)

Member of a regency council for the absent Sultan Salima.

1888-1906 Regent Rajah Putri of Magindanao (ThePhilippines)

Daughter of Sultan Qudaratullah Muhammad Jamalul Azamor simply Sultan Untong and maried Datu Utto or SultanAnwaruddin Utto of Buayan, who also maneuvered to be

declared jointly as Sultan of Maguindanao. Openly, he wassupporting the bid of his brother-in-law, Datu Mamaku,brother of Rajah Putri to become the new Sultan ofMaguindanao. But the Spaniards opposed his inclinationvehemently, and Rajah Putri became the ruler of the state.

1893-94 SultanMugalula of Nyamwezi at Zanzibar (Tanzania)Abdicated as Sultan of Nyamwezi the same year. Abdicated as sultan andwas succeeded by daughter Abd Msavila II in Nyamwezi, who alsoabdicated.

1895 Sultan Abd Msavila II of Nyamwezi (Tanzania)Daughter of Sultana Mugalula, who reigned 1893-95 Msavila abdicated andwas succeeded by Chief and sultan Katugamoto, who was deposed in 1898.

1895-96Reigning Umugabekazi Nyirauhi VKanjogeraof Rwanda1896-ca. 1916 Regent1916-31 Reigning Umugabekazi

Became Umugabekazi (Queen Mother) by the death of herhusband King Kigeri IV Rwabigi and twice acted as regent for

her son Yuhi V wa Musinga (1896-31). Rwanda was a Belgiancolony at the time.

Around 1900I-Tenri Pada SultanaSiti Aisha,Arungof Barru(Indonesia)

Married to H.H. Sri Sultan Muhammad Idris ibni Sultan 'Abdu'l KadirMuhammad 'Aidid, Sultan of Gowa.


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1901-26 H.H. Sikander Saulat, Iftikhar ul-Mulk, NawabSultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begumof Bhopal(India)1901-02 Chief Minister of BhopalAlso known as Sarkar Amman, she succeeded her mother,

Sikander Begum. She was a forceful ruler, and reformed theadministration of state. She attended the coronation of GeorgeV in 1911 dressed in a burqa with her awards worn on theoutside. During the trip, she visited Paris, k a spa in BadNauenheim in Germany, spend a week in Gnve and traveledby the Orient Express to Istanbul, where she met the sultan-emperor, Mehmet Reshad. She also visited Hungary, Italy andEgypt where she embarked on her return journey to a Bhopalstruck by plague. Later that year she attended the ImperialDunbar in Delhi. In 1926 she returned to London to settle therules of succession in a British court. She abdicated in favourof son while still in London, and after some further legal

conundrum, her granddaughter, Abida was declared heirapparent. Sultan Jahan argued in favour of the rights of thefirstborn, regardless of gender. After her abdication, shebecame an advocate of womens rights, and in 1928 shediscarded purdah. Shah Jahan lived (1858-1930).

Until 1902 DatukI-Madellung Karaeng Kajuwara, Datu ofSupa(Ajataparang) (Indonesia)Succeeded another female ruler; Bassee Kajuwara Hadie Abel Hadie Pelai-eengi Paseemba, who ascended the throne in 1860. She was succeeded bynephew and husband of her daughter Besse Bulo, H.H. Haji Andi LaMappanjuki Karaeng Silayar Sri Sultan Ibrahim ibnu Sultan Husain, who was

Arumpone of Bone in 1931-46 and 1950-60 trough his mother We Tan-riPadarang, Princess of Alita, eldest daughter of H.H. La Parenrengi Paduka SriSultan Ahmad, Arumpone of Bone. Madellung (d. 1902)

1907-11 Rani ImbichiAdi-Raja Bibiof Cannanore (India)Succeeded brother. She was daughter of Rani HayashabeAdi Raja Bibi whoreigned 1838-52 in succession to her mother, Rani MariambeAdi RajaBibi, who reigned (1819-38).

1909-25 Politically Active Queen Shahzadi Maleka JahanKhanum of Persia

Her name meant "Queen of the World". She was married toher cousin Mohammad Ali Shah who reigned 1907-09 until hewas deposed. She was a strong presence, and she was aboutto reclaim the throne of Persia for her son Soltan Ahmad Shah,(1898-1909-25-30), after he was deposed, but events hadconspired against her. Went with her family into exile in Rome,and lived (1875-?)


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1919-29 Politically Influential H.M. QueenSoraya Shahof AfganistanInfluenced her husband, King Amanulluh Shah, who was one ofthe most liberal rulers of the country. He abolished slavery,liberalized the family code, child marriage was limited, womengot right to choose their own husband, etc. In 1928 Soraya

and her daughters appeared unveiled. Conservative forcesforced her husband to abdicate in 1929, and they went intoexile first in India and then in Rome. She was his thirdhusband, he married two more times, and lived (1892-1960)She was the daughter of Mahmud Beg Tarzi, sometimeMinister for Foreign Affairs, and lived (1897-1968)

1921-31 RaniAyisha Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)

Succeeded Ahmad Adi-Raja Bibi and was succeeded by Abdul-Rahman Ali Adi-Raja II.

1921-? Regent Dowager Rani Saida of Badalpur (India)Reigned in the name of her grand-son who studied in United Kingdom.

1921-1939Al-Sitt Nazira Jumblatt of the Druze of LebanonHer husband, Fouad Jumblatt was murdered by Shakib Wahab, a member ofthe Arslan clan. Her son Kamal Jumblatt was four years old, and grew up inan atmosphere of tight security and fear due to his mother Nazira's continuedsupport of the Lebanese state and its French patrons. When the Druze inSyria revolted against the French in 1925 , Nazira played a key role inkeeping the Shouf mostly out of war and worked tirelessly to find commonground among the French authorities, the Maronites and the Druze. Her son

studied in France until 1939, and later became one of the chief acteurs in thecivil war from the 1970s onward until his assassination.

1935-49 Vice-President of the State Council andPresident of the Cabinet Princess Abida Sultan Begum ofBhopal (India)1960-61 Titular Nawab Sahiba, Begum Sultan of BhopalHer full name is Colonel Suraya Jah, Gauhar-i-Taj, Nawab AbidaSultan Begum Sahiba, but is normally known as Begum AbidaSultan. She was appointed as Heir Apparent to her father andrecognized as such by the Indian government in 1928. In 1950she moved to Pakistan. were she was a Delegate to UN in 1954,

Ambassador to Brazil and Chile 1954-59. She was also anactive politician and supporter of Miss Fatima Jinnah'scandidacy for President of Pakistan. She Contested thesuccession after the death of her father, HH Sikander SavlatIfrikar il-Mulk Haji Sir Muhammad Hamidullah Khan Badur, inFebruary 1960, but the Indian government ruled against her inJanuary 1961 in favour of her sister, H.H.Sikander SaulatIftikhar ul-Mulk Haji Nawab Mehr Tai Sajida Sultan BegumSahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal (1960-95). Aida lived (1913-


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2002)

1941-79 Politically Influential HIH PrincessAshrafPahlavi of IranIn 1946 her twin brother, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, sendher to negotiate with Stalin in the Kremilin, to secure the returnof some Soviet occupied parts of Iran. She was Head of theWoman's Organization of Iran and a Special Ambassador to theUnited Nations. Her first two marriages ended in divorce, herthird husband died. According to Iranian usage, her sons twosons and their children had the title H.H. Prince and father'ssurname. Her daughter is H.H. Princess and the husband'ssurname. (b. 1919-)

Before 1944 Regent Princess SharifahLeng binti al-Marhum Yang di-Pertuan Muda Syed Abdul Hamid of Tampin (Malaysia)The daughter Sultan Sharif Abdul Hamid ibni al-Marhum Yang di-PertuanMuda Sultan Muhammad Shah al-Qadri (1872-94) she was regent for hernephew Syed Akil bin Syed Dewa al-Qadri, Tunku Besar of Tampin, who diedat the age of 20, and whose brother, Syed Muhammad bin Syed Dewa al-Qadri, ruled until 1944.

1946-47 RaniMariyumma Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India)

Her principality was incorporated in the Republic of India.

1952-53 Head of the Regency Council H.M. QueenZein

al-Sharaf of JordanIn the official Jordan biography it says that her politicalinstincts and courage allowed her to successfully fill aconstitutional vacuum after the assassination of the late KingAbdullah in 1951, while the newly proclaimed King Talal wasbeing treated outside the Kingdom for his mental illness. Whenhe was deposed in August 1952 she was regent until her son,Hussein I, until he turned 18 in May the following year. Sheplayed a major role in the political development of the Kingdomin the early 1950s, and took part in the writing of the 1952Constitution that gave full rights to women and enhanced thesocial development of the country. Born in Egypt as daughterof the Court Chamberlain, Sharif Jamal Ali bin Nasser, she wasmother of three sons and a daughter, and lived (1916-94).

1952-53 Candidate for the ThronePrincess FatimaIbrahim Didi Tuttu Goma of the Maldive Islands


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In 1944 the throne was first offered to the erstwhile PrimeMinister Athireegey Abdul Majeed Rannabandeyri Kilegefan,but he declined and remained in exile until his death in 1952.The throne was then offeredTuttu Goma was daughter ofEggamugey Ibrahim Faamuladeyri Kilegefan and PrincessGulistan Imaduddine, the daughter of Sultan Mohamed

Imaduddine VI (1892-1903) and Eggamugey Umm-KalthumDidi. The Islamic clerics headed by the chief justice AbdullahJalaluddine vetoed the age old custom of a female ruler, so acouncil of regency reigned until 1953.

1959-70Chairperson of the Presidium of the SupremeSoviet Yadar SadykovnaNariddinova, Uzbekistan(Autonomos Soviet Republic in the USSR)

1952-59 Deputy Premier, Minister of Construction Industry inUzbekistan, 1959-70 Vice-Chairperson of the Supreme Sovietbefore becoming "Head of State" of the Republic. 1970-74 she

was President of the Federation Council of the Supreme Sovietof the USSR. (b. 1926-)

1960-95 Head of the Princly FamilyH.H.Sikander SaulatIftikhar ul-Mulk Haji Nawab Mehr Tai Sajida SultanBegum Sahiba, Nawab Begumof Bhopal (India)Recognized by the Government of India as ruler of Bhopal, atthe 13. of January 1961 with effect from 4. February1960. After the death of her husband, Muhammed Iftikhar AliKhan of Pataudi (1910-1917-52), she was regent for her sonMansur Ali Khan (b. 1941), who was captain of the IndianCricket team 1960-75. Under the name of Begum Sajida

Sultan, she was member of the Indian Parlament for Bhopal1957-62. She lived (1915-95) and was succeeded by hergrandson.

1963 Fatima Jinnah, Pakistan

Sister, secretary and political advisor of the "father" of Pakistan,Muhamad Ali Jinnah. She had widespread popular support butlost the elections. Lived (1894-1965)

1968-96 Partner in PowerSiti Hartinah, Indonesia


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Also Known as Ibu Tien (Mother Tien), she was the most loyalaide and the closest and most influential advisor of herhusband, President Suharto. She was known to expresspreferences as well as dislikes toward certain cabinet ministers,often connected with their personal lives. She was known as"Madame Ten Percent", because of her corruption. Born as

Princess of Mangkunegara in Surakarta, Central Java, andlived (1923-96).

1971-73 Governor Begum Ra'ana Liquat Ali Khan, Sind(Pakistan)

She was the widow of Prime Minister Liquat Ali Khan who wasmurdered 1951. She was ambassador to the Netherlands1954-56, to Tunisia 1961-64 and Italy 1961-66. Born asRa'ana Pant, she lived (1905-90) [Perhaps governor 1973-76].

1975-78 First Secretary of the Communist PartyIbodat S.Rakhimova, Tajikistan (Autonomous Soviet Republic in the USSR)As first secretary she was the actual leader of the republic. She was theonly women on that post during the history of the USSR. Vice-President1955-66 and Secretary 1978-89 of the Supreme Soviet.

1979-80Regent-in-exile DowagerShahbanouFarahDiba Pahlavi of Iran (in Egypt and France)

She is widow of The Shah, she was Acting Head of theImperial Family and acted as regent for son who became shahon his 20th birthday 31/10-80. (b. 1938-)

1980-81 Chief MinisterSyeda Anwara Taimur , Assam (India)

Still politically active in 2006. (b. 1936-).

1980-85 Partner in PowerDr. Anahita Ratebzad,Afghanistan

Shared power with her partner, PresidentBabrak Karmal. Shewas ambassador to Yugoslavia 1978, Minister of Social Affairs1978-79, Minister of Education 1980, and Member of thePresidency of the Revolutionary Council and the Politburo of theCommunist Party 1980-85. She was the highest ranking womanin the parcham faction of the party and an expert propagandist.Her former husband, Dr. Qamaruddin Kakar used to be kingZahir Shah's personal physician. (b. 1928-) .


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1982-83 Vice-Premier Caroline Diop Faye, Senegal

1971-ca. 84 Deputy President of the National Assembly. 1978-81 Minister of Social Affairs,1981-83 Minister-Delegate by the Premier Minister and 1982-

83 Minister of State (Third in Cabinet)

1987-89 Chairperson of the Executive Council KaqushaJashari (Kosova/Yugoslavia)1989 Chief Secretary of the Communist Party

Forced to resign after the first Kosovan riots in the republic. In2000 she was member of the Kosovo Transitional Council(Legislative) and Chairperson of Social Democratic Party ofKosovo (PSDK) which she had chaired since 1991.

1988-90 and 1993-96 Prime MinisterBenazir Bhutto,PakistanCo-Chairperson 1984-94 and from 1994 Leader of PakistanPeople's Party. 1977-84 in house arrest, 1984-86 in exile. Shealso held the Portfolios of Defence, Atomic-Energy, Finance,Economy, Information and Establishment. Both in 1990 and1996 she was removed from office by the President on chargesof corruption and later convicted. From 1998 she has lived inexile London and the United Arab Emirates. Her three childrenwere born in 1988, 1989 and 1993. (b. 1953-).

1988-09Acting Chairperson of the Presidium of the SupremeSoviet RozaAtamuradovna Bazarova, Turkmenistan (AutonomousSoviet Republic in the USSR)1975 Deputy Premier Minister and 1975-88 Member of the Presidium ofSupreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. (b. 1933-).

1989Acting Prime Minister Begum Nusrat Bhutto,Pakistan

Senior Minister without Portfolio and Second in Cabinet 1989-90.Acted as deputy to her Daughter, Benazir Bhutto, and was actingPremier when she gave birth to her second child in 1989 and onvarious other occasions. Widow of President Zulfiar Ali Bhutto,who was executed by the military regime. Born in Afganistan(Ca. 1929-).

1989-99 Vice-Premier Assata Moumouni, Niger


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Second in cabinet for many years. Since 1997 with the title ofMinister of State.

1991-96 and 2001- Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia,Bangladesh

Vice-Chairperson of The Nationalist Party 1982-84 and Leadersince 1984. Her husband, President Zia-ur-Rahman was PremierMinister 1976-77 and President 1977-81 until he wasassassinated. Khaleda was detained seven times during almostnine years of autocratic rule. In the face of mass upsurgespearheaded by the seven-party alliance, led by Khaleda, andthe eight-party combine, led by Hasina, Ershad resigned in 1990and handed over power to neutral caretaker government,bringing an end to his nine-year autocratic rule. During her firsttenure as Premier she was in charge of a number of otherportfolios - among other's that ofDefence.1996-2001 Leader ofthe Opposition. Mother of two sons. (b. 1945-).

1991-ca. 96 Governor Professor Lale Ayataman,Mugla (Turkey)

1996-99 she was deputy to the Grand National Assemblyfor the Motherlands Party (ANAP). Chairperson of theEuropean Committee for Environment and Regional Affairsand Vice-Chairperson of the Group of European Democrats(Conservatives).

1993-96 Mi

Woman Muslim Leaders

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