Wolves - University of Idaho€¦ · • 1967 red wolves listed under US Endangered Species...
Transcript of Wolves - University of Idaho€¦ · • 1967 red wolves listed under US Endangered Species...
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WolvesWLF314
2009
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What is a wolf?
Killer
Brother
Menace
Fool
Symbol
DemonProvider
Friend
Keystone
Trickster
Hero
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Bardeleden et al. 2005
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African wild dog
Dhole
Golden jackal
Dog
Gray wolf
Coyote
Side-striped jackal
Black-backed jackal
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African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)
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Dhole (Cuon alpinus)
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• 8 species– But possibly 10, or 11, maybe even 12
• Northern Hemisphere (exception-dingo)
• Highly social- packs• Predatory but occasionally omnivorous• Hybridization
Genus Canis
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Hybridization
Gray wolf (Canis lupus) Red wolf (Canis rufus) Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)
Coyote (Canis latrans) Golden jackal (Canis aureus) Dog (Canis familiaris)
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Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis)
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Gray wolf (Canis lupus)
• Circumpolar distribution• Largest canid (23-80 kg)• Color variation (white – black)
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Gray Wolf
• territorial – aggressive defense by pack
• females sexually mature ~ 2 yr, males ~ 3 yr
• gestation ~ 2 mo.
• altricial pups born in den – 8 to 10 wks
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Wolf communication
• Highly social• Vocal
– Howling• Olfactory
– Scent rolling• Body language
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Schenkel 1947
Zimen 1981
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Social ecology
• Pack- social unit• Breeders and offspring• Dispersal
– Budding• Variation in size• Seasonal• Models of pack structure
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Vonholdt et al. 2008
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Why packs?
• Larger prey?• More efficient?
Thurber and Peterson 1993
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Ecosystem effects
• Often cited as a ‘keystone’ species• Direct effects
– Prey populations– Mesopredators
• Indirect effects– Plant communities– Scavengers– Trophic cascades
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•1973 -- lower 48 listed “Endangered” (except MN = “Threatened”)
•2009 -- 3 DPSs
Eastern- threatened
Western- delisted
Southwestern- non-essential experimental population
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Mexican Gray Wolf(Canis lupus baileyi)
• genetically distinct subspecies
Size: < northern gray wolf (~ red wolf, 20-36 kg)
Habitat: Mountains of the SW
Diet: elk, deer, small mammals
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• extinct in native habitat by 1950s
• 1998: 11 wolves reintroduced to AZ & NM
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Red wolf (Canis rufus)
• Medium-sized canid (27-37 kg)• Reddish coat color• Pack social structure
USFWS
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Nowak 2002
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Early History• Massachusetts- first wolf bounty (1630)• Virginia Bay Colony followed (1632)• Court records from 1768 to 1789 indicated wolf bounties paid in eastern NC
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Hailer & Leonard 2008
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1960s
• McCarley 1962– Compared red wolf and coyote skulls– Suggested red wolves in eastern Texas
likely hybrids– Only pure red wolves in SW Louisiana
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1960s• More and more
morphological studies found few pure red wolves
• Coyote range expanded eastward
• 1967 red wolves listed under US Endangered Species Preservation Act
Paradiso 1968
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1970s• Pure wolves only existed in
coastal plains of SE Texas and SW Louisiana (Paradiso and Nowak 1972)
• USFWS- only way to save red wolf was to capture remaining pure individuals
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1973-1980
• 400 wild canids captured from remaining red wolf range
• 43 determined ‘morphologically’ pure red wolves
• Captive breeding tests determined only 17 actually pure
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1980
• Captive breeding program initiated– Point Defiance Zoo in Tacoma, WA
• Red wolf officially declared extinct in the wild
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1980s
North Carolina
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1987
• 4 red wolf pairs reintroduced into Alligator National Wildlife Refuge
• Non-essential experimental population status
• 1st species declared extinct to later be reintroduced
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1990s- Crisis
• Coyotes quickly migrated into eastern NC
• 1993 1st hybridization event between reintroduced wolves and coyotes detected
• Fears of hybrid swarm
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1999• PHVA conducted for
red wolf• Concluded greatest
threat to red wolf was hybridization
• Formation of Red Wolf Recovery Implementation Team (RWRIT)
• Adopted aggressive adaptive management plan
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2009
40 red wolf pups
7 hybrid pups (2 litters)
# of known wild litters
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
19881990199219941996199820002002200420062008
Year
#of l
itter
s
HybridWolf
USFWS 2007
5-year review
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Coyote
Gray wolf
Red wolf
Nowak 2002
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Two Types of DNANucleus
Mitochondrion
Animal Cell
MtDNA
nDNA
MaternalInheritance
BiparentalInheritance
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Roy et al. 1996
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Roy et al. 1996
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Wilson et al. 2000
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Wilson et al. 2000
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Wheeldon and White 2008
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What is a wolf?