Wk 13 Lecture ESL Pointers
Transcript of Wk 13 Lecture ESL Pointers
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ESL PointersESL PointersEnglish Skills for Academic StudiesEnglish Skills for Academic Studies
John LanganJohn Langan
(pp 361-374)(pp 361-374)
Chapter Five
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Articles with Count and
Noncount Nouns
ArticlesArticlesarenounmarkers:they signalsignalthat a noun will follow.
There are indefinite articlesindefinite articles and
a definite article.a definite article.
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Indefinite Articles
The indefinite articles areAA andANAN..
Use aa before a word thatbeginsbegins
with awith a consonantconsonant soundsound..
EX.: A car; a piano; a uniform
Use an before a word that beginsbegins
with awith a vowelvowel soundsound..
EX. An effort; an office; an honor
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The Definite Article
Thedefinite article is:
THETHE
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Articles An article may immediately precede aimmediately precede a
nounnoun::a smile
the reason
Or it may be separated from thebe separated from the
noun by modifiersnoun by modifiers::a slight smile
the very best reason
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Count Nouns Count nouns name people, places,people, places,
things, or ideasthings, or ideas that can be
counted and made into plurals.EXS.:EXS.:
teacher-- teachers
restroom-- restroomsjoke-- jokes
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Noncount Nouns
Noncount nouns are things or ideas that
cannot be countedcannot be counted. CommonCommonnoncount nouns include:noncount nouns include:
Abstractions and EmotionsAbstractions and Emotions:: anger, bravery
Activities:Activities: baseball, jogging
Foods:Foods: bread,cheese
Gases and vapors:Gases and vapors: air, smoke, steamLiquids:Liquids: blood, tea, water
Materials that come in bulk form:Materials that come in bulk form: cloth, dust, sand
Natural occurrences:Natural occurrences: rain, snow
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Qualifiers
The quantityquantity of a noncount noun can
be expressed with a word or words
called a qualifier:qualifier:Some, a lot of, a unit of, etc.
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Using a or an with Nonspecific
Singular Count Nouns Use a or an with
singular nouns that aresingular nouns that are
nonspecificnonspecific. A noun is
nonspecific when the
reader doesnt knowits specific identity.
Ex: A left-
hander facesspecial
challenges with
right-handed
tools.
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When its identityWhen its identity
is suggested byis suggested by
the general contextthe general context:At Willys dinner last night,
the service was terrible
and the food was worse.
Using the with Specific Nouns
A noun is specific in the following cases:A noun is specific in the following cases:
When it has already
been mentioned once:Today, our cat proudly
brought a baby
bird into the house.
Luckily the bird
was still alive.
Whenitisidentifiedbyawordorphrase
in thesentence:Thepocketsintheboyspantsareoftenfilled withsandanddirt.
When it is precededWhen it is preceded
by a superlative adjectiveby a superlative adjective
(best, biggest, wisest)
Thebiggest wishI have
evermade just cametrue.
When it isWhen it is
uniqueunique: There
will be an
eclipse ofthe
moon tonight.
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Omitting Articles
articles with nonspecificnonspecificpluralsplurals
and noncount nounsand noncount nouns,, that is, whenthey refer to something in general::
Pockets didnt exist until the end of the 1700s.Pockets didnt exist until the end of the 1700s.
Iris serves her children homemade lemonade.Iris serves her children homemade lemonade.
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Using The with Proper Nouns
Do Not usethethefor most singular proper
nouns, including names of the following:
People and animalsPeople and animals
Continents, states, cities, streets, and parksContinents, states, cities, streets, and parks
Most countriesMost countries
Individual bodies of water, islands, andIndividual bodies of water, islands, and
mountains.mountains.
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Using The with Proper Nouns
Usethethe for the following types of
proper nouns:
Plural proper nouns (The Turners; The
United States)
Names of large geographic areas, deserts,
oceans, seas, and rivers (The Black Sea)
Names with the format the__ of___ (The
Fourth of July)
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Incorr
ect:
Incorr
ect:Th
emanager
he
aske
dDmit
ritolocku
ptonight.
Correct:
Correct:T
hemana
gerask
ed
Dmitritolock
upton
ight.
Correct
:Cor
rect:H
easkedDmit
ri
tolock
upton
ight
Subjects and verbs A particular subject can be used only once in
a clause. Dont repeatDont repeata subject in the same clauseby following a noun with a pronoun.
Incorrect:Incorrect: The girl who danced
with you she is my cousin.
Correct:Correct: The girl whodanced with you is my cousin.
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Including Pronoun Subjects and
Linking Verbs Every clause, other than aEvery clause, other than a
command, must have a subject and acommand, must have a subject and a
verb.verb. Incorrect:Incorrect: The Grand Canyonis in Arizona. Is 217 miles long.
Correct:Correct: The Grand Canyon is
in Arizona. It isIt is 217 miles long.
Incorrect:Incorrect: Angelitas piano
teacher very patient.
Correct:Correct: Angelitas piano
teacherisvery patient.
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Including There and Here at the
Beginning of clauses A linking verb, usually in the form ofto beto be,follows the wordsthere and herethere and here when they
begin a clause. In these cases, the verb comes
before the subject.
Ex.: There
are masks in
every cultureon Earth.
Remember not toRemember not to
omit there or here!
Incorrect: Are several
chickens in the Benson
yard.
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Not Using the Progressive Tense
of Certain Verbs Progressive tenses express actions oractions or
conditions still in progressconditions still in progress at a
particular time. They are made up offorms offorms ofbebe plus theplus the -ing-ing form of theform of the
main verbmain verb..
Ex.: George will be taking classes this summer.George will be taking classes this summer.
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Not Using the Progressive Tenses
of Certain Verbs Verbs for mental statesmental states, the sensesthe senses,
possessionpossession, an inclusionan inclusion are normally
not usedin the progressive tenses.
Incorrect:Incorrect: All during the movie they
were hearing whispers behind them.
Correct:Correct: All during the movie theyheardwhispers behind them.
Exs.:
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Not Using the Progressive Tense
of Certain Verbs
Thoughts, attitudes and desires:Thoughts, attitudes and desires: agree, believe, imagine,know, like, love, prefer, think, understand, want, wish
Sense perceptionsSense perceptions:: hear, see, smell, taste
Appearances:Appearances: appear, seem
PossessionPossession: belong, have, own, possessInclusion:Inclusion: contain, include
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Using Only Transitive Verbs for
the Passive Voice OnlyOnlytransitivetransitiveverbs can haveaapassivepassiveformform. Intransitive verbs
cannot be used in the passive voice. Incorrect:Incorrect: If you dont fix those brakes,
an accident may be happened.
Correct: If you dont fix those brakes, anaccident may happen.
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Using Gerunds and Infinitives
After Verbs A GerundA Gerund is the -ing-ingform of a verb
that is used as a noun, e.g., For
Walter, eatingeatingis a daylong activity.
An infinitive is to plus the basic form
of the verb, e.g., to eatto eat. It can
function as an adverb , adjective, or
noun.
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Following The Order of Adjectives
AdjectivesAdjectivesmodify nouns and pronouns.
An adjective usually comesdirectlydirectly
beforebefore the word it describes or after a linkingverb.
That is an angry man.
The man is angry.
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Typical Order of Adjectives in A
Series If there is more than one adjectivemore than one adjective for the same noun, they follow this order:
1. Article or other noun marker (a, an, the, Lees, this. . .)
2. Opinion adjective (dull, handsome, unfair. . .)3. Size (big, huge, little. . .)
4. Shape (long, short, round. . .)
5. Age (ancient, medieval, old. . .)
6. Color (blue, green, red. . .)
7. Nationality (Italian, Korean, Mexican. . .)8. Religion (Buddhist, Catholic, Jewish)
9. Material (cardboard, gold, marble)
10. Noun used as an adjective (house call, tea bag. . .)
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Using the Present and Past
Participles as Adjectives A participle used as an adjective may precedemay precede
the word it describes:
It may also follow the linking verb and
describe the subject of the sentence:
Use the present participle to describe
whoever or whatever causesa feeling:
Use the past participle to describe whoever
or whatever experiences the feeling:
That was an exciting ballgame.
The ballgame was exciting.
An embarrassing incident
The embarrassed parents
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Prepositions Used for Time and
Place
Use onon,, inin,, and atat to refer to timeand place.Time
On a specific day: on Monday, on January 1
In a part of a day: in the morning, in the daytimeIn a month or a year: in December, in 1776
In a period of time: in an hour, in a few days
Ata specific time: at 10:00 A.M., at midnight
PlaceOn a surface: on the desk, on the counter
In a place that is enclosed: in my room, in the office
Ata specific location: at the mall, at his house