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![Page 1: With your group on a piece of paper answer the following questions](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032805/568132d7550346895d999afe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
With your group on a piece of
paper answer the following
questions • What do you think of when you hear the word
“genetics”?
• What are 3 examples of a trait?
• If a red flower and white flower reproduces, what color will the offspring be? Why?
• Assign one person to scribe, and one person to share with the class the answer to a question.
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From whom did you get your traits?
• Parents
• Mom
• Dad
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What kind of traits do you think you
got from your parents?• Eye color
• Hair color
• Height
• Nose shape
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Which traits do you prefer?
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Which traits do you prefer?
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“If you like it, then you should put a ring on
it”• If you could marry anyone in the world… who
would it be?
• Why?
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What is the next chapter?
• A. Ecology
• B. Viruses
• C. Genetics
• D. Plants
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10.1 Mendelian Genetics!
Pg. 177
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What is genetics? • Genetics: • Study of heredity and variation in organisms.• Heredity: • Passing of genetic information from parent to
offspring.
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Traits• Traits: • Variation of a particular character.
• Ex. Eye color, hair color, and nose shape.
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What are some different traits?
• Tail length• Hair color • Ear direction
•
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Mendelian Genetics • In the 1800s an Austrian monk studied plants.
His name was Gregor Mendel. He is called the “Father of Genetics”.
• Mendel wanted to describe how traits were passed between generations.
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What happens when you cross red with
white?• Red mixed with white makes….
• Pink
• If you crossed a red flower and a white flower… what color would the offspring be?
• Red, white, or pink
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Mendel’s Experiment• Performed experiments using pea plants.
• Why pea plants?• Easy to grow• Have easy observable traits• Reproduce quickly
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Pea Plant Traits• 1. Flower color
• 2. Flower position
• 3. Seed color
• 4. Seed shape
• 5. Pod shape
• 6. Pod color
• 7. Plant height
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Mendel’s Experiment• Step 1: • Looked at one trait, the flower color.
• Mendel allowed the pea plants to self-pollinate. This gave him purebred plants for the offspring.
• Purebred: Genetically uniform (identical).
• He called these plants the P generation (Parental).
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Mendel’s Experiment• Step 2: • Cross-pollinated two P generation plants.
• Monohybrid cross: Parent plants differ in one characteristic.
• Flowers were all purple. He called these plants the F1 generation. F1 generation is the offspring of the P generation.
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Mendel’s Experiment• Step 3:• Allowed F1 generation to self-pollinate.
• Produced a mix of white and purple flowers. He called this generation the F2 generation.
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Mendel kept growing pea plants!
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Overall
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10.2 Inheritance Theory
• For each inherited characteristic an individual has 2 copies of a gene.
• These copies are called alleles.
• Alleles are represented by letters.
• Ex. PP or Pp or pp
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Alleles• Dominant alleles: • Will always be expressed with 1 or 2 uppercase
letters.
• Ex. PP or Pp• Recessive alleles: • Will only be expressed with 2 lowercase letters.
• Ex. pp
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Let’s Try• Ex. Flower color• Purple is dominant to white.
• What color is PP?• Purple
• What color is pp?• White
• What color is Pp?• Purple
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Vocabulary• Homozygous: • When the alleles are the same.
• Homozygous Dominant:• Alleles are both uppercase letters. Ex. PP or BB
• Homozygous Recessive:• Alleles are both lowercase letters. Ex. pp or bb
• Heterozygous: • Different. One uppercase and one lowercase letter.
• Ex. Pp or Bb
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Genotype/Phenotype• Genotype: • Genetic makeup of an organism. • Ex. PP or Pp or pp• Phenotype: • Physical characteristic expressed from the
genotype.• Ex. Purple, purple, white
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Mendel's First Law• Law of Segregation:• Organism inherits two copies of genes, one from
each parent. Alleles are separated during gamete formation.
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Punnett Squares• Diagram that shows the probabilities of the
possible outcome of a genetic cross.
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Your mother is homozygous for black hair and
your dad has blonde hair. Black is dominant to blonde.
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Testcross• What is the genotype of an organism that
displays the dominant phenotype?
• Let’s say purple flower color. And we use the allele P.
• PP or Pp
• How can we figure out if the organism is PP or Pp?
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Perform a Testcross using Punnett Square
• What would the other organism’s genotype and phenotype be?
• Would have to use pp and white color flower.
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Mendel's Second Law• Law of Independent Assortment: • Alleles for different genes separate independently
of one another during gamete formation.
• Dihybrid cross: • Crossing organisms differing in two
characteristics.
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• Mendel crossed a true-breeding plant with round yellow seeds (RRYY) with a true-breeding plant grown from wrinkled green seeds (rryy)
• What would the offspring's phenotype be?
• All round and yellow.
• He then self pollinated the offspring.
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10.3 Variations of Inheritance
• What is the offspring when you cross a Black chicken with a White chicken?
• x
• Blue chicken
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• This is called intermediate inheritance or incomplete dominance.
• Intermediate inheritance:• Inheritance in which heterozygotes have an
intermediate phenotype. Neither phenotype is expressed in offspring.
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P
F1
F2
RR x rr
Rr x Rr
1 RR
2 Rr
1 rr
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Multiple Alleles• Codominance: • Both dominant alleles are expressed.
• For example blood. What are the four blood types?
• A• B• AB• O
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ABO Blood AllelesIA – dominant allele for type A blood
IB – dominant allele for type B blood
i – recessive allele for type O blood
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ABO Blood GroupingBlood type Genotype
A IAIA or IAi
B IBIB or IBi
AB IAIB
O ii
NOTE: Blood type AB is also an example of codominance
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Polygenic Inheritance• Polygenic inheritance: • Multiple genes affect a characteristic, the
variation in phenotypes can become greater.
• Example.• Humans height and skin color.
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Importance of Environment
• If a woman who is 6 ‘3’ and mates with a male who is 6 ‘7’… does that mean their son or daughter will be tall? Why?
• No, their offspring could be malnourished.
• Think of plants. Depending of the plant gets sunlight and water it affects how it will grow.
• Think of professional athletes and their parents.
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Environment • Temperature can also effect the phenotype.
Siamese cats usually have white fur but when there is cooler temperatures it changes the cats enzyme which makes the coat color darker.
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10.4 Meiosis Explains Mendel’s Principles
• Chromosomes theory of inheritance:• States that genes are located on chromosomes,
and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns.
• All advanced organisms have chromosomes. Half the chromosomes comes from the father and half from the mother.
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Genetic Linkage and Crossing Over
• When genes are located on separate chromosomes, they sort independently of each other.
• When genes are located close to each other the greater the genetic linkage.
• Genetic linkage: • The tendency for the alleles on one chromosome
to be inherited together.
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10.5 Sex-linked traits• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
• One set of chromosomes are called sex chromosomes.
• If you are XX you are a female.
• XY you are a male.
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Chromosomes
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Sex Linked Genes• Any gene that is located on the sex chromosome
is called sex linked gene.
• In humans most sex linked genes are located on the X chromosome because it is much bigger than the Y chromosome.
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Colorblindness• Colorblindness is inherited as sex linked X
recessive traits.
XB Xb
Xb XB Xb Xb Xb
Y XB Y Xb Y
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WHAT NUMBERS DO YOU SEE?
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WHAT NUMBERS DO YOU SEE?
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WHAT NUMBERS DO YOU SEE?
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NOW WHAT NUMBER DO YOU
SEE???
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• What is the fastest way to determine the sex of a chromosome?
Pull down its GENES