Wireline Access Technology

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EBT 691: Telecom Business and Development

Wireline Access Technology

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Definition of Broadband• Different understanding of broadband in different countries

• Global understanding is “Transmission capacity and speed to allow interactive high-quality full-motion video, data and voice applications simultaneously via one pipe”.

• Communications technology that can provide support for always-on and fast-accessApplications - Advanced computer applications, Video-on-Demand (VOD), Video Conferencing (VC), Computer Aided Design (CAD), e-Government, e-learning, telemedicine, etc.

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EBT 691: Telecom Business and DevelopmentIntroduction - Features

TechnologiesFixed/cable – ADSL, FTTH, HFC and PLCSatellite-VSAT and DTHWireless - LMDS, MMDS, etc.

Note:ADSL – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineFTTH – Fibre To The HomeHFC – Hybrid Fibre CoaxialPLC – Power Line CommunicationsVSAT – Very Small Aperture TerminalDTH – Direct to the HomeLMDS - Local Multipoint Distribution SystemMMDS - Multipoint Multi-channel Distribution System

Features of Broadband

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Main types of broadband

• Normal broadband– Typical downstream bit rate 0.5 - 2 (10) Mbps.– Dominating type today.– Mainly used for Internet access (browsing, E-mail, file

transfer etc.).– IP telephony is also supported.

• Full broadband– Typical downstream bit rate 30 - 50 Mbps.– Integrates all services, telephone, Internet access and

multiple TV channels (triple play).

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EBT 691: Telecom Business and DevelopmentIntroduction – Current Scenario

65.8962.2

56.45 55.14

40.5738.22

16.6

7.673.98 2.77 2.76 1.19 0.98 0.51 0.33 0.2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

USASing

apore

Austra

lia

Korea UK

Japa

nMala

ysia

Brunei

Daruss

alam

Thaila

ndPhil

ippines

China

Indon

esia

Vietna

mMya

nmar

Lao P

DRCam

bodia

PC per 100 population, 2003

Source : ITU@2004

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EBT 691: Telecom Business and DevelopmentIntroduction – Current ScenarioInternet Users per 100 population, 2003

Source : ITU@2004

60.3455.14

50.4448.17

44.8942.31

34.53

10.23 9.656.32 4.40 4.30 3.77

0.27 0.22 0.060.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

Korea

USASing

apore

Austra

liaJa

pan UK

Malays

ia

Brunei

Daruss

alam

Thaila

ndChin

aPhil

ippines

Vietna

mInd

ones

iaLa

o PDR

Cambo

diaMya

nmar

Ratio for Internet Subscriber to Users is 1 : 3

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23.17

14.6

11.229.4

8.25

6.1 5.5

3.12.0

0.44 0.050

5

10

15

20

25

Korea

HK, Chin

a

Canad

aTaiw

an, C

hina

USA

Japa

nSing

apore

Austra

lia UK

Malays

ia

Thaila

nd

Broadband subscribers per 100 population, 2003

Source : ITU 2003 / Analysys

125,000 subscribers

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Korea

Hong Kong

Taiwan

Singapore

Malaysia

Penetration Penetration Rate Rate

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

0.4 0.8 1.8 3.54.8 5.9 6.8

Projected Broadband Household Penetration Rate In Selected Asian Countries (without Government intervention)

Introduction – Current Scenario

Source: IDC 2003Broadband speed defined as 128kbps

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Broadband country comparison based on cost per 100 kbps Broadband country comparison based on cost per 100 kbps

15.6313.90

10.337.94

7.277.18

6.555.13

4.423.062.86

2.192.17

1.701.271.09

0.290.18

0 5 10 15 20

DenmarkIndia

SwitzerlandAustria

SwedenIceland

UKNorway

NetherlandsAustraliaCanada

USASingapore

New ZealandTaiwan

HK, ChinaBelgium

Korea, Rep ofJapan

19.13

• Price per 100 Kbps of data per month

• US$, April 2003

Malaysia : US$7.61

Source: ITU Research

Malaysia : US$5.21 From 1 Nov 2003

Prior to 1 Nov 2003

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Source: DSL Forum

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xDSL

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VoicebandModem

ISDN

ADSL

FTTH

FTTx, VDSL2,ADSL2plus

EnhancedCopper

Hybrid Fibre/Copper

Pure Fibre

“Evolution of Digital Access”

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Development of digital access in PSTN

Through analog voice:• Connecting a voice-band

modem (as V.90)• No switch or network

infra changes

Through ISDN switch:• Yields Basic Rate Interface (BRI)• Fixed throughput 2B+D

= 2*64 kb/s+16 kb/s

Example: phones with build-in V.90 modems

no modificationsin exchange side

ISDN exchange

The ISDN S interfaces can be used for extending ISDN services to locations that do not have ISDN access facilities. Each S interface port operates in full duplex mode over 4-wire twisted pairs at a range of up to 1,000 meters (support for nxBRI, T1 1.544 Mb/s …)

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Short history of ADSL

1985 --

1990 --

1993 --

1995 --

1998 --

1999 --

Bell Labs develop OFDM to make traditional copper wires to support new digital services - especially video-on-demand (VOD)

Phone companies start deploying High-Speed DSL (HDSL) to offer T1 service (1.544 Mb/s) on copper lines without the expense of installing repeaters - first between small exchanges

Phone companies begin to promote HDSL for smaller and smaller companies and ADSL for home internet access

Innovative companies begin to see ADSL as a way to meet the needfor faster Internet access

DMT adopted by almost all vendors following ANSI T1.413 - issue 2 (in contrast to CAP)ITU-T produced ADSL standards G.992.1 (G.full: 8M/640k) and G.992.2 (G.lite: 1.5M/512k)

Evaluation of three modulation technologies for ADSL: QAM, DMT and CAP. DSL Forum established on 1994

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… history

2001 -- Number of DSL subscribers 18.7 million worldwide

2002 -- ITU-T completed G.992.3 and G.992.41 standards for ADSL2

2003 -- ADSL2plus released (G.992.5). It can gain up to 20 Mbps on phone lines as long at 1.5 km. 30 million DSL users worldwide

2004 -- VDSL2 standards under preparation in DSL forum

2005 -- VDSL2 standard verified (G.933.2) – symmetrical 100 Mb/s. 115 million DSL users

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Motivation / properties of ADSL

• Need for high-speed Internet access - Telephone modem have only moderate rates (56 kb/s) and cable modems have service problems if number of users is large

• ADSL Transmits high speed data to local loop by using unshielded 2-wire twisted pairs (often no repeaters required)

• DSL allows rates varying from 160 kb/s up to 100 Mb/s on down link (DL) depending on technology used!

• In the most popular commercial ADSL (G.992.1) maximum rate 640 kbit/s upstream and 8 Mb/s downstream

• Different xDSL techniques developed to serve symmetric and asymmetric traffic requirements and different rates (STM and ATMsupported by G.992.1 ADSL)

STM-n: Synchronous Transfer Module (of SDH): DS-1,2: 1.544 Mb/s, 6.312 Mb/sATM: Asynchronous Transfer ModeDL: Down Link - Down stream

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ResidentialCustomer

ADSL Modem or Gateway

Customer Premises

Equipment

Central Office Building

ADSL Rackof Line Cards

Standard Telephone Lines

ADSL Equipment

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DMT: Discrete Multitone Technique

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Bandwidth division

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Reach of ADSL

ServiceProvider

Regenerator

Business

Regenerator

Regenerator

Government& Education

Consumer

Deploymentw/ Repeaters

Deploymentw/o Repeaters

• Typically ADSL can reach as far as 18 kft from the central office

• To extend the reach, service providers have a host of options, outlined in the white paper DSL Anywhere v.2

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Standards evolution empower Video delivery at higher speeds

ADSL2plus(G.992.5)

> downstream bandwidth boost up to 24.5 Mb/s

Reach Extended ADSL: RE-ADSL2(G.992.3 annex L)

> loop reach increase of 600 to 900 m at low rates (192 kb/s DS + 96 kb/s US)

Next Generation ADSL: ADSL2

(G.992.3)> performance

improvement (+100 kb/s on average)

> improved interop, loop diagnostics, robustness

> improved initialization & fast start-up

> power management

ADSL

Double upstream(G.992.3/5 annex M)

> double upstream bandwidth

Very high speed DSL> bandwidths up to 100

Mb/s on short loops > different band plans

• Plan 997: compromise band plan for symmetric and asymmetric traffic

• Plan 998: optimized for asymmetry

• Plan Fx: flexible band plan

VDSL2

Most service providers are updating with a triple pack:ADSL2, ADSL2plus and RE-ADSL at the same time

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Existing High Speed Technologies Do Not Solve the Problem of Bottlenecks

Data rate[Mbit/s]

2

8

100

VDSL

20

60

Line Length1 km 2 km 3 km 4 km 5 km

ADSL2+

SHDSL

Low bit-rates are insufficient for Triple-Play applications

Real bit-rates are too low for multiple (3) HDTV channels

Design only for short loop applications (MDU/MTU)

VDSL2 = VDSL Speeds with ADSL/2+ Reach and Flexibility

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VDSL2 Standardization

• VDSL2 standardization started in January 2004• Main technology development in ITU-T• North American system requirements in ANSI/NIPNAI• European system requirements in ETSI

• Reached consent in May 2005 (Geneva Meeting)

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Today there are variousDSL Technology Options

55 Mbps down30 Mbps up

2005Very-high-data-rate DSL 2

G.993.2VDSL2 -12 MHz long reach

100 Mbps up/down2005Very-high-data-rate DSL 2

G.993.2VDSL2 - 30 MHzShort reach


2004Very-high-data-rate DSL

G.993.1VDSL

5.6 Mbps up/down2003G.SHDSLG.991.2SHDSL(updated 2003)


2003Reach ExtendedG.992.3ADSL2-RE


2003ADSL2plusG.992.5ADSL2plus

8 Mb/s down1 Mbps up

2002G.dmt.bisG.992.3ADSL2

7 Mbps down 800 kbps up

1999G.dmtG.992.1ADSL

MaximumSpeed capabilities

RatifiedNameITU Family

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ADSL

1.5 to 8Mbit/s9.6 to 640kbit/s

Broadband NetworkInternet

Video Servers

LiveBroadcast

TelephoneNetwork

“Today’s Typical Network” : ADSL

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ADSL ApplicationsInternet Access & File SharingVideo

Broadcast TV Video On Demand

Voice over IP via DSLTeleworking Online Education & ShoppingTelemedicineOnline Gaming

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Relation between Transmission Rate & Service Level

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Market Status of ADSL Technology• ADSL is the #1 Broadband Choice in the World with

over 60% marketshare• ADSL is now available in every region of the world• ADSL is capable of providing up to 50 Mbp, and

supports voice, video and data.• The new DSL network is IP-centric• There is broad equipment interoperability and there

are currently established test specifications for ADSL, ADSL2plus, SHDSL, and VDSL

• Finally, ADSL and home networking are a natural fit as DSL effectively supports multiple applications for multiple uses via each DSL connection.

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Home Network Applications

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Summary

• ADSL2+ and VDSL2 offer triple play at last– Reach allows wider serving areas– Rates allow triple play and enhanced services– Ethernet rapidly taking over from ATM

• Offers LAN extension type services – no signal conversion

– Network architecture evolving faster than ever before – DSL Forum driven

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Fiber to the Home (FTTH)

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Fibre to the home• Almost unlimited transmission rates: 100 Mbit/s full duplex per

subscriber easily available.• Prices of both fibre and terminal equipment have until recently been

too high for single users, but optical fibre systems are now competitive with respect to equipment cost for a single private user.

• Fibre to the home (FTTH) will soon be the main alternative in new installations (e.g., building new residential areas).

• FTTH deployment in existing suburban areas is now becoming competitive.

• The full transition from copper to fibre may take decades - will probably follow the normal cycle for renewing underground infrastructure (water, sewage, electricity, telecom).

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What is FTTH? CopperFiber

24 kbps - 1.5 MbpsOld networks, optimized for voice

CO/HE

19 Mbps - 1 Gbps +Optical networks, optimized for voice, video and data

CO/HE//

CO/HE//

//

Note: network may be aerial or underground

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What is FTTH?

• “An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customer’s premise. Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission media.”– OAN: Optical Access Network– ONU: Optical Network Unit– OLT: Optical Line Termination

CO/HE//

ONUOLT

Source: www.ftthcouncil.org

OAN

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What is FTTH?

CO/HE

Optical fiber and lasers

Architecture (Electronics)- PON?- Active node?- Hybrid?

Transport- ATM?- Ethernet?

Philosophy- Retail- Wholesale

Technical considerations

//

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Why FTTH?

• Enormous information carrying capacity• Easily upgradeable• Ease of installation• Allows fully symmetric services• Reduced operations and maintenance costs • Benefits of optical fiber:

– Very long distances– Strong, flexible, and reliable– Allows small diameter and light weight cables– Secure – Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)

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Why FTTH? - more capacity*

* Typical system capability for 100 m link

0

50

100

150

200

Gbp

s

Twisted Pair Co-ax Multimode Single-mode

Source: Corning Incorporated

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0102030405060708090

100

kilo

met

ers

Twisted Pair Co-axial Multimode Single-mode

Why FTTH? - longer distances*

* Typical distance for 1 Gbps system capabilitySource: Corning Incorporated

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Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper• A single copper pair is capable

of carrying 6 phone calls

• A single fiber pair is capable ofcarrying over 2.5 millionsimultaneous phone calls(64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)

• A fiber optic cable with the sameinformation-carrying capacity (bandwidth) as a comparable copper cable is less than 1% of both the size and weight

• A single copper pair is capableof carrying 6 phone calls

• A single fiber pair is capable ofcarrying over 2.5 millionsimultaneous phone calls(64 channels at 2.5 Gb/s)

• A fiber optic cable with the sameinformation-carrying capacity (bandwidth) as a comparable copper cable is less than 1% of both the size and weight

Source: Corning Incorporated

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Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper

Glass• Uses light• Transparent• Dielectric material-

nonconductive– EMI immune

• Low thermal expansion• Brittle, rigid material• Chemically stable

Copper• Uses electricity• Opaque• Electrically conductive material

– Susceptible to EMI• High thermal expansion• Ductile material• Subject to corrosion and galvanic

reactions• Fortunately, its

recyclable

//

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Technology Minutes Hours Days

Modem 56 kb/s 2

ISDN 128 kb/s 20

12

DSL 1 Mb/s 2.5

Cable 2.5 Mb/s 1

45

FTTH 0.4

Estimated minimum time to acquire BraveheartAugust 17, 2001:MGM, Paramount Pictures, Sony Pictures, Warner Brothers, and Universal Studios unveiled plans for a joint venture that would allow computer users to download rental copies of feature films over the Internet.

December 9, 2002:“Hollywood's Latest Flop”

Fortune Magazine“The files are huge. At 952 Megabytes, Braveheart took just less than five hours to download using our DSL Line at home… in the same time we could have made 20 round trips to our neighborhood Blockbuster”

Technical considerations – Speed (IPTV Reference)

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FTTP Architectures

FTTP Full BuildSmall Businesses

New BuriedDevelopment

Splitter

OLT

ONTONT

Splitter

ONT

ONTONT

Splitter

ONT

ONT

Splitter

ONT

ONT

CopperFeeder

CircuitSwitch

Small Businesses

Office Parks

Residential CopperDistribution

|X|SAI

FTTP Overlay

ONTONT

ONT

ONT

SplitterHub

Source:Verizon,2004.

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Video

Video is a popular service, which is a good basis for any new entrant FTTH provider. There is one way to provide video on cable and satellite (broadcast) and one way to provide video on DSL (IPTV). There are two ways to provide video on FTTH (broadcast and IPTV). The market place can sort out the use of each, to the benefit of the subscriber. We will describe the differences.

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• Can send video several different ways on FTTH– Broadcast (cable TV standards)

• Analog• Digital• Cable TV good engineering practice is 47-48 dB C/N

– FTTH can achieve 48-51 dB C/N• Benefit from high volume and plethora of applications of cable boxes• RF return support for STTs

– IPTV – TV transmitted over Internet Protocol• Feasible, and some people are doing it in place of broadcast• Bandwidth hog, but statistics can work for you

– Interesting hybrid model awaits hybrid STTs, but can give the best of both worlds

Technical considerations - Video

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Ways of transmitting video

Baseband analog video

Modulated analog video

Other channels

Digital compressed video...101101001...

Ch 2 55.25Ch 3 61.25

etc.

Analog optical

transmitter

OR

. . .Other

data sources

Digital optical network

Digital optical

transceiver

syncblack

white

MPEG-2 transport

stream

Broadcast optical networkEncoder

Analog RF modulator

Digital RF modulator

Place MPEG packets in IP packets

L2/L3 Switch

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19 19 1 2,537 9,723 70,655291,333650,796

1,524,348

2,378,795

3,300,926

4,223,216

5,645,728

6,589,867

7,907,437

8,881,039

10,272,052

10,904,236

12,068,718

154,000 329,000463,000625,000784,000216,00092,00066,00032,000

3,070,000

2,229,000

2,069,0001,954,000

1,790,0002,339,000

2,546,000

1,758,000

967,0001,303,000

1,456,0001,151,000

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

19

99

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12

20

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Subs

crib

ers

DSL Cable

Cable and DSL users in Japan

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Power Line Communication (PLC)

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PLC diagram

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Background

• Don’t power companies send data over power lines already?– Yes, Power Line Carrier (PLC) is used for

command and control but it is narrow-band low frequency (100 to 180 kHz) and low speed.

• Current BPL is wide-band and uses 2.46 to 38 MHz. It offers 1-3 mBits/sec to the end point.

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Broadband over Powerline (BPL) interference paths

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Conclusions• Broadband for All and Access Everywhere are the two main

technological challenges in telecom towards 2020.• For full broadband, “the future is mainly wired.”• Within time frame under study, xDSL systems are major candidates

for broadband fixed access, and can provide– systems for a wide range of bit rates– symmetrical and asymmetrical systems.

• FTTH will soon be the main alternative for new installations.• Access via cable TV and fixed radio are other candidates for

broadband access. In 2020 there will be a mix of systems.• Satellites are suitable for TV broadcasting and coverage in remote

areas, but not competitive for true broadband access.• The fixed broadband network will often be extended to a wireless

nomadic network, and access will hence be perceived as wireless by the end user.

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Conclusions, cont’d• Access Everywhere will be provided through a variety of wireless

solutions, which together form the B3G network:– Personal Area Networks– Wireless LANs– Backbone cellular network– Fixed radio access– Satellite links

• B3G will become available sometime after 2010, and represents convergence between the above subsystems and the wired network.

• B3G will be based on packet switching and designed to carry high-speed, bursty TCP/IP traffic.

• New radio interface technologies may increase bandwidth efficienciesand available data rates by a factor 10 - 100 compared to GSM and UMTS.

• This will enable much more advanced and diverse telecommunications services in the future than what is offered by today’s systems.

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