Wireless Sensor and SensorActuator Networks: Research Trends...

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Wireless Sensor and Sensor-Actuator Networks: Research Trends, Protocols, and Applications Muhammad Farukh Munir Department of Mobile Communications  Institut Eurecom INCC 2008

Transcript of Wireless Sensor and SensorActuator Networks: Research Trends...

Page 1: Wireless Sensor and SensorActuator Networks: Research Trends ...suraj.lums.edu.pk/incc2008/Tutorials/MuhammadFarukhMunir.pdf · • Internet routes data using IP Addresses in Packets

Wireless Sensor and Sensor­Actuator Networks: Research Trends, Protocols, 

and Applications

Muhammad Farukh Munir Department of Mobile Communications

 Institut EurecomINCC 2008

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 2

Outline Wireless Sensor Networks

− Motivating Applications

− Research Challenges

− MAC and Routing

Wireless Sensor­Actuator Networks− Motivating Applications

− Self Organization

− Coordinations

− Networking

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 3

Wireless Sensor Networks Large number of distributed 

sensor nodes

Self Organize in a multi­hop fashion

Wide range of application potential...

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 4

Available Devices Mica motes

Sensor boards

Embedded routers

Wireless gateways

Wireless basestations

Dataloggers

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 5

Motivating Applications Industrial Automation

Environmental Monitoring

Marine Monitoring

Intelligent Transportation

Disaster Response

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 6

Industrial Automation Micro­sensors, on­board processing, 

and wireless interfaces all feasible at very small scale

Can monitor phenomena “up close”

Embedded Networked Sensing Potential

Will reveal previously unobservable phenomena 

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 7

Environmental Monitoring• Embed numerous distributed devices 

to monitor and interact with physical world

Understand response of wild populations (plants and animals) to habitats over time.

Develop in situ observation of species and ecosystem dynamics

− Automatic identification− Measurements− Harsh environments

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 8

Marine Monitoring Ocean life monitoring

Containment flow monitoring...

Identify risky situations before they become exposures. 

Subterranean deployment

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 9

Intelligent Transportation Transportation and Urban monitoring

Improve safety and reduce vehicle wear, transportation times and fuel consumption.

Optimization of transport systems

Cooperative Vehicle and Highway Systems for safety and control applications

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 10

Disaster Response Enhance first­responders’ ability to 

access patients on scene, ensure seamless transfer of data among caregivers, and facilitate efficient allocation of hospital resources

Wearable wireless pulse sensors Devices can be programmed to alert 

medical personnel when vital signs fall outside normal conditions

CodeBlue

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 11

Common Vision

• Embed numerous distributed devices to monitor and interact with physical world

 Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation

 Network these devices so that they can coordinate to perform higher­level tasks

 Requires robust distributed systems of hundreds or thousands of devices

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 12

Research Challenges Real­time analysis for rapid response

Massive amount of data

Tight coupling to the physical world and embedded in unattended “control systems”

Untethered, small form­factor, nodes present stringent energy constraints 

Communications is primary consumer of energy in this environment

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 13

New Design Themes• Long­lived systems 

− Low­duty cycle operation with bounded latency− Exploit redundancy − Tiered architectures 

• Stable systems − MAC layer− Multi­Hop Routing

• Self configuring systems − Measure and adapt to unattended/unpredictable environment− Exploit spatial diversity and density

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 14

Approach Leverage data processing inside the network

− Exploit computation near data to reduce communication Achieve desired global behavior with adaptive localized algorithms 

(i.e., do not rely on global interaction or information)− Dynamic, messy (hard to model), environments preclude pre­

configured behavior− Cant afford to extract dynamic state information needed for 

centralized control or even Internet­style distributed control 

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 15

Internet Protocols• Internet routes data using IP Addresses in Packets and Lookup tables in 

routers– Humans get data by “naming data” to a search engine– Many levels of indirection between name and IP address– Works well for the Internet, and for support of Person­to­Person 

communication• Embedded, energy­constrained, unattended systems cant tolerate 

communication overhead

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 16

Building Long­Lived Systems Exploiting redundancy

− Adaptive Self­Configuration− Supporting low­duty cycle operation

Exploiting Stability Exploiting heterogeneity

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 17

The Layered Architecture Layers operate independently without any interaction

Extensively used in PRN literature

Problem: For a given sampling rate, one needs to jointly optimize on channel access rates and the routing in order to optimize on delays

− Restrictions...

− To maintain stability, one needs to be operating far from the max. allowed sampling rate...

− Sampling rate not directly related to the channel access rates...

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 18

Cross­Layer Architecture (WiOpt'07) Strong Coupling between the Channel Access and the Sampling Process

Node attempts a channel access with some probability

− No packets..., MAC will ask the APP to provide a new packet

− Atleast one packet waiting to be forwarded: serve head­of­line packet. Note: a node can have atmost one packet in the transmit queue 

generated by itself.

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 19

Possible Applications Where a sensor network is used to the time variation of a random field over 

the space

One can think of temporal priority mechanism for transmitting packets

Reduce the overall transmissions in the network

Node assigns highest priority to the most recent packet generated by itself

− Note: it does not include the forwarding traffic

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 20

A Coupled System (PerSeNS'08) Two different Transmit Queues at MAC layer

− For locally generated data

− For forwarding data If node decides to transmit, it checks:

− Both queues are empty: MAC asks APP to sense a packet and attempts a transmission

− One packet is waiting to be forwarded: Transmit packets for each queue in a probabilistic fashion Assign weights to each queue based on traffic loads

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 21

Multi­Hop Routing (CCNC'08) Each route will have some delay

Wardrop equilibrium

Traffic Split matrix

A routing algorithm

− Iterative updation of one­hop routing probabilities

− Estimate average delays

− Adapt routing probability according to new delays

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 22

Adapting Cross­layered System A new complication: channel access rates

Tune channel access to guarantee long term average data sampling rate

Estimate statistics

− Success rate

− Throughput calculation

Update using a max. min. optimization criteria 

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 23

Implementation Architecture

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 24

Simulated Network

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 25

Simulation Results The Layered System

High delays for given sampling rate...

Routing algorithm converges to Wardrop equilibrium

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 26

Contd... Delay obtained by varying the 

channel access rates

Sensitivity to channel access rates

Convergence to load­balanced regime is violated

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 27

Contd... Lower delays compared to 

Layered­system

Fast convergence to Wardrop equilibrium

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 28

Contd... Traffic split obtained by the 

algorithm

Small traffic volume on some routes to ensure probing on alternate routes

Can cope with changes in traffic patterns and network dynamics 

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 29

Contd... Convergence of channel access 

rates for the cross layered system

The converged values are just enough to serve the load on the system

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 30

Contd... Delays in Coupled system are 

much smaller than the delays in the Layered system

Results show convergence to equilibrium state

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 31

Wireless Sensor­Actuator Networks (SANETs)

Consists of a large number of distributed sensors and few actuator/actor nodes

Self Organize in a multihop fashion

Actuator take decisions and then perform appropriate actions upon the environment, which allows remote,  automated interaction with the environment. 

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 32

SANETs Motivating applications

Coordination

− Sensor­actuator coordination

− Actuator­actuator coordination Self­organization

Networking

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 33

Motivating Applications Disaster relief operations

− Detecting and extinguishing forest fire.  Microclimate control in buildings

− In case of very high or low temperature values, trigger the audio alarm actuators in that area.

Distributed Robotics & Sensor Network− (Mobile) robots dispersed throughout a sensor network 

Battlefield Applications− Sensors detect mines or explosive substances − Actuators annihilate them or function as tanks

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 34

Sub­Kilogram Intelligent Tele­robots (SKITs):

Networked Robots having Coordination & Wireless Communication Capabilities

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 35

Robotic Mule: Autonomous BattlefieldRobot designed for the Army

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 36

Low Flying Helicopter Platform

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 37

Grand Challenges Sensor­Actuator Coordination & 

Communication Actuator­Actuator Coordination & 

Communication− REAL­TIME COMMUNICATION!!!!

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 38

Sensor­Actuator Coordination Challenges:

− Which sensor(s) communicate with which actor(s)?

− How should the communication occur?− What are the requirements of the 

communication? (i.e., real­time, energy efficiency)

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 39

Actuator­Actuator Coordination Challenges:

− Which actor(s) should execute which action(s)?− Should they coordinate?− What is the optimal number of actuators 

performing the actions?

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 40

SANET Communication Architecture

Sensor – Sink – Actuators 

No sensor­actuator and actuator coordination needed

Similar to conventional WSNs

Semi­Automated ArchitectureSemi­Automated Architecture

Sink

Event Area

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 41

SANET Communication Architecture

Sensors – Actuators 

Localized information exchange

Low latency

Distributed sensor­actuator and actuator­actuator coordination required

Automated ArchitectureAutomated Architecture

Sink   

Event Area

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 42

Sensor­Actuator Coordination

Multiple Actuator (MA)

Clustering is required

Sensors only need to communicate with sensors within neighborhood to form clusters or groups

Actor Sensor

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 43

Sensor­Actuator Coordination

Single Actuator (SA)

Selection of the most appropriate actuator

To select, sensors need to coordinate to each other

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 44

Single Actuator (SA) Selecting an actuator may be based on:

− The distance between the event area and actuator

− The energy consumption of the path from sensor to actuator

− The action range of the actuator

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 45

SA vs MA SA has lower latency between sensing and acting MA provides the center of an event for actuators MA needs actor­actor coordination based on the negotiation 

which may result in high communication overhead and latency

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 46

Actuator­Actuator Coordination

Main Problems

− Which actuator(s) should execute which action(s)?

− Or, how should multi­actuator task assignment be done?Task Assignment Problems

− Single­Actuator Task (SAT) vs. Multi­Actuator Task (MAT)

− Centralized Decision (CD) vs. Distributed Decision (DD)

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 47

Actuator­Actuator Coordination(SAT & MAT)

Single­Actuator Task (SAT) − How is the single 'best' actuator selected ?

− For SA case, delay­sensitive or ­insensitive− For SA case, announcement message

Multi­Actuator Task (MAT)− Selection of most fit (‘best’) actuators among the capable ones for that task− Only a subset of actuators covering the entire event region may perform the 

task to save action energy− For MA, DD case, negotiate locally− For MA, CD case, to a decision center

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 48

Protocol Stack for SANETs Network congestion: 

Transport/Routing/MAC Packet size optimization: 

Routing/MAC/PHY

Physical Layer

Application Layer

Transport Layer

Routing Layer

MAC Layer

Power M

anagement Plane

Mobility M

anagement Plane

Fault  Managem

ent Plane

Coordination Plane

Cross­Layer Melting

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 49

LEAD: Low­Energy and Delay Adpative Self­Organization Framework (EW'06)

Distributed Topology learning

− Energy efficient

− Controlled flooding

− Incremental network deployment

Path acquisition to multiple actuators

− Builds multi­hop routes to actuators 

− Builds multi­path connectivity

Actuator selection based on the outcome of a cost function

− Energy constraints or Delay constraints

− Multi­metric constraints

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 50

LEAD Requires only single hop communication for repair

− Node failures

− Poor signal­to­noise ratio on selected links Optimization at Routing results in 'Optimal' Network Lifetime (PE­WASUN'07)

− For static deployments

− Easily implementable  TDMA MAC with coordinated sleep­cycle (PIMRC'07)

− Based on a hybrid scheduling policy

− Network information obtained through LEAD­learning framework

Framework 'Optimally' adapted to mobile scenarios with delay­energy constraints

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01/05/2008 M. Farukh Munir    Institut Eurecom 51

Future Directions Develop technology architecture, software, and middleware components in 

the context of driving application prototypes

− Seismic activity and structure response

− Contaminant flow monitoring

− Intelligent transportation systems

− Disaster response

− Underwater sensor networks  Integrating actuators into WSNs is a great leap