Wireless LAN and Bluetooth
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Transcript of Wireless LAN and Bluetooth
Wireless Networks 1
ECE 6160: Advanced Computer Networks
Wireless Networks
Instructor: Dr. Xubin (Ben) HeEmail: [email protected]
Tel: 931-372-3462
Slides are adapted from the original slides developed by Kurose and Ross.All material copyright 1996-2007J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Wireless Networks 2
Background: # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now
exceeds # wired phone subscribers! computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs,
Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet access
two important (but different) challenges wireless: communication over wireless link mobility: handling the mobile user who changes
point of attachment to network
Wireless Networks 3
Topics about wireless networksWireless Wireless links,
characteristics CDMA
IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (“wi-fi”)
Bluetooth Cellular Internet
Access architecture standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility Principles: addressing
and routing to mobile users
Mobile IP Handling mobility in
cellular networks Mobility and higher-
layer protocols
Wireless Networks 4
Elements of a wireless network
network infrastructure
wireless hosts laptop, PDA, IP phone run applications may be stationary
(non-mobile) or mobile wireless does not
always mean mobility
Wireless Networks 5
Elements of a wireless network
network infrastructure
base station typically connected to
wired network relay - responsible for
sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area” e.g., cell towers,
802.11 access points
Wireless Networks 6
Elements of a wireless network
network infrastructure
wireless link typically used to
connect mobile(s) to base station
also used as backbone link
multiple access protocol coordinates link access
various data rates, transmission distance
Wireless Networks 7
Characteristics of selected wireless link standards
Indoor10-30m
Outdoor50-200m
Mid-rangeoutdoor
200m – 4 Km
Long-rangeoutdoor
5Km – 20 Km
.056
.384
1
4
5-11
54
IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G
UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G
802.15
802.11b
802.11a,g
UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellularenhanced
802.16 (WiMAX)
802.11a,g point-to-point
200 802.11n
Dat
a ra
te (
Mbp
s)
data
Wireless Networks 8
Elements of a wireless network
network infrastructure
infrastructure mode base station
connects mobiles into wired network
handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network
Wireless Networks 9
Elements of a wireless network
ad hoc mode no base stations nodes can only
transmit to other nodes within link coverage
nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves
Wireless Networks 10
Wireless network taxonomy
single hop multiple hops
infrastructure(e.g., APs)
noinfrastructure
host connects to base station (WiFi,WiMAX, cellular)
which connects to larger Internet
no base station, noconnection to larger Internet (Bluetooth,
ad hoc nets)
host may have torelay through several
wireless nodes to connect to larger Internet: mesh net
no base station, noconnection to larger Internet. May have torelay to reach other a given wireless node
MANET, VANET
Wireless Networks 11
Wireless Link Characteristics (1)
Differences from wired link ….
decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss)
interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well
multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times
…. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult”
Wireless Networks 12
Wireless Link Characteristics (2)
SNR: signal-to-noise ratio larger SNR – easier to
extract signal from noise (a “good thing”)
SNR versus BER tradeoffs given physical layer:
increase power -> increase SNR->decrease BER
given SNR: choose physical layer that meets BER requirement, giving highest throughput
• SNR may change with mobility: dynamically adapt physical layer (modulation technique, rate)
10 20 30 40
QAM256 (8 Mbps)
QAM16 (4 Mbps)
BPSK (1 Mbps)
SNR(dB)B
ER
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-4
Wireless Networks 13
Wireless network characteristicsMultiple wireless senders and receivers create
additional problems (beyond multiple access):
AB
C
Hidden terminal problem B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each
othermeans A, C unaware of their
interference at B
A B C
A’s signalstrength
space
C’s signalstrength
Signal attenuation: B, A hear each other B, C hear each other A, C can not hear each other
interfering at B
Wireless Networks 14
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) used in several wireless broadcast channels
(cellular, satellite, etc) standards unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code
set partitioning all users share same frequency, but each user
has own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data
encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence)
decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping sequence
allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are “orthogonal”)
Wireless Networks 15
CDMA Encode/Decode
slot 1 slot 0
d1 = -1
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
Zi,m= di.cmd0 = 1
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 11
1-1- 1- 1-
slot 0channeloutput
slot 1channeloutput
channel output Zi,m
sendercode
databits
slot 1 slot 0
d1 = -1d0 = 1
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 1 1
1- 1- 1- 1-
1 1 11
1-1- 1- 1-
slot 0channeloutput
slot 1channeloutputreceiver
code
receivedinput
Di = Zi,m.cmm=1
M
M
Wireless Networks 16
CDMA: two-sender interference
Wireless Networks 17
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
802.11b 2.4-5 GHz unlicensed
spectrum up to 11 Mbps direct sequence spread
spectrum (DSSS) in physical layer
• all hosts use same chipping code
802.11a 5-6 GHz range up to 54 Mbps
802.11g 2.4-5 GHz range up to 54 Mbps
802.11n: multiple antennae 2.4-5 GHz range up to 200 Mbps
all use CSMA/CA for multiple access all have base-station and ad-hoc network
versions
Wireless Networks 18
802.11 LAN architecture
wireless host communicates with base station base station = access
point (AP) Basic Service Set (BSS)
(aka “cell”) in infrastructure mode contains: wireless hosts access point (AP): base
station ad hoc mode: hosts
only
BSS 1
BSS 2
Internet
hub, switchor routerAP
AP
Wireless Networks 19
802.11: Channels, association 802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided
into 11 channels at different frequencies AP admin chooses frequency for AP interference possible: channel can be same as
that chosen by neighboring AP! host: must associate with an AP
scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address
selects AP to associate with may perform authentication [Chapter 8] will typically run DHCP to get IP address in
AP’s subnet
Wireless Networks 20
IEEE 802.11: multiple access avoid collisions: 2+ nodes transmitting at same
time 802.11: CSMA - sense before transmitting
don’t collide with ongoing transmission by other node
802.11: no collision detection! difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting
due to weak received signals (fading) can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal,
fading goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance)
AB
CA B C
A’s signalstrength
space
C’s signalstrength
Wireless Networks 21
IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA
802.11 sender1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then
transmit entire frame (no CD)2 if sense channel busy then
start random backoff timetimer counts down while channel idletransmit when timer expiresif no ACK, increase random backoff
interval, repeat 2
802.11 receiver- if frame received OK
return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden terminal problem)
sender receiver
DIFS
data
SIFS
ACK
Wireless Networks 22
Avoiding collisions (more)
idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames
sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to BS using CSMA RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re
short) BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS RTS heard by all nodes
sender transmits data frame other stations defer transmissions
avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets!
Wireless Networks 23
Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange
APA B
time
RTS(A)RTS(B)
RTS(A)
CTS(A) CTS(A)
DATA (A)
ACK(A) ACK(A)
reservation collision
defer
Wireless Networks 24
framecontrol
durationaddress
1address
2address
4address
3payload CRC
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
seqcontrol
802.11 frame
Address 2: MAC addressof wireless host or AP transmitting this frame
Address 1: MAC addressof wireless host or AP to receive this frame
Address 3: MAC addressof router interface to which AP is attached
Address 4: used only in ad hoc mode
duration of reserved transmission time (RTS/CTS)
frame seq #(for reliable ARQ)
Wireless Networks 25
Bluetooth
A standard permitting for wireless connection of:
Personal computers Printers Mobile phones Handsfree headsets LCD projectors Modems Wireless LAN devices Notebooks Desktop PCs PDAs
Wireless Networks 26
Bluetooth Devices
NOKIA 9110 + FUJIDIGITAL CAMERA
ERICSSONCOMMUNICATOR
ERICSSON R520GSM 900/1800/1900
ALCATELOne TouchTM 700
GPRS, WAPERICSSON
BLUETOOTHCELLPHONE
HEADSET
Wireless Networks 27
Bluetooth Application Areas
Bluetooth provides support for 3 general application areas using short range wireless connectivity: Data and voice access points
• Real-time voice and data transmissions
Cable replacement• Eliminates need for numerous cable attachments for connection
Ad hoc networking• Device with Bluetooth radio can establish connection with another
when in range
Wireless Networks 28
Profiles: Bluetooth usage models
Set of protocols to implement a particular Bluetooth-based application, defined as profile.
File transfer Internet bridge LAN access Synchronization: phone book, task lists… Three-in-one phone Headset: act as a remote device’s audio I/O
Wireless Networks 29
The ultimate headset Bluetooth removes the cable between the headset and the
telephone. The user of a headset is not physically tied to the audio device
and is free to roam about the area. The same headset can be used with multiple devices. The same headset used with a telephone might also be usedwith a cordless telephone base station and could be used foraudio interaction with computers. Using voice recognition it may be possible to place telephone calls using only headset as the user interface.
Wireless Networks 30
The three in one phone The three in one usage model allows a mobile
telephone to be used: as a cellular phone in the standard manner. As a cordless phone connecting to a voice access point. As a an walkie-talkie for direct phone-to-phone
communication with another device in proximity (why to use it when you can shout ).
Wireless Networks 31
File Transfer In an interactive conference room
scenario, business cards and files could be exchanged among the participants.
Wireless Networks 32
Direct network access It is possible to implement LAN bridges
where one port has Bluetooth interface instead of the wired serial access.
Wireless Networks 33
Piconets and Scatternets
Piconet Basic unit of Bluetooth networking Master and one to seven slave devices Master determines channel and phase
Scatternet: When two or more piconets at least partially overlap in time and space a scatternet is formed. Device in one piconet may exist as master or slave in another
piconet Allows many devices to share same area Makes efficient use of bandwidth
Each piconet has its own hopping pattern determined by the master.
Wireless Networks 34
Scatternet
Master A Master B
Active slave A1
Active slave A3
Active slave B1
Active slave B2
Active slave A2Active slave B3
Piconet A Piconet B
Wireless Networks 35
Master and Slave roles in piconet
A given master may communicate with up to 7 active slaves and up to 255 parked slaves.
All slaves communicating with a single master form a piconet.
There can be only one master in a single piconet. In the higher protocol layers, devices operate as peers
Master
Slave1
Slave2
Slave3
piconet
Wireless Networks 36
Communications topology The Bluetooth network model uses peer-to-peer
communications based on proximity. The slaves within the area of proximity can form a
piconet.
Proximity sphere
Piconet
Master
Active slave
Parked slave
sniff slave
hold slave
Active slave
Standby slave
Standby slave
Wireless Networks 37
Frequency Hopping in Bluetooth
Provides resistance to interference and multipath effects
Provides a form of multiple access among co-located devices in different piconets
Wireless Networks 38
Frequency Hopping
Total bandwidth divided into 1MHz physical channels
FH occurs by jumping from one channel to another in pseudorandom sequence
Hopping sequence shared with all devices on piconet (FH channel)
Piconet access: Bluetooth devices use time division duplex (TDD) Access technique is TDMA FH-TDD-TDMA
Wireless Networks 39
ARQ Scheme Elements
Error detection – destination detects errors, discards packets
Positive acknowledgment – destination returns positive acknowledgment
Retransmission after timeout – source retransmits if packet unacknowledged
Negative acknowledgment and retransmission – destination returns negative acknowledgement for packets with errors, source retransmits