Wireless LAN

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mfetfcfwjdlje wfxdjr rflf`jje%

;% L jrjlxfrdwxdl @jrdekje [drfcfww

@jdekje [dfcfww mfmrvetjd ljjlxfdwxdl tjek ofofhj hfekje `jdekje ljofc rjhj

vmvmetj% Rjhj @jdekje [dfcfww ! [did ! Edljofc ojetjl ijlxa tjek mfmrfekjvnd ldef`j

hje lfnjehjcje hjd `jdekje [dfcfww% Ofofjrj njc wfgjj xfledwetj jhjcjn Rje`jek

Kfcamojek .[jyfcfekxn$# Iflvfewd tjek hdkvejlje hjcjm xjewmdwd hjxj# hje Jmrcdxvha

.lflvjxje wdetjc$# hje FD_R .Fiifgxdyf Dwaxardg _jhdjxfh Ra{f$% Njc xfwfovx hdjxjw odjwj

hdodgjjlje `vkj rjhj wdetjc kfcamojek _jhda% Xfexvetj ljfej @jdekje [dfcfww

mfekkvejlje Kfcamojek _jhda vexvl xjewmdwd hjxjetj% Ljfej mfhdj xjewmdwdetj

mfekkvejlje wdetjc jhda ._I$ mjlj xfexvetj ojetjl ijlxa jcjm `vkj tjek mfmrfekjvnd%

Ofofjrj rfe`fcjwje hjd tjek hdwfovxlje hdjxjw jhjcjn wfojkjd ofdlvx 0

t [jyfcfekxn

[jyfcfekxn jxjv Rje`jek Kfcamojek jhjcjn `jjl jexjj : v`vek rvegjl kfcamojek

hfekje rvegjl cjdeetj wfgjj nadpaexjc% Kfcamojek ! wdetjcetj jhjcjn wdetjc

Wdevw%Wdetjc ded j{jcetj hd mvcjd wfojkjd wdetjc JG tjek hd kfefjxf acfn xjewmdxxf !

rfmjegj hdhjcjm wfovjn Jggfww Radex .JR$ hje hdlddm lf jexfeej# hdmjej hd




jhdjwdlje wfojkjd kfcamojek wdevw% Wfcjmj rawfw ded# jvw mfekvojn mfhje

fcflxamjkefxdl hdwfldxj jexfej# wfndekkj jexfej mfekddm wdetjc fcflxdl hje mjkefxdl%

t Iflvfewd .Np$

Iflvfewd mfefexvlje wfofjrj wfdek wdekejc xfcdnjx !mvegvc% Iflvfewd odjwj hdvlv

hjcjm ofwjje hfxdl# hdfiffewdlje wfojkjd gtgcf% Ofofjrj ijlxj xfexjek Iflvfewd

' : Gtgcf = : Np

' Iflvfewd xdekkd mfmdcdld `jekljvje `jjl cfodn rfehfl

' Lfxdlj wdetjc mvegvc :~ hjcjm : hfxdl = : Np

' :2~ hjcjm : hfxdl = :2 Np

' : @vxj ~ hjcjm : hfxdl = : MNp

' : mdccdj ~ hjcjm : hfxdl = : KNp

t Jmrcdxvha

@jjl Yfxdljc jexjj wjxv rvegjl kfcamojek hfekje kfcamojek cjdeetj jhjcjn

jmrcdxvha% Jmrcdxvha jhjcjn `vmcjn fefkd tjek hd ofdlje hjcjm wfovjn wdkejc% Ajek-

ajek hd IGG hje FXWD .Fvarfje Xfcfgammvedgjxdaew Wxjehjhw Dewxdxvxf$ mfekjxv

Jmrcdxvha tjek oacfn hdkvejlje%

Lfmvhdje jrj dxv FD_R 1 FD_R jhjcjn xaxjc fefkd tjek hd lfcvjlje acfn wfovjn jggfww radex

hje jexfeej% Wjjx wfovjn Jggfww Radex mfekddm fefkdetj lf jexfej vexvl hd rjegjlje#

wfovjn ljofc mveklde jhj hdjexjjetj% Ofofjrj rfekvjekje ofwj fefkd xfwfovx jlje xf`jhd

hd hjcjm ljofc% Vexvl mfekdmojekd njc xfwfovx# wfovjn jexfej mfejmojnlje ra{f ! Kjde#

hfekje hfmdldje ra{f ofxjmojn% @vmcjn rfejmojnje ra{f xfwfovx xfkjexvek xdrf jexfej

tjek hdkvejlje% IGG hje FXWD mfekjxv ofwj ra{f tjek odwj hdrjegjlje acfn jexfej%

FD_R dedcjn tjek hdkvejlje vexvl mfmrfldjlje jfj cjtjeje wfovjn jcjx {dfcfww%

_vmvw hjd FD_R jhjcjn 0

FD_ R = Ra{fr Avxvx Xrjewmdxxfr .JR$ - Gjocf caww , Jexfeej

Kjde

Lfmvhdje jhj ofofjrj ijlxa tjek mfmrfekjvnd xjewmdwd wdetjc {dfcfww hd vhjj# wfrfxd

Iff Rjxn Caww# Rfetfjrje Wdetjc# Rfmjexvcje Wdetjc# Rfmfgjnje Wdetjc# Rfmofcalje Wdetjc

hje Cdef ai Wdknx .CAW$% Jrj dxv Iff Rjxn Caww hje lj{je-lj{jeetj tjek hdwfovxlje hdjxjw

1 ofdlvx rfe`fcjwje wdekljxetj 0




t Iff Rjxn Caww

Mahfc hdmjej wfovjn wdetjc tjek mfe`jvnd wvmofetj mjlde cjmj jlje mfekndcjek%

Dcvwxjwdetj wfrfxd wjjx jehj mfe`jxvnlje ojxv wfgjj yfxdljc lf wfovjn lacjm jd# jlje

xfofexvl kfcamojek tjek mfe`jvnd xdxl ojxv hd`jxvnlje hje wfmjlde `jvn wfmjlde

mfekndcjek# ejmve xdhjl ofnfexd# njetj mfekndcjek% Wjmj njcetj wfrfxd wdetjc

Kfcamojek _jhda

t Jowarxdae . Rfetfjrje!Rffhjmje Wdetjc $

Wfrfxd hdlfxjnvd wfmjlde ofwj Jmrcdxvha kfcamojek .Ra{f$ Wfmjlde `jvn wdetjc

hjrjx mfmjegj% Ded ojdl ljfej hjrjx mfeknfmjx jgfww radex hje mfe`jekljv cfodn

cvjw% Hfekje mfekvjekd ofwj jmrcdxvha .Ra{f$ wvjxv wdetjc# mjlj `jjl `jekljvje

wdetjc xfwfovx jlje oflvjek% Ijlxa tjek mfmrfekjvnd xjewmdwd {dfcfww hfekje

mfekvjekd Jmrcdxvha .Ra{f$ hdwfovx Jowarxdae .Rfetfjrje wdetjc$% Fifl hjd

Rfetfjrje jhjcjn rjejw% Mjwjcjn tjek hjrjx hdnjhjrd lfxdlj wdkejc hd wfjr wfcvvnetj

jhjcjn# wdetjc ofnfexd% Ejmve fifl ded xdhjl mfmrfekjvnd! mfvojn rje`jek

kfcamojek hje iflvfewd hjd wdetjc xfwfovx% Jehj rjwxd ofxjetj-xjetj# ofehj jrj tjekhjrjx mfetfjr wdkejc% Xfmoal# xvovn mjevwdj# hje ljrfx hjrjx mfetfjr!mffhjm

wdetjc% Ofehj tjek hjrjx mfetfjr!mffhjm wvjj hjrjx mffhjm wdetjc% Rffhjmje

wdetjc ded rfcv hdrfndxveklje `vkj wjjx jlje mfehfrcat `jdekje {dfcfww hjcjm

kfhvek# xfvxjmj odcj jhj ljgj hje ljrfx% ljfej hjcjm njc ded rffhjmje wdetjc jlje

xf`jhd%

t Rfmjexvcje Wdetjc

Wdetjc jhda odwj mfmjexvc odcj mfefmvd gfmde!ljgj% Odjwjetj ojetjl xf`jhd rjhj

vjekje ljexa tjek hd wfljx% RfmjexvcjeD rve xfkjexvek hjd iflvfewd wdkejcetj% Jhj

ofofjrj iflvfewd tjek xdhjl xfrfekjvn wfojetjl iflvfewd tjek cjdeetj% Hje wjcjn

wjxv fifl hjd rfmjexvcje wdetjc ded jhjcjn xf`jhdetj Mvcxdrjxn%




Mvcxdrjxn jxdetj wdekejc hjxjek hjd ? jjn tjek ofofhj% Ljjlxfdwxdletj jhjcjn

rfefdmj lfmvekldeje mfefdmj wdkejc tjek wjmj ofofjrj ljcd hjd jjn tjek

ofofhj% Ded xfkjexvek hjd rje`jek kfcamojek hje rawdwd rfefdmj% Ljjlxfdwxdl

cjdeetj jhjcn Mvcxdrjxn hjrjx mfetfojolje wdetjc tjek = eac# jxdetj wjcdek

mfmojxjclje# jxjv hdlfejc hfekje dwxdcjn Avx Ai Rnjwf wdkejc%

t Rfmfgjnje Wdetjc ! Wgjxxfdek

Dwv hjd rfmfgjnje wdetjc xf`jhd wjjx wdetjc hdldm hjcjm ojetjl jjn% Njc ded hjrjx

hdwfojolje afcn ofofjrj ao`fl tjek hjrjx mfmjexvclje wdkejc hje v`vek tjek cjegdr#

wfrfxd rjxdlfc hfov hd jd hje vhjj% Dcvwxjwdetj hjcjn mfetdejd cjmrv lf rfgjnje

ljgj% Gjnjtj jlje hdrjexvclje lf ojetjl jjn hje mfetfoj% Hjcjm wljcj ofwj jhjcjn

ojtjeklje wjjx gvjgj nv`je% Nv`je tjek ofwj mfmrvetjd lfmjmrvje mfmjexvclje

wdetjc% acfn ljfej dxv hdwjjx Nv`je # wdetjc {dfcfww hjrjx xfkjekkv%

t Rfmofcalje Wdetjc ! _fijgxdae

_fijgxdae jhjcjn rfvojnje jjn# jxjv rfmofcalje hjd wdetjc hdwjjx wdetjc mfcf{jxd

wfwvjxv tjek ofhj mjwwjetj% Wfojkjd gaexan wdetjc tjek mfcf{jxd wfkfcjw jd% Wdetjc jhj

tjek hd rjexvclje hje jhj tjek hdofcallje%

t CAW .Cdef ai Wdknx$

Cdef ai Wdknx jxdetj wvjxv laehdwd hdmjej rfmjegj hjrjx mfcdnjx wfgjj `fcjw xjerj

njcjekje wfovjn rfefdmj% [jcjvrve xf`jhd laehdwd CAW# ofcvm xfexv xdhjl jhj

kjekkvje rjhj `jcv xfwfovx% Hjcjm njc ded tjek njvw hdrfndxveklje jhjcjn -

Rfetfjrje wdetjc# rfmjexvcje wdetjc# rfmfgjnje wdetjc% Ojnlje hjcjm `jjl tjek cfodn

`jvn ovmd mfe`jhd wfovjn njcjekje# wfrfxd laexv ovmd# kvevek# ranae# hje njcjekje

cdeklvekje cjdeetj%




Vexvl mfefexvlje rfekjvn hjd lflvjxje wdetjc {dfcfw# jhj ofofjrj njc hje mfxahj tjek

hjrjx hdkvejlje tjdxv 0

t Ifwefc Paef

Wfojkjd cjxj ofcjljek# Jvkvwxde-@fje Ifwefc jhjcjn wfajek idwdlj{je Rjegdw hje

wj`jej wdrdc tjek ndhvr hd xjnve :;>> u :>?;% Ofcdjv wfgjj xfrjx mfekjwvmwdlje ojn{j

gjnjtj ofkfjl wfrfxd kfcamojek% Hje ljfej rfefmvje ofcdjv# wfovjn mfxahj vexvl

mfefexvlje hdmjej rfmjexvcje jlje xf`jhd hd jexjj rfekddm hje rfefdmj# hje hdofd

ejmj wfrfxd ejmjetj% Dedcjn tjek hdwfovx Ifwefc Paef% _vmvw Ifwefc Paef ded hjrjx

mfefexvlje rawdwd lfxdekkdje jexfej hfekje @jjl tjek hjrjx hd xfmovw acfn wdetjc

[dfcfww% Hfekje rfndxvekje tjek xfrjx jlje hdhjrjxlje njwdc tjek mfmvjwlje hje

xfexvetj hdrfndxveklje% Ejmve rfefjrje hd Dehaa wdetjcetj xfcjcv rfehfl wfndekkj

xdhjl xfcjcv offifl hjcjm `jdekje {did dehaa%

t _fgfdyfh Wdkejc Wxfekxn Dehdgjxa ._WWD$

_WWD ded mfekkvejlje edcjd tjek wrfwdidl vexvl xdjr yfeha% Acfn ljfej dxv rfedcjdje

yfeha J ofcvm xfexv wjmj hfekje yfeha O% _WWD odjwj hdvlv hjcjm ofwjje hOm%

Wjcjn wjxv jcjx vexl mfefexvlje _WWD jhjcjn waix{jf Efx{al Wxvmocf%

t Wdkejc xa Eadwf _jxda .WE_$

WE_ jhjcjn dwxdcjn tjek hdkvejlje vexvl mfekkjmojlje wfofjrj lvjx wdetjc

hdojehdeklje hfekje kjekkvje hd wflfcdcdek tjek mfekkjekv wdetjc% Odcj Wdetjc cfodn

lvjx hjdrjhj kjekkvje ! Eadwf mjlj wdetjc hjrjx hd xjeljr acfn fgfdyf cfodn ojdl# hje

wfojcdletj hfmdldje% Occj Eadwf wfldxj xfcjcv ofwj# mjlj tjek jlje hd xjekljr acfn

fgfdyf jhjcjn wdetjc tjek wjm-wjmj hje xjewmdwd hjxj xdhjl hdmfekfxd% Odcj Jrcdljwd

tjek jehj kvejlje hjrjx mfcjralje rfekvlvje WE_# cfodn ojdl odcj mfehjrjxlje




jeklj tjek cfodn xdekkd# ejmve `vkj hdovjx ofhjwj edcjd _WWD etj# wfndekkj `vkj

hdxfexvlje wfehdd acfn yfeha%

t Cdel Ovhkfx

Cdel Ovhkfx jhjcjn edcjd tjek mfekndxvek wfmvj kjde hje caww jexjj rfekddm hje

rfefdmj# xfmjwvl jxfevjwd# rfekvjxje ! kjde jexfej# hje caww cjdeetj tjek hjrjx xf`jhd%

Cdel Ovhkfx hjrjx ofkvej vexvl mfefexvlje ofjrj ojetjl ra{f tjek hdovxvnlje

vexvl mfekddmlje wdetjc jkj hjrjx hd mfekfxd acfn rfefdmj wdetjc% Ofdlvx jhjcjn

vmvw wfhfnjej vexvl mfefexvlje Cdel Ovhkfx 0

_ fgfdyfh Ra{fr .hOm$ = Xrjewmdxxfh Ra{fr .hOm$ , Kjdew .hO$ - Cawwfw .hO$

Hfekje mfmjnjmd ofofjrj njc tjek hjrjx mfmrfekjvnd wdetjc {dfcfww hje

ljjlxfdwxdletj# mjlj ldxj jlje hjrjx mfmojekve `jdekje [dfcfww tjek cfodn fcdjocf hje

hdrfndxveklje wfgjj lfwfcvvnje% Ejmve njc xfwfovx ofcvm xfexv xdhjl ofvojn ljfej wfddek

hfekje {jlxv# rjwxd ijlxa-ijlxa tjek jhj jlje ofvojn# mdwjcetj xdoj xdoj hdojekve wfovjn

ojekveje tjek mfeknjcjekd jexfej rfmjegj hje rfefdmj# mjlj wdetjc jlje xfkjekkv%

Ejmve xfexvetj wfmvj cfodn hjrjx hdmfekfxd hje ofofjrj rfxjetjje tjek mdwxfd hjrjx hd

`j{jo hfekje cfodn ojdl%

L fjmjeje [drfcfww CJE .[did$

@jdekje [did mfmdcdld cfodn ojetjl lfcfmjnje hdojehdek hfekje `jdekje ljofc% Wjjx ded

rflfmojekje xfleacakd {did wjekjx wdkedidlje wf`jcje hfekje lfovxvnje wdwxfm deiamjwd tjek

maodcf% Ojetjl rfetfhdj `jwj {dfcfww wfrfxd naxwrax lamfwdc# DWR# [jefx# ljmrvwljmrvw

mjvrve rfljexaje wvhjn mvcjd mfmjeijjxlje {did rjhj `jdekje mjwdek mjwdek# xfxjrd wjekjx

wfhdldx tjek mfmrfnjxdlje lfjmjeje lamvedljwd hjxj rjhj `jdekje {dfcfww xfwfovx% Njc ded

mfmovjx rjj njglf mfe`jhd xfxjdl vexvl mfekf~rcaf lfjmjmrvjeetj vexvl mfcjlvlje

ofojkjd jlxdidxjw tjek odjwjetj dccfkjc mfekkvejlje {did%Rjhj jxdlfc ded jlje hdojnjw ofojkjd

`fedw jlxdydxjw hje mfxahf tjek hdcjlvlje rjj njglf {dfcfww jxjvrve rjj rfmvcj hjcjm




mfcjlvlje {jhdydek% [jhdydek jhjcjn lfkdjxje jxjv jlxdydxjw vexvl mfehjrjxlje deiamjwd

xfexjek wvjxv `jdekje {did hje mfehjrjxlje jlwfw xfnjhjr `jdekje {dfcfww xfwfovx%

Vmvmetj ofxv`vje vexvl mfehjrjxlje laeflwd dexfefx# xfxjrd ojetjl `vkj tjek mfcjlvlje

vexvl mjlwvhmjlwvh xfxfexv mvcjd hjd jwj lfdekdexjnvje# gaoj gaoj# fwfjgn# xvkjw

rjlxdlvm# lf`jnjxje hje cjde cjde%

Lfcfmjnje `jdekje {dfcfww wfgjj vmvm hjrjx hdojkd mfe`jhd ? `fedw# tjled lfcfmjnje

rjhj laeidkvjwd hje lfcfmjnje rjhj `fedw feldrwd tjek hdkvejlje% Wjcjn wjxv gaexan rfetfojo

lfcfmjnje rjhj laeidkvjwd ljfej wjjx ded vexvl mfmojekve wfovjn `jdekje {dfcfww gvlvr

mvhjn% Ojetjl yfeha tjek mfetfhdjlje ijwdcdxjw tjek mfmvhjnlje rfekkvej jxjv jhmde

`jdekje wfndekkj wfdek hdxfmvlje {dfcfww tjek mjwdn mfekkvejlje laeidkvjwd {dfcfww

hfijvcx oj{jje yfeha% Rfevcdw wfdek mfefmvlje {dfcfww tjek hdrjwjek rjhj `jdekje mjwdn

mfekkvejlje wfxxdek hfijvcx oj{jje yfeha wfrfxd WWDH# DR Jhhfww # fmaxf mjej`fmfe#

HNGR fejocf# ljejc iflvfewd# xjerj feldrwd ojnlje vwf!rjww{ah vexvl jhmdedwxjwd {dfcfww

xfwfovx%

[FR .[dfh Fzvdyjcfex Rdyjgt$ tjek mfe`jhd wxjehjx lfjmjeje {dfcfww wfofcvmetj#

wjjx ded hjrjx hfekje mvhjn hdrfgjnlje hfekje ofojkjd xaacw tjek xfwfhdj kjxdw hd dexfefx%

[RJRWL hje CFJR tjek hdjekkjr mfe`jhd wacvwd mfekkjexdlje [FR# wjjx ded `vkj wvhjn

hjrjx hdrfgjnlje hfekje mfxahf hdgxdaejt jxxjgl wfgjj aiicdef%

Lfcfmjnje [dfcfww rjhj Cjrdwje Idwdl [did mfekkvejlje kfcamojek jhda rjhjifl{fewd mdcdl vmvm tjek ofwdijx ofojw hdkvejlje acfn wfmvj ljcjekje hfekje ojxjwje

ojxjwje xfxfexv% Wfxdjr {did mfmdcdld jfj `jekljvje xfxfexv xfkjexvek ra{f hje jexfeej

tjek hdkvejlje% Xdhjl mvhjn mfcjlvlje rfmojxjwje jfj tjek hd`jekljv rjhj {did% Njc ded

mfetfojolje ofojkjd hdmvekldeje xf`jhd jlxdidxjw jlxdidxjw jexjj cjde0

º Dexfrgfxdae jxjv fetjhjje

Njc ded wjekjx mvhjn hdcjlvlje# hje wvhjn xdhjl jwdek cjkd ojkd rjj njglf% Ofojkjd xaacw

hfekje mvhjn hd rfacfn hd dexfefx% Ofojkjd xfledl ldrxakjid hjrjx hd oaeklj acfn xaacw

xaacw xfwfovx%

º De` fgxdae

Rjhj wjjx xjewmdwd mfcjcvd jhda# hdmvekldelje hdcjlvlje de`fgxdae ljfej ofojkjd

lfcfmjnje rjhj gjj lf`j {did hdmjej xdhjl jhj rawfw yjcdhjwd wdjrj tjek wfhjek xfnvovek

jxjv wdjrj tjek mfmvxvwlje laeflwd wjjx dxv%




º @jmmd ek

@jmmdek wjekjx hdmvekldelje xf`jhd# ojdl hdwfekj`j mjvrve xdhjl hdwfekj`j ljfej

lfxdhjlxjnvje rfekkvej {dfcfww xfwfovx% Rfekjxvje rfekkvejje ljejc ifl{fewd mfvrjlje

lfnjvwje jkj `jmmdek hjrjx hd mdedmjcdwd% @jmmdek xf`jhd ljfej ifl{fewd tjek

hdkvejlje gvlvr wfmrdx wfndekkj rfekkvejje lfmojcd gnjeefc wvcdx hdcjlvlje rjhj jfj tjek

rjhjx `jdekje edljofcetj%

º Cagjxd ek Maodcf Eahfw

Hfekje ofojkjd waix{jf# wfxdjr ajek mjmrv mfcjlvlje {dfcfww wdxf wvyft hje

mfehjrjxlje deiamjwd rawdwd cfxjl wfxdjr [did hje ofjkjm laeidkvjwd mjwdek mjwdek% Njc

ded hjrjx hdcjlvlje hfekje rfjcjxje wfhfnjej wrx RHJ jxjv cjrxar hfekje hd hvlvek KRW

wfojkjd rfejehj rawdwd%

º Jggfww Gaexrac

Hjcjm mfmojekve `jdekje {dfcfww rfcv hd hfwdke jkj hjrjx mfmdwjnlje eahf jxjv nawx

tjek hjrjx hdrfgjtj hje nawx tjek xdhjl hjrjx hdrfgjtj% Wfndekkj hdrfcvlje jggfww gaexac

tjek ojdl

º N d ` jgld ek

Wfjekje MDXM .Mje De Xnf Mdhhcf$ tjek hjrjx xf`jhd rjhj {dfcfww ljfej ofojkjd

lfcfmjnje raxalac xfwfovx wfndekkj mfmvekldelje xf`jhdetj nd`jgldek jxjv

rfekjmodcjcdnje lamvedljwd tjek wfhjek xf`jhd hje mfcjlvlje rfegvdje jxjv mahdidljwddeiamjwd%

Ofofrjj Xfledl L fjmjeje tjek hdkvejlje jhj [drfcfww CJE

Hdoj{jn ded ofofjrj lfkdjxje hje jlxdidxjw tjek hdcjlvlje vexvl mfekjmjeje `jdekje

{dfcfww 0

Mfetfmovetdlje WWDH

Ojetjl jhmdedwxjxa mfetfmovetdlje Wfydgfw Wfx Dh .WWDH$ `jdekje {dfcfww mfflj hfekje

mjlwvh jkj njetj tjek mfekfxjnvd WWDH tjek hjrjx xfnvovek lf `jdekje mfflj% Njc ded

xdhjlcjn ofej# ljfej WWDH wfofejetj xdhjl hjrjx hdwfmovtdlje wfgjj wfmrvej% Rjhj wjjx

wjjx xfxfexv jxjv lnvwvwetj wjjx gcdfex jlje xfnvovek .jwwawdjxf$ jxjv lfxdlj jlje mfmvxvwlje

hdd .hfjvxnfexdgjxdae$ hjd wfovjn `jdekje {dfcfww# mjlj gcdfex jlje xfxjr mfekddmlje WWDH

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