Wireless LAN - 1/74 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN All rights reserved. No part of this publication and...

Wireless LAN - 1/74

IEEE 802.11

Wireless LAN

All rights reserved. No part of this publication and file may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of Professor Nen-Fu Huang (E-mail: [email protected]).

Wireless LAN - 2/74

Wireless LAN Architecture

Four major differences between Wireless LAN and Wired LANs:

Destination Address Does not Equal Destination Location. In wired LANs an address is equivalent to a physical address. In 802.11 the addressable unit is a station (STA). The STA is a message destination, but not a fixed location.

Wireless LAN - 3/74

The Media Impacts the DesignThe PHY layers used in 802.11are fundamenta

lly different from wired media. 802.11 PHYs: Have limited physical point to point connection ra

nges. Use a shared medium. Are unprotected from outside signals. Are significantly less reliable than wired PHYs. Have dynamic topologies.


Wireless LAN - 4/74


Impact of Handling Mobile StationsA portable station is one that is moved from location to location, but is only used while at a fixed location.

Mobile stations actually access the LAN while in motion.

Propagation effects blur the distinction between portable and mobile stations.

Wireless LAN - 5/74

Interaction With Other 802 Layers802.11 is required to appear to higher layers (LLC) as a current 802 style LAN. Station mobility has to be handled within the MAC layer.

To meet reliability assumptions (that LLC makes about lower layers), it is necessary for 802.11 to incorporate functionality which is untraditional for MAC layers.


Wireless LAN - 6/74

802.11Wireless LAN Characteristics1-108 Mbps

IEEE 802.11b is for 11 MbpsIEEE 802.11g is for 54 MbpsIEEE 802.11n is for 108 Mbps

IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA FrameTransmission Medium: RadioCSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with

Collision Avoidance) ProtocolProvides priority scheme

Provides delay guaranteed transmission service. (PCF reservation-based)

Bandwidth Fairness is not guaranteed. By employing the CSMA/CA protocol, the bandwidth employed by each station may be different.

Wireless LAN - 7/74

802.11 Architecture Components

Wireless Medium (WM): The medium used to implement a wireless LAN.

Station (STA): Any device that contains an 802.11 conformant M

AC and PHY interface to the wireless medium.Station Services (SS):

The set of services that support transport of MSDUs (MAC Service Data Units) between Stations within a BSS.

Wireless LAN - 8/74

Basic Service Set (BSS): A set of STAs controlled by a single CF (Co

-ordination Function). The BSS is the basic building block of an

802.11 LAN. The member stations of a BSS can communicate to each other directly.

If a station moves out of it's BSS coverage area, it can no longer directly communicate with other members of the BSS.


Wireless LAN - 9/74


The Independent BSS as an Ad-Hoc NetworkThis mode of operation is possible when 802.11 LAN stations are close enough to form a direct connection (without pre-planning).

Wireless LAN - 10/74

802.11 Architecture ComponentsSTA to AP Association is Dynamic

The association between a station and a BSS is dynamic (STAs turn on, turn off, come within range and go out of range).

To become a member of an infrastructure BSS a station must become Associated.

Distributed System Concepts:A BSS may also form a component of an extended 802.11

network with multiple BSSs.The architecture component used to interconnect BSSs i

s the Distributed System.


Distribution System (DS):A system used to interconnect a set of BSSs to create an

ESS.Distribution System Medium (DSM):

The medium used by a DS (for BSS interconnections)802.11 logically separates the WM from the DSM. Each l

ogical medium is used for different purposes, by a different component of the architecture.

The DS enables mobile device support by providing the logical services necessary to handle address to destination mapping and seamless integration of multiple BSSs.




Distribution System Services (DSS): The set of services provided by the DS which en

able the MAC to transport MSDUs between BSSs within an ESS.

Access Point (AP):Any entity that has STA functionality and provid

es access to the DS.An AP is a STA which provides access to the DS b

y providing DS services in addition to Station Services.



STA 4

Distributed System 分散式系統

APSTA 2

STA 1

AP STA 3

BSS 1

BSS 2

擷取點擷取點

ESS

AP: Access Point



ESS: The large coverage networkThe DS and BSSs allow 802.11 to create a wireless

network of arbitrary size and complexity.Extended Service Set (ESS):

A set of interconnected BSSs appears as a single BSS.

The ESS network appears the same to an LLC layer as an independent BSS network.

Stations within an ESS can communicate and mobile stations may move from one BSS to another (within the same ESS) transparently to LLC.


Basic Service Area (BSA):The area within which members of a BSS can communicate.

Extended Service Area (ESA):The area within which members of a ESS can communicate. An ESA is larger than or equal to a BSA.




STA 4

分散式系統AP

STA 2

STA 1

AP STA 7

BSS 1

BSS 2

擷取點

AP: Access Point

AP STA 3

STA 5 STA 6

BSS 3


Relationship Between Services

For a station, two state variables are required to keep track:Authentication State : Unauthenticated and

AuthenticatedAssociation State : Unassociated and

Associated

Three station states are possible:State 1 : Initial start state, Unauthenticated,

Unassociated.State 2 : Authenticated, not Associated.State 3 : Authenticated and Associated


These states determine the 802.11 frame types (grouped into classes) which may be sent by a station.State 1 : Only Class 1 frames are allowed.

State 2 : Either Class1 or Class 2 are allowed.

State 3 : All frames are allowed.

Relationship Between Services


Relationship Between State Variables and Services

State 1:Unauthenticated, Unassociated

State 2: Authenticated, Unassociated

State 3: Authenticated, Associated

SuccessfulAuthentication

Successful Association

Disassociation Notification

DeAuthentication Time out

Class 1 frames

Classes 1,2 frames Classes 1,2,3 frames


Frame TypesClass 1 frames

Control Frames(1) RTS(2) CTS(3) ACK(4) Poll

Management Frames(1) Probe Request/Response(2) Beacon(3) Authentication

RTS

CTS

Data

ACK

起始工作站目的地工作站

Optional


Class 2 FramesData Frames

Asynchronous data. Direct data frames only (FC control bits “To DS and from DS” both false)

Management Frames(1) Privacy Request/Response(2) ATIM (Ad-Hoc Traffic Indication Map,

ATIM)(3) Association Request/Response

Frame Types


Frame TypesClass 3 Frames

Data Frames Asynchronous data. Indirect data frames allowed (FC control b

its "To DS and from DS" may be set to utilize DS Services)Management Frames

(1) Reassociation Request/Response(2) Disassociation

CF Data Frames (Coordination Function)(1) CF DATA(2) CF DATA + ACK

CF Control Frames(1) CF END


Differences Between ESS and Independent BSS LANs

An independent BSS (IBSS) is often used to support an "Ad-Hoc" network, in which a STA communicates directly with one or more other STAs.

IBSS is a logical subset of an EBSS and consists of STAs which are directly connected.

Since there is no physical DS, there cannot be a Portal, an integrated wired LAN, or the DS Services.


In an IBSS, only class 1 and class 2 frames are allowed since there is no DS in an IBSS.

The services which apply to an IBSS are the Station Services.

Differences Between ESS and Independent BSS LANs

STA 1

IBSS

STA 2

STA 3

802.11 MAC/PHY


Frame and MPDU Formats

Each frame should consist of three basic components:A MAC Header, which includes control information, addressing, sequencing fragmentation identification and duration.

A variable length Frame BodyAn IEEE 32-bit CRC frame check sequence


Frame and MPDU Formats

Frame

Control

2 6 6 6 2 2 6 0-2304 4 位元組

Duration/ Conn ID

Addr 1 Addr 2 Sequence Control

Sequence Control

Addr 4 FCS資料

Protocol Version

2 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 位元

SubtypeLastFlag

EP TypeTo DS

From DS

Retry PowerMang.

Rsvd

MAC Header


Frame FieldsFrame Control Field :

Protocol Version, Type, Subtype, ToDS, From DS, Last Fragment, Retry, Power Management and Element Present.

Retry : Indicates that the frame is a retransmission of an earlier frame. A station may use this indication to eliminate duplicate frames.

Power Management : Indicates power management state and buffered traffic state of the station

00 = Active Mode (CAM or TAM), with more buffered frames 01 = PSP - Power Save, Polling 10 = PSNP - Power Save, No Polling 11 = Active Mode (CAM or TAM), without more buffered frames


Frame Control Field :Duration or Connection ID : Used to distribute a value (us) that shall update the Network Allocation Vector in stations receiving the frame.

During the contention free period, this field may be replaced with a connection ID field.

Only contention free time-bounded data used a connection ID; contention based data and contention free asynchronous data do not use connection IDs.

Frame Fields


Frame FieldsAddress Fields : Indicate the BSSID, SA, DA,

TA (Transmitter address), RA (Receiver address), each of 48-bit address.

Sequence ControlDialog Token (12-bit) : An incrementing value. The same value shall be used for all fragments of the same MSDU.

Fragment Number (4-bit) : Indicates the number of each individual fragment.

Frame Body: 0 - 2304 bytes.CRC (4 octets)


Frame Fields

MACHDR CRC

Frame Body

MACHDR CRC

Frame Body

MACHDR

CRC

Frame Body

MACHDR CRC

Frame Body

MSDU

Fragment 1 Fragment 2 Fragment 3 Fragment 4


Format of Individual Frame Types

Control FramesImmediately previous frame means a frame, the reception of which concluded within the prior SIFS interval.

RTS Frame FormatIn an infrastructure LAN, the DA shall be the address of the AP with which the station is associated.

In an ad hoc LAN, the DA shall be the destination of the subsequent data or management frame.


CTS Frame FormatThe DA shall be taken from the source address

field of the RTS frame to which the CTS is a response.

ACK Frame FormatThe DA shall be the address contained in the

Address 2 field of the immediately previous Data or Management frame.

Poll Frame FormatThe BSS ID shall be the address of the AP. The

SID shall be the value assigned by the AP in the Associate Response frame.




Frame Control Duration DA SA FCS

MAC Header

Frame Control

Duration DA FCS

MAC Header

Frame Control

Duration BSS ID SA FCS

MAC Header

Frame Control

Duration DA FCS

MAC Header

RTS Frame

CTS Frame

ACK Frame

Poll Frame



Data FramesThe contents of the Address fields shall be

dependent upon the values of the To DS and From DS bits.

A station shall use the contents of Address 1 to perform address matching for receive decisions.

The DA shall be the destination of the frame (MSDU).

The RA shall be the address of the AP in the wireless DS that is the next immediate intended recipient of the frame.

The TA shall be the address of the AP in the wireless DS that is transmitting the frame.


The BSSID The AP address, if the station is an AP or

associated with an AP. The BSS ID of the ad hoc LAN, if the station is a

member of an ad hoc LAN.

Data Subtype During the contention period: 0000 During the contention free period

–0000, 0011, 0110, and 0111 shall only be sent by a PCF.–0000, 0001, 0100, and 0101 may be sent by any CF-aware station.



Data Frames

Frame Control

Duration/ Conn ID Addr 1 Addr 2 Sequence

NumberFragme

nt Number

Addr 4 資料

MAC Header

Addr 3

To DS From DS Addr 1 Addr 2 Addr 3 Addr 40 0 DA SA BSSID N/A

0 1 DA BSSID SA N/A

1 0 BSSID SA DA N/A

1 1 RA TA DA SA

FCS


MAC Architecture

MACExten

t

免競爭式服務( 具時限傳輸 )

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)

競爭式服務( 非同步傳輸 )

Point Coordination Function (PCF)


MAC Architecture

Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)The fundamental access method for the 80

2.11 MAC, known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).

Shall be implemented in all stations and APs.

Used within both ad hoc and infrastructure configurations.


Point Coordination Function (PCF)An alternative access methodShall be implemented on top of the DCFA point coordinator (polling master) is used to determine which station currently has the right to transmit.

Shall be built up from the DCF through the use of an access priority mechanism.

Different accesses of traffic can be defined through the use of different values of IFS.

MAC Architecture


MAC Architecture

Shall use a Point IFS (PIFS) < Distributed IFS (DIFS)

Point coordinated traffic shall have higher priority to access the medium, which may be used to provide a contention-free access method.

The priority access of the PIFS allows the point coordinator to seize control of the medium away from the other stations.


MAC Architecture

Coexistence of DCF and PCFBoth the DCF and PCF shall coexist witho

ut interference.They are integrated in a superframe in wh

ich a contention-free burst occurs at the beginning, followed by a contention period.


MAC Architecture

免競爭訊框

超級訊框

Super Frame

需競爭訊框


Distributed Coordination Function

Allows for automatic medium sharing between PHYs through the use of CSMA/CA and a random backoff time following a busy medium condition.

All directed traffic uses immediate positive ack (ACK frame) where retransmission is scheduled by the sender if no ACK is received.

Carrier Sense shall be performed both through physical and virtual mechanisms.


The virtual Carrier Sense mechanism is achieved by distributing medium busy reservation information through an exchange of special small RTS and CTS frames (contain a during field) prior to the actual data frame. Unicast only, not used in multicast/broadcast.

The use of RTS/CTS is under control of RTS_Threshold (payload length, under which without any RTS/CTS prefix).

All stations are required to be able to receive any frame transmitted on a given set of rates, and must be able to transmit at (at least) one of these rates. This assures that the Virtual Carrier Sense mechanism still works on multiple rates environments.




Physical Carrier Sense MechanismA physical carrier sense mechanism shall be provided by the PHY.

Virtual Carrier Sense MechanismProvided by the MAC, named Net Allocation Vector (NAV), which maintains a prediction of future traffic based on duration information announced in RTS/CTS frames.


MAC-Level Acknowledgments (Positive Acknowledgment)To allow detection of a lost or errored frame an ACK frame

shall be returned immediately following a successfully received frame. The gap between the received frame and ACK frame shall be SIFS.

The frame types should be acknowledged with an ACK frame:

Data Poll Request Response

The lack of an ACK frame means that an error has occurred.



Distributed Coordination Function --Inter-Frame Space (IFS)

A station shall determine that the medium is free through the use of carrier sense function for the interval specified.

Three different IFS's are defined to provide priority levels.

Short-IFS (SIFS)Shall be used for an ACK frame, a CTS frame, by a

station responding to any polling, and between frames in the sequences described in Page 41.

Any STA intending to send only these frame types shall be allowed to transmit after the SIFS time has elapsed following a busy medium.


PCF-IFS (PIFS)Shall be used only by the PCF to send any of the Content

ion Free Period frames.The PCF shall be allowed to transmit after it detects the

medium free for the period PIFS, at the start of and during a CF-Burst.

DCF-IFS (DIFS)Shall be used by the DCF to transmit asynchronous MPD

Us. A STA using the DCF is allowed to transmit after it detect

s the medium free for the period DIFS, as long as it is not in a backoff period.

Distributed Coordination Function --Inter-Frame Space (IFS)


Distributed Coordination Function --Random Backoff Time

Before transmitting asynchronous MPDUs, a STA shall use the carrier sense function to determine the medium state.

If busy, the STA shall defer until after a DIFS gap is detected, and then generate a random backoff period for an additional deferral time (resolve contention).

Backoff time = INT(CW * Random()) * Slot time


Where CW = An integer between CWmin and CWmax Random() =

Slot Time = Transmitter turn-on delay + medium propagation delay + medium busy detect response tim

e

Distributed Coordination Function --Random Backoff Time

CWmax

CWmin 7 15 31 63

第二次重送第一次重送

第三次重送初始值

127 255 255


Distributed Coordination Function --DCF Access Procedure

CSMA/CA ProtocolUsed when there is no PCF detected and when in the

Contention Period of a Superframe when using a PCF.Basic Access

A STA with a pending MPDU may transmit when it detects a free medium for greater than or equal to a DIFS time.

If the medium is busy when a STA desires to initiate a Data, Poll, Request, or Response MPDU transfer, and only a DCF is being used (or a Contention Period portion of a Superframe is active), the Random Backoff Time algorithm shall be followed.



DIFS

Busy Medium

PIFS

SIFSDIFS

Contention Window

Back off- Window

Next Frame

Defer Access

Slot time

Immediate access when medium is free >= DIFS



Backoff ProcedureA backoff time is selected first. The Backoff Tim

er shall be frozen while the medium is sensed busy and shall decrement only when the medium is free (resume whenever free period > DIFS).

Transmission shall commence whenever the Backoff Timer reaches zero.

A STA that has just transmitted a frame and has another frame ready to transmit (queued), shall perform the backoff procedure (fairness concern).

Tends toward fair access on a FCFS basis.



A

B

C

D

E

DIFS

Backoff

Frame

Frame

Frame

Frame

Frame

CWindow = Contention Window = Backoff( 後退 )

= Remaining Backoff( 持續後退 )

19 us

15 us

10 us

9 us

5 us

7 us

4 us

2 us

2 us



RTS/CTS Recovery Procedure and Retransmit Limits

After an RTS is transmitted, if the CTS fails in any manner within a predetermined CTS_Timeout (T1), then a new RTS shall be generated (the CW shall be doubled).

This procedure shall continue until the RTS_Re-Transmit_Counter reaches an RTS_Re-Transmit_Limit.

The same backoff mechanism shall be used when no ACK is received within a predetermined ACK_Window(T3) after a directed DATA frame has been transmitted.

This procedure shall be continue until the ACK_Re-Transmit_Counter reaches an ACK_Re-Transmit_Limit.


Distributed Coordination Function -- DCF Access Procedure

Setting the NAV Through Use of RTS/CTS FramesRTS and CTS frames contain a Duration field based on the medium occupancy time of the MPDU from the end of the RTS or CTS frame until the end of the ACK frame.



Data

DIFS

Defer Access

RTS

CTS ACK

NAV (RTS)

NAV (CTS)

DIFSContenti

on

Window

Back off-Window Next Frame

SIFS

T1

SIFS

SIFS

T3

Back off after Defer

起始工作站

目的地工作站

其他工作站



Control of the ChannelThe IFS is used to provide an efficient MSDU delivery mecha

nism.Once a station has contended for the channel, it will continu

e to send fragments until either all fragments of a MSDU have been sent, an ack is not received, or the station can not send any additional fragments due to a dwell time boundary.

If the source station does not receive an ack frame, it will attempt to retransmit the fragment at a later time (according to the backoff algorithm).

When the time arrives to retransmit the fragment, the source station will contend for access in the contention window.



DIFS

PIFSFragment

Burst

Back off-Window

Frag-ment 1

Ack 1

SIFS SIFS

Frag-ment 2

Ack 2

SIFS SIFS

Frag-ment 3

Ack 3

SIFS SIFS

Src

Dst



RTS/CTS Usage with FragmentationThe RTS/CTS frames defines the duration of the first f

rame and ack. The duration field in the data and ack frames specifies the total duration of the next fragment and ack.

The last Fragment and ACK will have the duration set to zero.

Each Fragment and ACK acts as a virtual RTS and CTS.In the case where an ack is not received by the source

station, the NAV will be marked busy for next frame exchange. This is the worst case situation.


RTS/CTS Usage with FragmentationIf the ack is not sent by the destination, stati

ons that can only hear the destination will not update their NAV and be free to access the channel.

All stations will be free to access the channel after the NAV from Frame 1 has expired.

The source must wait until the NAV (Fragment 1) expires before attempting to contend for the channel after not receiving the ack.



RTS/CTS Usage with Fragmentation

DIFS

PIFS

Back off-Window

Frag- ment 1

Ack 1

SIFS SIFS

Frag- ment 2

Ack 2

SIFS SIFS

Frag-ment 3

Ack 3

SIFS

SIFS

Src

Dst

RTS

CTS

SIFS SIFS

NAV(RTS) NAV(Frag 1) NAV(Frag 2)

NAV(CTS) NAV(ACK 1)

NAV(ACK 2)

Other


RTS/CTS Usage with Fragmentation

DIFS

PIFS

Backoff-Window

Frag-ment 1

Ack 1

SIFS

SIFS

Src

Dst

RTS

CTS

SIFS SIFS

NAV(RTS) NAV(Fragment 1)

NAV(CTS) NAV(ACK 1)

Other



Directed MPDU Transfer Procedure Using RTS/CTS (see Page 52)STA shall use an RTS/CTS exchange for directed frames only when the length of the MPDU is greater than the RTS_Threshold (a managed object within the MAC MIB, 0... Max MPDU length).

Directed MPDU Transfer Procedure Without RTS/CTS



Data

DIFS

Defer Access

ACK

DIFS Contention Window

Backoff-WindowNext Frame

SIFS

Backoff after Defer

起始工作站

目的地工作站

其他工作站


Point Coordination Function(PCF)

The PCF provides contention free services.It is an option for a station to become the Point Coo

rdinator(PC), which generates the Superframe (SF).Not all stations must be capable of becoming the PC

and transmitting PCF data frames.The SF consists of a Contention Free (CF) period and

a Contention Period.The length of a SF is a manageable parameter and t

hat of the CF period may be variable on a per SF basis.


Point Coordination Function(PCF)

免競爭訊框

超級訊框

需競爭訊框


Point Coordination Function-- PCF Access Procedure

The PCF protocol is based on a polling scheme controlled by one special STA per BSS called the Point Coordinator.

The PC gains control of the medium at the beginning of the SF and maintains control for the entire CF period by waiting a shorter time between transmissions.

CF-Down Frames and CF-UP Frames.


At the beginning of the SF, the PCF shall sense the medium. If it is free the PCF shall wait a PIFS time and transmit a Data frame with the CF-Poll Subtype bit set, to the next station on the polling list, or

a CF-End frame, if a null CF period is desired.



The PCF uses the PCF priority level of the CSMA/CA protocol. The shorter PIFS gap causes a burst traffic with inter-frame gaps that are shorter than the DIFS gap needed by stations using the Contention period.

Each station, except the station with the PCF, shall preset it's NAV to the maximum CF-Period length at the beginning of every SF. The PCF shall transmit a CF-End frame, at the end of the CF-Period, to reset the NAV of all stations in the BSS.



Point Coordination Function-- PCF Transfer Procedure

PCF Transfers When the PCF Station is Transmitter or RecipientStations shall respond to the CF-Poll immedia

tely when a frame is queued, by sending this frame after an SIFS gap. This results in a burst of Contention Free traffic (CF-Burst).

For services that require MAC level ack, the ack is preferably done through the CF-Ack bit in the Subtype field of the responding CF-Up frame.



NAV

SIFS

SIFS

媒介忙碌中 CF-D1

CF-U1

SIFS

CF-D2

CF-U2

SIFS

PIFSSIFS

CF-D3 CF-D4

CF-U4

PIFS

SIFS

CF-End

免競爭週期超級訊框

競爭週期

重設 NAV

CF- 邊界

Dx = Down Traffic Ux = Up Traffic



PCF Transfers When the PCF Station is Neither Transmitter nor RecipientA CF-aware station, when polled by the PCF,

may send a Data frame to any station in the BSS an SIFS period after receiving the CF-Poll.

If the recipient of this transmission is not the PCF station, the Data frame is received and acknowledged in the same manner as a contention-based Data frame.

The PCF resumes (CF-Down) transmissions an SIFS period after the ACK frame. If not acknowledged, a PIFS period is employed.



NAV

SIFS

媒介忙碌中 CF-D1

S-To-S

SIFS

ACK

CF-D2

SIFS

PIFS SIFS

CF-U2

SIFS

CF-End

免競爭週期超級訊框

競爭週期

重設 NAVCF- 邊界

Dx = Down TrafficUx = Up Traffic

Wireless LAN - 1/74 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN All rights reserved. No part of this publication and...

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Transcript of Wireless LAN - 1/74 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN All rights reserved. No part of this publication and...