Wireless data communication in Control Systems - · PDF fileStåle Sneen 1 March 2012...

Ståle Sneen

1 March 2012

Wireless data communication in Control Systems

Rules, standards and challenges for class

© Det Norske Veritas AS. All rights reserved.


1 March 2012

Index

DNV / class systematics

Rules, standards

Challenges and future work

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DNV / class systematics

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More than 140 years of managing risk

Det Norske Veritas (DNV) was established in 1864 in Norway

The main scope of work was to identify, assess and manage risk

– initially for maritime insurance companies

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DNV’s main services



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Highly skilled people across the world

9,000 employees, of which >80% have a

university degree

300 offices

100 countries



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Integrity at the core

Independent foundation

Self-owned with no shareholders

Stakeholders are represented in our governing bodies and committees

We use profits to continuously develop our people and our research and innovation



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Any vessel in international trade must in practice be classed. (to get insurance, charter, access to port etc.)



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Class systematics

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In general – equivalent systematics for maritime and offshore



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Class systematics

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Rules, standards

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Interference with existing systems / infrastructure

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Rules: Wireless Networks

Up to 2011-12-31: only permitted in systems not required by main class

From 2012-01-01: permitted also for systems required by main class



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Examples of current wireless applications today

Azipod – condition monitoring

Crane – remote operation

Alarm indication – PDA remote indication of alarm status etc.

Sensors for harsh environment – temperature, pressure, vibration, distance; inside

engines etc.

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DNV Rules / IACS Unified Requirements E22

DNV Rules Pt.4 Ch.9: Control systems

The Rules for wireless cover four main topics

- ISM frequency bands

- Encryption

- Integrity of transmission

- Interference

IACS UR E22: On board use and application of programmable electronic systems

The Rules refer to IACS Unified Requirements E22 regarding system application

Both DNV Rules and E22 and define three system categories

- The system categories are not identical, but comparable

- DNV Rules always apply for DNV classed ships

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Non-important c&m system / E22 System category I

- DNV definition:

- Non-important control and monitoring systems are systems supporting functions for which the Society

has no requirements according to relevant definitions in the Rules

- Examples:

- Maintenance support systems

- Information and diagnostic systems

- And other systems not covered by the rules of the Society

- Additional requirements for wireless:

- None. Same requirements as for wired systems apply:

- EMC emission requirements

- The wireless equipment/system must not influence other equipment/systems

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Important (or secondary essential) c&m systems / E22 System category II

- DNV definition:

- An important control and monitoring system is a system supporting services which need not necessarily

be in continuous operation for maintaining the vessel's manoeuvrability, but which are necessary for

maintaining the vessels main functions as defined in the Rules. Additional class notations may extend

the term important services. Such extensions, if any, can be found in the relevant rule chapters.

- Examples:

- Thrusters not part of steering or propulsion

- Fire detection and alarm system

- Water ingress detection and alarm system


- Alternative means of control (to be brought in action within reasonable time)

- Wireless data communication protocols incorporating

- Message integrity

- Configuration and device authentication

- Message encryption

- Security management

- Compliance with radio frequency and power level requirements of ITU and flag state

- Spread spectrum communication in compliance with IEEE 802 series is recommended

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Essential c&m systems / E22 System category III

- DNV definition

- An essential control and monitoring system is a system which needs to be in continuous operation for

maintaining the vessel's propulsion and steering. Additional class notations may extend the term

essential services. Such extensions, if any, can be found in the relevant rule chapters.

- Examples:

- Machinery protection systems / equipment

- Electronic fuel injection systems

- Control system for propulsion and steering


- Engineering analysis according to relevant international standard is required

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Challenges and future work

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Challenges

Wireless data communication must co-exist with the existing EMC environment on

the ship

- Wireless equipment shall not fail due to electromagnetic radiation from other equipment

- Wireless equipment shall not cause other equipment to fail due to radiated emission

- Problems in case several wireless networks are installed within a relatively small area

The ISM band permits frequencies up to 5.8 GHz

- Immunity to radiated electromagnetic field tested up to 2 GHz

- Radiated emission tested up to 2 GHz

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Challenges

Compliance with requirements to radio frequency and power / level requirements of

International Telecommunications Union

Compliance with requirements to radio frequency and power / level requirements of

individual Flag-states

Port-state and local regulations

- May concern use of radio-frequency transmission

- Could prohibit operation of wireless communication

- Could vary from country to country or port to port

- Could lead to a requirement for the wireless equipment to be switched off

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Challenges

Interference issues cause stricter requirements to testing

Type testing and

Testing onboard of installed systems to verify co-existing without interference

Testing to verify that the wireless communication equipment does not fail because

of electromagnetic interference

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Challenges

Access to network

- Corrupt or alter data

- Access confidential or critical data content

Commercial off-the-shelf technology

- Remote access by satellite links

- Malicious or inadvertent access may

cause failures in ship systems

External attacks

- DoS attacks

- Jamming

- Consequences for essential systems or

safety systems

- Consequences for the industry

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Challenges

Message encryption

- Configuration

- Device authentication

- Flexibility

- Contrasting needs

Message speed and integrity

- Time to reach recipient

- Safe operation of equipment

- Fault prevention, fault detection, fault diagnosis, fault correction

- Transition to fail-safe state upon detection of a failure

- Predictability of states

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Handheld wireless transmitters and EMC related challenges

Maritime VHF handset

(156 – 165) MHz

GSM cellular phone

(900, 1800, 1900) MHz

PDA, laptop (WLAN, Bluetooth)

- WLAN (2.4, 5.8) GHz

- Bluetooth (2.4 GHz)

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VHF radios are mandatory.

Strict EMC radiated emission

requirements for all maritime electronic

(non-radio) equipment in this frequency

range.

Upper EMC test requirement range

extended from 1 GHz to 2 GHz in 2001

Class have no current EMC test

requirements for f > 2 GHz



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Future work / development

Class have no current EMC test requirements for radiated emission and radiated

immunity > 2 GHz

IACS work group to be established

Upper frequency range extended to 6 GHz?

Adopt current EU/CE requirements or add special requirements for class?

Other requirements? Power level restrictions?

- “Optimistic” note from IEC 61000-4-3 regarding RF electromagnetic immunity

- “The primary threat above 800 MHz is from radio telephone systems and other intentional RF emitting

devices with power levels similar to that of radio telephones. Other systems operating in this frequency

range, e.g. radio LANs operating at 2,4 GHz or higher frequencies, are generally very low power

(typically lower than 100 mW), so they are much less likely to present significant problems.”

New type approval programme in progress

- TAP will summarize the requirements

Statutory requirements in continuous development

- IMO will continue to develop SOLAS Ch.4 (radio communications) and SOLAS Ch.5 (safety

of navigation) wrt. use of WLAN and other wireless communication technology > 2 GHz

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Questions

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Safeguarding life, property

and the environment

www.dnv.com

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