Wir schaffen Wissen –heute für morgen · operation Fossil fuel ... Calcination homogenisation...
Transcript of Wir schaffen Wissen –heute für morgen · operation Fossil fuel ... Calcination homogenisation...
Wir schaffen Wissen – heute für morgen
Paul Scherrer Institut
Carbon Capture and Storage –
A future option for Switzerland?
Kathrin Volkart
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 2Bern,
Outline
• Introduction
• CCS technology
• Life cycle assessment of CCS
• Conclusions
• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 3Bern,
CCS as a key technology for climate protection
Source: IEA Energy Technology Perspectives 2012
Technologies needed to achieve the 2DS
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 4Bern,
Swiss energy strategy: CO2 emissions in Switzerland
Source: Prognos 2011 (new energy policy, supply 2, option C&E)
ElectricityHouseholds Services Industry Mobility
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 5Bern,
Swiss energy strategy: Electricity production
Source: Prognos 2011 (new energy policy, supply 2, option C&E)
Natural gas plants
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 6Bern,
Outline
• Introduction
• CCS technology
• Life cycle assessment of CCS
• Conclusions
• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 7Bern,
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
CCS chain
CO2 sources
Power plants
Coal: PC, IGCC
Nat. gas: NGCC
Biomass: PC, IGCC
Industrial sources
Cement
Waste incineration
Refineries
Oil & gas industry
CO2 capture CO2 transport CO2 storage
Pre-combustion
Post-combustion
Oxy-fuel combustion
Pipeline
Truck
Ship
Onshore
Saline aquifers
Depleted gas fields
EOR, ECBM
Mineral carbonation
Offshore
Saline aquifers
Depleted gas fields
EOR, ECBM
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 8Bern,
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0N
iede
raus
sem
(bro
wn
coal
, DE
)
Ham
m-U
etro
p(n
atur
al g
as C
C, D
E)
Tam
oilS
A R
affin
erie
(Col
lom
bey)
Hol
cim
AG
(W
üren
linge
n)
Vig
ier
Cem
ent A
G (
Pér
y)
Hol
cim
SA
(E
clép
ens)
Hol
cim
AG
(U
nter
vaz)
Jura
Cem
ent F
abrik
en(W
ildeg
g)
Pet
ropl
usR
efin
ing
SA
(C
ress
ier)
Les
Che
nevi
ers
(Aire
-la-V
ille)
KE
BA
G (
Zuc
hwil)
LON
ZA
AG
(V
isp)
IWB
(B
asel
)
ER
Z K
HK
W H
agen
holz
(Zür
ich)
VfA
(Buc
hsS
G)
KE
ZO
(H
inw
il)
SA
TO
M (
Mon
they
)
AC
R (
Giu
bias
co)
ER
Z K
HK
W J
osef
stra
sse
(Zür
ich)
TR
IDE
L (L
ausa
nne)
Jura
cim
eS
A (
Cor
naux
)
KV
A T
hurg
au (
Wei
nfel
den)
Axp
oT
egra
AG
(D
omat
/Em
s)
Mon
thel
AG
(M
onth
ey)
KV
A (
Tur
gi)
GE
KA
L (B
uchs
AG
)
ZA
B (
Baz
enhe
id)
KV
A L
inth
gebi
et(N
iede
rurn
en)
KV
A (
Ber
n)
KV
A (
Win
tert
hur)
GE
VA
G (
Trim
mis
)
SA
IDE
F (
Pos
ieux
)
KV
A (
Em
men
brüc
ke)
KV
A L
imm
atta
l(D
ietik
on)
An
nu
al C
O2
emis
sio
n in
Mt
(201
0)
Refinery Chemical industry Waste incineration Cement production Power generation
28.1
Large Swiss CO2 point sources (2010)
Source: E-PRTR (2012)
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 9Bern,
Large Swiss CO2 point sources (2010)
Refinery
Cement production
Waste incineration
Chemical industry
Power generation
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 10Bern,
Potential for geological CO2 storage in Switzerland
Source: Diamond, Leu et al. (2010)
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 11Bern,
CCS technology choice for Switzerland
CCS chain
CO2 sources
Power plants
Coal: PC, IGCC
Nat. gas: NGCC
Biomass: PC, IGCC
Industrial sources
Cement
Waste incineration
Refineries
Oil & gas industry
CO2 transport CO2 storage
Pre-combustion
Post-combustion
Oxy-fuel combustion
Pipeline
Truck
Ship
Onshore
Saline aquifers
Depleted gas fields
EOR, ECBM
Mineral carbonation
Offshore
Saline aquifers
Depleted gas fields
EOR, ECBM
CO2 capture
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 12Bern,
Outline
• Introduction
• CCS technology
• Life cycle assessment of CCS
• Conclusions
• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 13Bern,
LCA of power generation with CCS: Goal and scope
Fossil fuel
mining
Power plant
operation
Fossil fuel
transport
Fossil fuel
processing
CO2
capture
CO2
storage
CO2
transport
Resources
Electricity
Materials
Transports
Land use
1 kWh
electricity
Fuel mining
and transport
CO2 transport
and storage
LCA system
boundary
Functional
unit
Background LCI data:
ecoinvent v2.2
Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 14Bern,
LCA of natural gas plants (2025)
Method: IPCC 2007
Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth
Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
without CCS with post-combustion
CO2 captureNatural gas
combined cycle plant
kg C
O2-
eq./k
Wh e
l
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0upstream power plant operation direct operation indirect
CO2 capture CO2 transport CO2 storage
0.41
0.13
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 15Bern,
LCA of natural gas plants (2025)
Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint
Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth
Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
Human
toxicity
Particulate
matter
formation
Photochemical
oxidant
formation
Terrestrial
acidification
Freshwater
eutrophication
kg 1,4-DB eq kg PM10 eq kg NMVOC kg SO2 eq kg P eq
ReC
iPe
(Eur
ope
H)
mid
poin
t ind
icat
or r
esul
ts,
rela
tive
to N
GC
C p
lant
with
out C
CS
NGCC, without CCS
NGCC, with post-combustion CO2 capture
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 16Bern,
LCA of cement production with CCS: Goal and scope
Source: figure from http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zement
[CO2]= 28-30%
[CO2]= ~20%
→ CO2 capture:
steam and electricity
→ CO2 compression
electricity
Lime stone
Clay / Iron ore
Mining of raw materials
Storage and homogenisation
Pulverising anddrying
Flue gas cleaning
Crusher Blending bed
Storage pileStorage and homogenisationCalcination
Fuel silos
Clinker cooler Storage and
homogenisation
Kiln with four-stage heat exchanger
Raw meal silos
Clinker silo
Additive storage(gypsum, additives)
Cement grinding
Storage and homogenisation
Ball mill with sifter and cyclone separator
Cement silos and distribution
Electric filterRaw mill (vertical)
Cement
Raw material
CO2
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 17Bern,
LCA of cement plants (2025)
Method: IPCC 2007
Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth
Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)
0.67
0.41
0.31
0.23
0.15
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
no CCS Steam: hard coal
Electricity: grid
Steam/Electricity:
grid
Steam/Electricity:
natural gas CHP
Steam: waste heat,
Electricity: grid
kg C
O2-
eq./k
g ce
men
t
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Cement production Clinker: direct Clinker: indirect Clinker: primary raw material
Clinker: primary fuels CO2 capture: electricity CO2 capture: heat
CO2 capture: indirect CO2 transport CO2 storage
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 18Bern,
LCA of cement plants (2025)
Method: ReCiPe (Europe H) midpoint
Assumption: 200km pipeline transport, 1000m storage depth
Source: Volkart, Bauer et al. (2013)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Human
toxicity
Particulate
matter
formation
Photochemical
oxidant
formation
Terrestrial
acidification
Freshwater
eutrophication
kg 1,4-DB eq kg PM10 eq kg NMVOC kg SO2 eq kg P eq
ReC
iPe
(Eur
ope
H)
mid
poin
t ind
icat
or r
esul
ts, r
elat
ive
to
the
max
imum
val
ue in
eac
h m
idpo
int i
mpa
ct c
ateg
ory
no CCS
Steam: hard coal; Electricity: grid
Steam/Electricity: grid
Steam/Electricity: natural gas CHP
Steam: waste heat; Electricity: grid
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 19Bern,
Outline
• Introduction
• CCS technology
• Life cycle assessment of CCS
• Conclusions
• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 20Bern,
Conclusions
• Conclusions on the life cycle assessment results
– CCS has the potential to strongly reduce life cycle GHG-emissions from natural gas
electricity generation (by ~70%) and cement production (by ~40-80%).
– CCS can thus significantly contribute to both, low carbon electricity and low carbon
cement production.
– Trade-offs related to other environmental aspects have to be kept in mind.
• Conclusions on CCS in Switzerland
– Future developments may lead to the need for CCS in Switzerland.
– The legal situation (CO2 Gesetz) is – among other criteria – decisive.
– CO2 capture and transport are proven technologies. CO2 storage instead is subject to
considerable uncertainties.
– To prove the feasibility of CCS in Switzerland a full cycle pilot project including an
injection site is required.
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 21Bern,
Outline
• Introduction
• CCS technology
• Life cycle assessment of CCS
• Conclusions
• Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 22Bern,
Roadmap and CCS pilot project for Switzerland
• Key issues for a CCS pilot project
CO2 storage site, legal aspects (mining, waste, water protection, …), costs and acceptance
• Objectives of the CCS roadmap
– Adequacy of the target formations for CO2 storage, demonstration of the safety of the
CO2 injection and storage, testing of predictive modelling results
– Assessment of the economics
– Knowledge transfer to the public, policy makers and licensing authorities
→ Provision of specific knowledge for a later planning & construction of a full CCS chain
• Tentative timeline
– Risk dialogue with authorities and public 2013/14
– Seismic exploration 2014/15
– Site acquisition & Drilling Permit 2015-17
– Drilling & Installation Operations 2017-19
– CO2 Injection Operations 2019-22
– Monitoring 2022-min. 2032
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 23Bern, 23
I would like to thank
Christian Bauer (PSI), Ernst Bucher and Christian Zipper (Holcim)
This work was carried out as part of the project CARMA and funded by
Competence Centers of Environment and Sustainability (CCES) and Energy and Mobility (CCEM), the
Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) and Alstom Power Service.
25 April 2013 Kathrin Volkart 24Bern, 24
Questions?