Winter Hardiness Length of Growing Season · 1 Growing Fruits in the Home Garden Climate Matters...

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Growing Fruits in the Home Garden

Climate Matters

• Why?

– Winter minimum lows determine possible

variety selections

– Last frost date impacts variety selection

– Frost-free period limits growth & ripening

potential

– Summer degree day accumulations limit

ripening potential

Winter Hardiness Length of Growing Season

Getting Started

• Site selection

• Choice of plant material

• Planting

• Pollination

• Cultural practices

Temperature and Topography

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Presenter contact information is on page 24 of this document.

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Sunlight

• Better flower production

• Higher quality fruit

• Longer storage life

PLANT FRUITS IN FULL SUN!

Soil Type

Sand – Loam - Clay

© Wally Eberhart

Visuals Unlimited

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acid Alkaline

Neutral

Battery

acid Vinegar Orange

juice

Pure

water

Baking

soda Ammonia Bleach Lye

pH Scale

Selecting Varieties and Cultivars

• Personal preferences

• Intended use

• Winter hardiness

Selecting Varieties and Cultivars

Space Availability

Dwarf Semi-dwarf Full-sized

www.midpark.bigstep.com www.midfex.org www.prairieretreat.com

Apple Varieties

Williams Pride

Early Season Scab-Resistant Varieties

Redfree


http://www.cbnllc.com/regina.jpg

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Apple Varieties

• Crisp and juicy fruit

• Extremely productive

• Scab-free

• Resistant to cedar-apple rust and fire blight

Late Season Scab-Resistant Variety

Liberty

Cherry Cultivars

• Self-fertile

• Resistant to splitting

• Large dark fruit

• Light red flesh

Lapins

Cherry Cultivars

• Large, firm fruit

• Resistant to rain-

induced cracking

• Self-fertile

Skeena (PP11392)

Plum Cultivars

• Open, spreading tree

• Firm, sweet, amber-

fleshed fruit

• Ripens mid-July

• Tolerance to leaf spot

Early Magic

Plum Cultivars

• Regular and heavy crop

• Excellent for fresh use or processing

• Ripens early September

• Sensitive to leaf spot

• Tolerant to black knot disease

Castleton - NY 66.609.4

Peach Varieties

• Good for canning, freezing,

and fresh use

• Medium, freestone fruit

• Yellow flesh

Redhaven


http://www.cbnllc.com/skeena.jpg

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Peach Varieties

• Freestone

• Large, firm fruit

• Winter hardy

• Requires two pickings

PF 17 Flamin’ Fury®

Purchasing Fruit Trees

• Nursery stock

– “Container-grown” preferable

to “potted”

– Mail-order trees sold “bare-

root”

Bare-root

www.oznet.ksu.edu

Planting Fruit Trees

Bare root trees

Graft

union

2-3” above the soil line

Cut off all broken roots


• Planting hole

– 3 times width of root ball

– Enhances root spread

• Shift tree to settle soil

under roots


• Water to settle soil

• Tamp soil while

filling hole


• Post planting

– Remove all tags to prevent girdling

– Prune to proper height according to selected training method

– Fertilize immediately with 1 TBSP. starter fertilizer (e.g. 20-20-20) mixed with 1 gallon water

– Water 2-3 gallons approx. every 7-14 days


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Fruit Tree Development

• Two life stages

– Non-bearing stage • 3-8 years after planting

• Rapid growth: trunk, branch, root development

• Low fruit production

– Bearing stage • Consistent fruit production

• Slow growth

Pruning Young Fruit Trees

• Prune lightly – just enough to develop a framework of primary branches

• Select a training method

– Central leader method – apple, pear, cherry

– Open center method – peach, apricot

– Espalier training – dwarf apples

When to Prune

• Dormant season

– Ideally February-April

• Remove “water sprouts”

midsummer

www.ext.vt.edu

Pruning for Structure

Vertical

Narrow

Angle of

Attachment

Branch Spacing

Radial

Wide

www.eap.mcgill.ca

Pruning Older Trees

• Improve sunlight penetration

• Generate growth of young branches

• Remove dead tissue

• Control height

aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu

Pruning Basics

• Avoid leaving stubs

• Remove weak, slow-growing wood

• Remove overlying and crossing branches

• Head-back or remove low-hanging

branches


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Fertilizing Fruit Trees

• Soil Analyses

– Indicate need for soil amendments

• Foliar Analyses

– Determine fertilizer needs

– Identify problems with excess or deficient

nutrients

Fertilizing Fruit Trees

• When

– Late fall

– Early spring

• How

– Broadcast in a circle

extending to drip line

Area of application

Pollination

• Encourage pollinating insects

Integrated Pest Management

• Disease resistance

• Proper planting site

• Good horticultural practices

• Sanitation

• Well-timed pesticide applications

Pest Management

• Disease-resistant cultivars

Susceptible to scab ‘Redfree’ - scab resistant

Pest Management

• Horticultural practices

Fertilization Weeding Pruning


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Pest Management

• Sanitation

Photos: Kim Rebek

Pest Management

• Sanitation

oregonstate.edu

www.turning-earth.co.uk

Pest Management

• Pesticides

– Protective approach

– Know your pests

– Direct and indirect pests

Pest Management

• Consider impact on beneficial organisms

Predatory mite Bumble bee Lacewing larva

Trapping

• Monitoring pest populations

• Rarely useful for insect control

Pheromone trap Apple maggot trap Yellow sticky trap

Insect Pests

• Plum curculio

Oviposition scars

on mature fruit


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Insect Pests

• Apple maggot

Yellow panel trap

Volatile-baited sphere trap

Combination (Ladd) trap

Cherry fruit fly

Insect Pests

• Codling moth

Pheromone trap

Damage

Insect Pests

Obliquebanded leafroller

Aphids

Insect Pests

• Spider mites

European red mite

damage on plum

European red mite

damage on apple

Two-spotted

spider mite

Insect Pests

• Peachtree borers

entoplp.okstate.edu

entoplp.okstate.edu Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension

Fruit Diseases

• Direct and indirect pests

• Correct identification a must

• Preventative control measures most

effective

• Low yield, poor quality fruit, tree death


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Symptoms of Disease

www.science.siu.edu

Mildew

Leaf spots

hflp.sdstate.edu

www.plant.uga.edu

Canker

plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu

Rust

Fungal Diseases

J. Hartman hflp.sdstate.edu

Apple scab on fruit and leaf

Fungal Diseases

Brown rot

Fungal Diseases

Peach leaf curl

Fungal Diseases

Black knot

Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial spot on peach


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Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae)

in cherries

Bacterial Diseases

M. Longstroth, MSU

Fire blight

Managing Fruit Diseases

• Fungicide Program

– Fungicides specific for crop and disease

– Proper timing and application rates important

– Obtain good plant coverage

Managing Fruit Diseases

• Bacterial, viral, and other diseases

– Cultural control

– Manage vectors

– Select resistant cultivars

– Chemical control Aphids vector

many diseases

Bramble Culture

Blackberry

Raspberry www.hort.purdue.edu - Rosie Lerner

Site Selection

• Avoid low-lying frost pockets

• Do not follow hosts of Verticillium wilt – Brambles, strawberry, Solanaceous crops

• Soil

– Well-drained

– Loam to sandy-loam

– High organic matter content


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Variety Selection

Summer-bearing Red Raspberries

Canby Latham

www.tytyga.com www.spoonerfarms.com

Variety Selection

Black Raspberries

Logan Jewel

www.bloomingbulb.com www.alcasoft.com

Variety Selection

Fall-bearing Raspberries

Autumn Bliss Heritage Fall Gold Redwing

www.maes.umn.edu www.boylanfarms.com

www.tytyga.com

www.parseed.com

Variety Selection

Erect Blackberries

Illini Hardy Darrow

www.inberry.com

www.directgardening.com

Bramble Culture

Wild brambles harbor

disease agents

Kim Rebek

Planting

• Certified pest-free

stock

• Stock types

– One-year-old

rooted suckers

(bare-root)

– Tissue cultured

(potted)


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Planting

Hedgerow System

Planting

Hill System

5-6’

Planting

Trellis System

www.umextmaine.edu

Fertilization

• 3-4 weeks after planting

– 1 to 2 lbs. per 100-foot row

• Second growing season

– 3 to 4 lbs. per100-foot row

• Third and subsequent seasons

– 5 to 6 lbs. per100-foot row

12-12-12

(N-P-K)

Fertilizer

Pruning

Summer-bearing Red Raspberries

Tip early spring

to chest height

Thin rows in spring

to 6-8 canes/foot

www.bemisfarmsnursery.com

www.garden.org

Pruning

Black and Purple Raspberries

Tip 3-6 inches when

canes 2-3 feet tall

Trim laterals to 8-10”

Illustrations: www.bemisfarmsnursery.com

Summer

Spring


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Pruning

Fall-bearing Raspberries

Remove all canes to ground

late winter/early spring Narrow rows

to ½’ - 2’

½-2’

Pests of Brambles

Insect Pests

R. Bessin, Univ. of Kentucky

Raspberry

cane borer

Raspberry crown

borer adult

Sap beetle

www.uidaho.edu

Pests of Brambles

Insect Pests

Strawberry weevil Leaf rollers Raspberry fruit worm

ohioline.osu.edu res2.agr.ca www.omafra.gov.on.ca

Pests of Brambles

Anthracnose

Fungal Diseases

Late leaf rust

www.ipm.msu.edu

Pests of Brambles

Spur blight Orange rust

Fungal Diseases

Pests of Brambles

Fungal Diseases

Verticillium wilt Gray mold

plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu www.hort.cornell.edu


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Pests of Brambles

Virus Diseases

Raspberry leaf curl virus Tomato ringspot virus

www.omafra.gov.on.ca web1.msue.msu.edu

www.nwipm.info

Blueberry Culture

Highbush blueberry

Lowbush blueberry

www.abnativeplants.com

www.nps.gov

Blueberry Culture

Soil Requirements

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acid Alkaline Neutral

Ideal pH 4.5 to 5

Blueberry Varieties

Early-season Midseason Late-season

Blueray Bluecrop Jersey

Bluetta Rubel Elliot

Spartan Northland

Patriot

Planting

Check health of roots Water to settle soil

Photos: mtngrv.missouristate.edu

Fertilizing Blueberries

20 – 0 – 10 - 5

N – P – K - Magnesium

Alternative nitrogen

sources…

Urea or ammonium sulfate


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Pruning

Remove diseased and spindly branches

Remove two of oldest

canes at base


Pruning

Pruned blueberry bush Enhance light penetration

into plant center


Blueberry Pests

Insect Pests

Blueberry

maggot adult Plum curculio larva Cranberry fruit worm

Oviposition damage

Jerry A. Payne, USDA ARS

Eggs at stem base

Photos: www.blueberries.msu.edu

Blueberry Pests

Fungal Diseases

Mummyberry Powdery mildew


Blueberry Pests

Fungal Diseases

Botrytis blight

Alternaria fruit rot

Red leaf


Anthracnose

www.canr.msu.edu

Blueberry Pests

Cankers

Fusicoccum Phomopsis


Fruiting bodies


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Blueberry Pests

Virus and Other Diseases


Shoestring disease Red ringspot disease

Saskatoon Berry

www.biosphere-canada.ca

pericat.ca

oregonstate.edu

Saskatoons, botanically speaking

• Amelanchier alnifolia

(Nutt.)

• Family Rosaceae

• Fruit is a pome

• Related to the eastern

Juneberry or

serviceberry, A.

canadensis

Saskatoons

• Over a dozen named

varieties

• Culture is similar to

highbush blueberry,

except…

• Does not require acidic

soils

• Likes sandy, well drained

sites

Saskatoon pests

• Saskatoon sawfly

• Apple curculio

• Plum curculio

• Hawthorn weevil

• Rose chafer

• Japanese beetle

• Saskatoon bud moth

• Woolly elm aphids

Saskatoon diseases

• Entomosporium

leaf & berry spot

• Saskatoon-juniper rust

• Cytospora canker

• Root diseases in wet sites


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Currants

Red Black White

www.hort.cornell.edu www.sandhillberries.com www.hort.cornell.edu

Currants

Lowest branch

should emerge

below soil surface

Cut top to

6-10 inches

Currants

Mulch heavily to

manage weeds

and increase

organic matter

Currants Pruning older plants

• Remove oldest stems

• Thin new shoots

• Keep center open

• Maintain

– 6-10 bearing canes

– 3-4 replacement canes

www.ext.colostate.edu

Strawberry Culture

www.uga.edu/

www.hort.purdue.edu

Strawberry Culture

www.sarep.ucdavis.edu

Bare-root plants Container plants

www.strawberryplants.com


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Strawberry Culture

• June-bearing strawberries

– Produce for 3-4 weeks in June to July

– Early-, mid- and late-season varieties available

– Larger yields

– Best if planning to freeze or make jam

Strawberry Culture

• Everbearing strawberries

– Fruit from mid-June through fall

– Flavor may be inferior to June-bearing

varieties

Planting

Too Deep Good Depth Too Shallow

Planting Systems

Matted Row System Illustratio: eesc.orst.edu

Establishing Plants

• June-bearing

– Remove flowers in first season

– Divert energy to daughter production

• Everbearing

– Remove flowers for 60 days after planting

– Small fall crop in first season

Illustration: pubs.caes.uga.edu

Strawberry Fertilization

• Fertilization the second season and beyond

• June-bearing plants – 2 to 3 pounds 12-12-12 per 100-foot row after

harvest

• Everbearing – ½ pound 12-12-12- per 100-foot row

– Apply June, July, August, September


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Mulching

Mulch removed in spring

can be used to control

weeds between rows

www.oznet.k-state.edu

newscenter25.net

Plants are protected

during winter with straw.

Do not use hay!

Frost Protection

Floating row covers

Frost-damaged flower

www.boxtedberries.com

www.clemson.edu

June-Bearing Strawberries-

Renovation After Harvest

• Four Steps:

– Mowing plants

– Tilling between rows

– Thinning plants

– Fertilizing Set mower blade high

to protect crown

www.oznet.k-state.edu

Strawberry Pests

Insect & Mite Pests

Spittlebug

White grub

Spider mite

damage

Kim Rebek

agnews.tamu.edu

www.hort.cornell.edu

Strawberry Pests

Insect Pests

Strawberry

clipper www.omafra.gov.on.ca

Slug

Leaf roller

Tarnished

plant bug

www.vegedge.umn.edu

www.omafra.gov.on.ca

www.ars.usda.gov

Strawberry Pests

Gray Mold

strawberry.ifas.ufl.edu

Fruit Diseases


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Strawberry Pests Fruit Diseases

Leather rot

Stem end rot Photos: strawberry.ifas.ufl.edu

Strawberry Pests

Leaf Diseases

Leaf spot

Leaf scorch Clemson University – USDA Cooperative Extension www.nysaes.cornell.edu

Strawberry Pests

Root Diseases

Red stele root rot

www.extension.umn.edu

Black root rot plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu

Strawberry Pests

Verticillium Wilt

Photos: strawberry.ifas.ufl.edu

Strawberry Pest Management

– Healthy plant stock

– Resistant varieties

– Renovation

– Weeding in and around beds

– Thin to allow evaporation and air circulation

– Crop rotation

– Fertility management

Growing Grapes in the Home Garden

• Why?

– Table grapes for fresh eating

– Juice grapes for juice, jam, jellies

– Wine grapes for home wine projects

– Food for wildlife

– Attractive foliage for arbors, fences


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Selecting Varieties

• Based on intended use of fruit

• Limited by site characteristics

• Will impact insect & disease severity

American Varieties

Concord,

Fredonia,

Buffalo

Niagara

Delaware

Cold hardy, but

poor wine

quality

“Vinifera” Cultivars

• Riesling

• Chardonnay

• Pinot Noir

• Gewurztraminer

• Cabernets

• Merlot Cold-sensitive,

but best wine

quality

Hybrid Cultivars

• White wine

– Vignoles

– Seyval Blanc

– Vidal Blanc

– Chardonnel

– Traminette

– LaCrescent

– Galvin Muscat

• Red wine

– Regent

– Noiret

– Marquette

– Foch

Table Grape Varieties

• Marquis, Himrod, Suffolk Red,

many more

– Fair to good mid-winter cold

tolerance

– Some seedless varieties

– Many with disease resistance

– Multiple uses

– Typically a recumbent growth habit

Planting

Row spacing: 10’

Plant spacing: 8’

Prune to 2-3 buds

Graft union

2-3”

Illustration: www.ca.uky.edu


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First Year Care

• Weed Control is very important

• Light fertilization

– 0.25 lb 46-00-00 per plant

– = 0.9 lb 12-00-00 per plant

• Water management

• Let all shoots grow

• Remove all fruit clusters

Second Year Care

• Increase fertilization

• Build trellis

• Start establishing

trunks

• Let all shoots grow

• Remove fruit

clusters

Third Year Care

• Increase fertilization

• Establish training

system

• Bear a light crop

Trellis Posts

Line or Row Posts

8-9’

total

length

Extend posts 2-3 feet below ground

3’

3” diameter

• Space 16-24 feet

• 3 vines between posts

Illustration: www.pawpaw.kysu.edu

Trellis Posts

End Posts

Braced post Anchor support H-system

Anchor

Photos: Paul Domoto; Illustration: www.extension.iastate.edu

Pruning Bearing Grapevines

• Goals:

– Select fruiting wood

– Maintain vine shape

– Regulating number of buds retained

• Considerations:

– Match training system to variety growth habits


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Pruning Grapevines

Illustration: www.ca.uky.edu

Cordon Systems

Insects & Mites

• Potato leafhopper

• Grape leafhoppers

• Rose chafer

• Japanese beetle

Grape Berry Moth

Adult Infested fruit Larva

ohioline.osu.edu winegrapes.tamu.edu grape.cas.psu.edu

Insects & Mites Diseases

• Powdery mildew

• Downy mildew

• Phomopsis

• Black rot

• Botrytis rot

• Sour rot

IPM practices

• Botrytis rot


– Canopy management

– Sprays

• Sour rot


– Canopy management

– sprays

Pesticides

• Both insecticides and fungicides vary in:

– Toxicity

– Specificity

– Formulation

– Compatibility with other pesticides


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Spray Equipment

images.lowes.com

www.omafra.gon.on.ca

www.hardware.globalsources.com

www.planetnatural.com

Keys to Effective Spraying

• Cover all exposed plant surfaces

– Tops and bottoms of leaves

• Proper timing

• Proper dose/rate

Pesticide Residues

• Always adhere to pre-harvest restrictions

www.croplife.ca

Vertebrate Pests

www.mynaturephotos.com

www.hamiltonnature.org

www.tateng.com.au

Acknowledgement

• Special thanks to Mira Danilovich, MSU

Extension, former Oceana County

Extension Director, for providing material

and photographs

Thanks! Dr. Duke Elsner

Small Fruit Educator

Michigan State

University Extension [email protected]

231-922-4822


mailto:[email protected]

robertsr6

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Winter Hardiness Length of Growing Season · 1 Growing Fruits in the Home Garden Climate Matters...

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