Wine, Cheese and Scholarship A Celebration of Faculty Research & Creativity

   

An  exhibit  of  research  proposals,  research  projects  in  process,  findings,  creative  works,  inter-‐disciplinary  projects,  scholarship  of  teaching  and  learning,  and  other  scholarly  endeavors  of  Shenandoah  University  faculty  and  their  graduate  students.  

   

   

 

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The  Faculty  Research  and  Publications  Committee  

Works  contained  herein  may  not  be  reproduced  without  author  permission.  All  Rights  Reserved.  ©  2015.    

 

           

     

The  Faculty  Research  and  Publications  Committee  and  the  Center  for  Teaching  and  Learning  would  like  to  thank  everyone  who  made  this  event  possible.  

 Vice  President  of  Academic  Affairs  Adrienne  Bloss  for  her  support  and  encouragement  

 The  Brandt  Student  Center  staff  for  their  help  with  room  arrangements  The  Office  of  Marketing  and  Communications  for  helping  to  spread  the  word  

 The  SU  copy  center  for  their  outstanding  printing  services  Sodexo  for  providing  the  all-‐important  wine  and  cheese  

 And  especially  the  presenters  for  their  expertise,  creativity  and  dedication    

                 

 

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 Table  of  Contents  

Adapting  an  Employee  Appraisal  System  at  a  Private  Human  Services  Agency  to  Promote  Timeliness  of  Documentation  of  Services  ..........................................................................................................................................................................  1  Attitude  Changes  in  Oral  Health  Through  International  Interprofessional  Practice  Experiences  ...............................  1  Community  Stakeholder  Perceptions  of  Resource  Needs  to  Reduce  Sudden  Unexpected  Infant  Deaths  in  Rural  and  Urban  Regions  of  the  Lord  Fairfax  Health  District  of  Virginia  ............................................................................................  1  "Crooked  Schemes:"  The  Goodie  Mob  and  Outkast  Encounter  Metric  Difference  in  the  "Mainstream"  ...................  2  Cultural  Learning  and  Leadership  Development  Through  Global  Virtual  Teams  ...............................................................  2  Designing  Daily  Routines  to  Maximize  Engagement  and  Interaction  of  Residents  in  a  Community  Based  Group  Home:  The  Mealtime  ......................................................................................................................................................................................  2  Dispensing  Practices  in  India  .....................................................................................................................................................................  3  Effects  of  Focal  Ankle  Joint  Cooling  on  Sural  Nerve  Conduction  in  Healthy  and  Sprained  Ankle  Joints  ...................  3  Home  and  Work-‐Based  Interventions  For  an  Adult  with  Mental  Illness:  Two  Analyses  .................................................  3  Investigating  a  New  Discourse:  The  NCAA’s  legitimacy  as  it  relates  to  Corporate  Social  Responsibility  and  the  Academy.  .............................................................................................................................................................................................................  4  Is  It  Research  Or...Applied  Behavior  Analysis?  ...................................................................................................................................  4  Is  There  A  Common  Solution  To  Rural/Urban  Disparities?  ..........................................................................................................  4  McCone  –  A  Nurse  from  Hell’s  Half  Acre  ...............................................................................................................................................  5  On  Huntington's  Disease:  A  Mathematical  Model  .............................................................................................................................  5  Pharmacy  Student  Preferences  on  Instructional  Strategies  in  a  Mental  Health  Elective  –  Strategies  Used  and  Lessons  Learned  ..............................................................................................................................................................................................  5  Prescription  to  Over-‐the-‐Counter  Switches  in  the  US  .....................................................................................................................  6  Reading  in  Graduate  School:  Students’  Perceptions  and  Practices  ............................................................................................  6  Setting  the  Standard  for  Asthma  Education  in  our  Community  ..................................................................................................  6  Sport  Video  Games  as  Sport  Management  Pedagogy:  A  Look  into  Virtual  Fields  of  Instruction  ..................................  7  The  Challenges  of  School  Leadership  .....................................................................................................................................................  7  The  Effect  of  Drinking  High  pH  Water  on  perceived  Larygopharyngeal  Reflux  (LPR)  Symptoms  of  a  Sample  of  Singers  ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................  7  The  Shenandoah  University  Writing  Center  Embedded  Tutor  Program  ................................................................................  8  Tonal  Analyses  in  Chopin's  28  Preludes,  Op.  28  using  R  programming  ..................................................................................  8  Use  of  Preference  Assessments  and  Peer  Training  to  Increase  Cooperative  Play  in  a  Child  with  Autism  ...............  8  

   

 

 

Abstracts  are  presented  alphabetically  

 

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Adapting  an  Employee  Appraisal  System  at  a  Private  Human  Services  Agency  to  Promote  Timeliness  of  Documentation  of  Services  Rebecca  Carter,  MS,  Psychology,  Shenandoah  University  Brandon  F.  Greene,  PhD,  BCBA-‐D,  Coordinator,  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program,  Shenandoah  University  

Note:  This  is  one  of  a  collection  of  presentations  submitted  by  the  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  shares  an  extensive  intersection  with  the  world  of  business.  This  intersection,  often  referred  to  as  Organizational  Behavior  Management,  has  involved  the  development  of  effective  practices  to  promote  sales,  safety,  and  quality  control  in  a  variety  of  industries  and  business.  The  This  project  is  an  example.  The  purpose  of  this  project  was  to  develop  and  determine  the  effects  of  an  intervention  package  on  decreasing  the  number  of  days  late  that  human  services  workers  submitted  essential  documents  associated  with  service  provision.  This  intervention  package  included  individual  performance  feedback,  prompting,  and  directly  relating  each  employee's  performance  to  the  agency's  performance  evaluation  system  completed  by  the  agency’s  supervisor  each  year.  This  analysis  indicated  that  most  employees  decreased  their  tardy  submission  of  paperwork;  several  submitted  it  early.  

Attitude  Changes  in  Oral  Health  Through  International  Interprofessional  Practice  Experiences  Anne  Schempp,  MPAS,  PA-‐C,  Assistant  Professor,  Physician  Assistant  Program,  Shenandoah  University  Leocadia  Conlon,  MPH,  PA-‐C,  Assistant  Professor,  Physician  Assistant  Program,  Shenandoah  University  

Purpose:  To  assess  changes  from  baseline  attitudes  in  regard  to  belief,  commitment,  intent  and  advocacy  in  oral  health  of  students  who  participated  in  a  medical  trip  to  Leon,  Nicaragua  regarding  delivery  of  oral  health.  Methods:  After  IRB  approval,  an  on-‐line  survey  was  administered  pre-‐  and  post-‐trip  to  the  group  of  students  and  faculty  participating  in  the  trip.  The  survey  addressed  beliefs  regarding  oral  health  assessment,  intent  and  commitment  to  implement  oral  health  in  practice,  and  statements  regarding  oral  health  advocacy.  Results:  40/49,  27/49,  and  25/49  completed  three  surveys  before  and  after  the  experience,  respectively.  Percentages  of  each  survey  in  the  “strongly  agree”  or  “agree”  categories  were  compared  in  the  four  categories:  oral  health  beliefs,  intent,  commitment,  and  advocacy.  One  of  3  belief  questions  showed  an  increase  in  level  of  agreement  at  one  week  post-‐trip,  but  show  a  decrease  from  baseline  six-‐week  post-‐trip  survey.  Remaining  belief  questions  decline  in  agreement  across  all  surveys.  Advocacy  questions  show  minute  change  from  baseline  and  a  decrease  from  baseline  at  six-‐weeks  post-‐trip.  All  questions  addressing  intent  and  commitment  show  an  increase  in  agreement.  Discussion:  Questions  related  to  intention  to  practice  oral  health  and  commitment  sustained  an  increase  in  agreement  six-‐weeks  post  trip.  This  shows  that  practical  experience  strengthened  the  students’  perception  of  commitment  and  intention.  The  questions  around  belief  and  advocacy,  however,  changed  slightly  at  one  week  but  then  declined  in  agreement  at  6  weeks  after  the  experience.  This  supports  that  fact  that  advocacy  and  beliefs  are  difficult  to  change  in  one  isolated  experience.  

Community  Stakeholder  Perceptions  of  Resource  Needs  to  Reduce  Sudden  Unexpected  Infant  Deaths  in  Rural  and  Urban  Regions  of  the  Lord  Fairfax  Health  District  of  Virginia  Audra  Gollenberg,  PhD,  Assistant  Professor  of  Public  Health,  Shenandoah  University  Kim  Fendley,  PhD,  Associate  Professor  of  Sociology,  Shenandoah  University  Charles  Devine,  III,  MD,  Health  Director,  Lord  Fairfax  Health  District  

Background:  While  great  progress  has  been  made  in  reducing  infant  mortality  (IM),  racial/ethnic,  geographic  and  socioeconomic  disparities  persist  and  sudden  unexpected  infant  death  (SUIDS)  remains  a  leading  cause  of  IM  despite  concerted  efforts.    Objectives:  As  a  first  step  in  using  community-‐based  participatory  research  (CBPR)  for  reducing  IM,  we  assessed  community  stakeholder  perceptions  and  resource  needs  regarding  IM  and  SUIDS.    Methods:  Using  chain-‐referral  sampling,  community-‐identified  stakeholders  were  interviewed  by  principal  investigators  from  11/2012-‐12/2013  in  two  distinct  locales:  a  racially/ethnically  diverse,  urban  region,  Winchester  City  (n=40)  and  a  high-‐poverty,  rural  region,  Page  County,  VA  (n=34).  The  16-‐item  interview  guide  generated  open-‐ended  responses  that  were  categorized  according  to  emergent  themes.    Results:  Stakeholders  represented  a  variety  of  organizations  including  healthcare,  education,  law  enforcement,  non-‐profit,  faith-‐based  institutions,  and  citizens,  and  were  predominantly  non-‐Hispanic  White  in  Winchester  and  Page,  respectively  (77%  and  100%).  The  majority  perceived  that  high-‐risk  groups  were  not  aware  of  SUIDS  risk  factors  (50%),  whereas  a  higher  proportion  responded  “yes”  in  Winchester  vs.  Page  (37%  vs  18%;  p=0.05),  When  asked  about  resource  needs  to  reduce  SUIDS,  respondents  shared  a  variety  of  perceptions.  While  the  majority  

 

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focused  on  “education”  (73%),  those  working  non-‐clinical  fields  were  more  likely  to  respond  with  “education”  (>65%)  vs.  those  in  healthcare  (53%;  p=0.04).  Other  resource  needs  were  improved  access  to  medical  care,  drug  treatment,  parenting  skills,  and  support  groups.  Conclusion  and  Implications:  Despite  a  different  sociodemographic  profile,  both  urban  and  rural  regions  have  similar  rates  of  IM/SUIDS  and  community  perceptions  of  resource  needs  are  strikingly  similar.    

"Crooked  Schemes:"  The  Goodie  Mob  and  Outkast  Encounter  Metric  Difference  in  the  "Mainstream"  Mitchell  Ohriner,  PhD,  Assistant  Professor  of  Music  Theory,  Musical  Academics,  Shenandoah  University  

Research  into  rap's  flow  by  scholars  including  Adam  Krims,  Noriko  Manabe,  Kyle  Adams,  and  Adam  Bradley  addresses  how  rappers  place  syllables,  accents,  and  rhymes  at  certain  metric  locations  to  bolster  or  complement  the  meter  of  the  (often  sampled)  instrumental  beat.  For  example,  many  consecutive  rap  lines  retain  similar  accent  contours  and  end  rhymes.    This  coordination  between  the  meter  of  the  beat  and  the  rhythmic  features  of  the  rapping  depends  on  the  beat  maintaining  a  single,  stable  meter.  In  Outkast's  "Mainstream"    from  1996,  the  instrumental  beat  contains  both  a  clear  triple  meter  in  the  guitar  parts  and  a  clear  duple  meter  in  the  drum  set.  The  MCs  on  the  track  (Khujo  Goodie,  T-‐Mo  Goodie,  André  3000,  and  Big  Boi)  must  negotiate  this  metric  difference.  Drawing  on  models  of  rhythm  in  speech  and  music,  I  demonstrate  how  an  MC  might  support  one  metric  hearing  or  another.  Specifically,  through  reiterated  accentual  patterns  and  three-‐beat  durations  between  rhymes,  T-‐Mo  Goodie  aligns  more  consistently  with  the  triple  meter  of  the  guitar  while  André  3000  aligns  with  the  duple  meter  of  the  drum  set.  Through  a  larger  empirical  study  of  the  output  of  these  two  MCs,  I  also  show  how  T-‐Mo  Goodie’s  performance  practice  enables  him  to  integrate  metric  difference  more  readily.  By  examining  flow  in  a  rare  track  without  an  unadorned  duple  meter,  I  hope  to  elaborate  analytical  descriptions  of  the  ways  MC's  can  interact  with  the  meter  of  rap  music.  

Cultural  Learning  and  Leadership  Development  Through  Global  Virtual  Teams  RT  Good,  PhD,  Associate  Dean  and  Professor,  Business  Management  Program,  Shenandoah  University  Bethany  Galipeau-‐Konate,  PhD,  Director  Center  for  International  Programs,  Shenandoah  University  Christine  Naschberger,  PhD,  Professor  at  Audencia  Nantes  School  of  Management  in  France  

This  paper  presents  on  a  study  focusing  on  cultural  learning  and  leadership  development  through  global  virtual  teamwork.  The  objective  of  this  paper  is  to  better  understand  to  what  degree  cultural  intelligence  and  leadership  qualities  are  developed  through  working  in  a  global  virtual  team.  This  investigation  includes  quantitative  and  qualitative  analysis  from  a  sample  of  79  MBA  participants  from  culturally  diverse  backgrounds  from  two  higher  education  institutions.  This  study  involves  exploratory  methodological  design  to  advance  action  research.  The  level  of  intercultural  and  leadership  competencies  were  measured  for  change  in  a  pre/post  study  design  over  three  months  utilizing  Cultural  Intelligence  and  Student  Leadership  Practices  Inventories.  

Designing  Daily  Routines  to  Maximize  Engagement  and  Interaction  of  Residents  in  a  Community  Based  Group  Home:  The  Mealtime  Katrina  Ganoe,  MS,  Psychology,  Grafton  Integrated  Health  Network,  Shenandoah  University  Brandon  F.  Greene,  PhD,  BCBA-‐D,  Coordinator,  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program,  Shenandoah  University    

Note:  This  is  one  in  a  collection  of  presentation  from  the  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program    A  growing  number  of  adults  with  developmental/intellectual  disabilities  are  living  in  congregate  care  settings  such  as  group  homes.  This  trend  is  driven,  in  part,  by  the  assumption  that  such  settings  afford  greater  opportunities  for  "normal"  or  typical  activities  that  are  enjoyed  by  individuals  without  disabilities.  Indeed,  opportunities  to  participate  in  activities  of  daily  living  are  essential  to  the  habilitation  of  these  individuals  with  developmental  disabilities.  However,  these  opportunities  are  often  preempted  by  the  work  routines  of  staff  and  management.  For  instance,  staff  often  prepare,  serve  and  clean-‐up  daily  meals  with  no  involvement  from  the  clientele.  The  present  project  was  designed  to  increase  the  engagement  of  individuals  with  developmental  disabilities  in  the  tasks  of  preparing,  serving  and  clean-‐up  of  dinner  at  the  group  home.    Two  conditions  were  studied:  (1)  a  staff-‐directed  condition,  during  which  staff  prepared,  served  and  cleaned  up  the  dinner  without  any  substantial  client  involvement,  and  (2)  a  client-‐directed  condition,  during  which  staff  were  trained  and  supervised  to  encourage  greater  involvement  of  the  clients  in  each  aspect  of  mealtime.  An  alternating  treatment  design  indicated  that,  compared  to  the  staff-‐directed  condition,  the  client-‐directed  condition  resulted  not  only  in  clients'  greater  involvement  in  mealtime  tasks,  but  in  greater  amounts  of  interaction  among  clients  and  less  sedentary  and  isolated  activity.  

 

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Dispensing  Practices  in  India  Avinash  Darekar,  PhD,  KCT’s  R.G.Sapkal  College  of  Pharmacy,  Nashik,  India  Isha  Patel,  PhD,  Bernard  J.  Dunn  School  of  Pharmacy,  Shenandoah  University  Marilee  Clemons  BS,  Bernard  J.  Dunn  School  of  Pharmacy,  Shenandoah  University    Akram  Ahmad  PharmD,  UCSI  University,  Kuala  Lumpur,  Malaysia  Xi  Tan  PharmD,  University  of  Michigan  Rajat  Ran,  PharmD,  Acharya  B  M  Reddy  College  Of  Pharmacy,  Bengaluru,  Karnataka  India  Deepak  Bhatia,  PhD,  Bernard  J.  Dunn  School  of  Pharmacy,  Shenandoah  University    Jongwha  Chang,  PhD,  McWhorter  School  of  Pharmacy,  Samford  University  

Physician  dispensing  is  a  practice  where  a  physician  dispenses  medications  to  their  patients,  avoiding  the  need  for  the  patient  to  use  a  retail  pharmacy  to  fill  their  prescription.  This  practice  is  not  well  regulated  in  India  where  about  80%  of  physicians  dispense,  and  can  lead  to  a  lot  of  monetary  gains  for  the  physician.  This  practice  also  affects  pharmacies  because  they  lose  business  and  are  not  able  to  effectively  compete  with  the  increasing  number  of  dispensing  physicians.  Because  physician  dispensing  tends  to  revolve  around  money,  there  is  a  potential  that  patient  care  could  be  hindered  due  to  physicians  prescribing  medications  that  are  not  medically  necessary  in  order  to  receive  higher  profits.  Regulations,  such  as  those  in  the  United  States  that  prohibit  physicians  from  receiving  profits  from  dispensing,  should  be  in  place  in  India  to  reduce  patient  risk  as  well  as  to  prevent  pharmacies  from  going  out  of  business.  

Effects  of  Focal  Ankle  Joint  Cooling  on  Sural  Nerve  Conduction  in  Healthy  and  Sprained  Ankle  Joints  Kimberly  Pritchard,  PhD,  VATL,  ATC,  Assistant  Professor,  Athletic  Training  Program,  Shenandoah  University  

Context:  The  physiological  effects  of  cryotherapy  are  not  well  understood  and  may  be  misleading  because  much  of  the  current  research  examines  healthy,  non-‐painful  participants.    Objective:  To  compare  the  effects  of  focal  ankle  joint  cooling  on  sural  nerve  conduction  in  healthy  and  subacute  lateral  ankle  sprain  participants.  Patients:  34  participants  (23  healthy  controls,  11  ankle  sprains).  Ankle  sprains  were  tested  within  5-‐14  days  of  injury  and  confirmed  mild  pain  during  activity.    Intervention(s):  Focal  ankle  joint  cooling  using  2-‐0.5  L  crushed  ice  bags  with  compression  for  15  minutes.    Main  Outcome  Measures:  Sensory  nerve  action  potential  measures  of  the  sural  nerve  at  baseline  and  post-‐intervention.    Results:  Onset  latency  and  peak  latency  were  similar  at  baseline  and  post-‐intervention  in  both  groups,  but  focal  joint  cooling  significantly  increased  both  latencies  in  each  group.  At  baseline,  amplitude  values  were  lower  in  the  ankle  sprain  group.  Focal  joint  cooling  significantly  increased  amplitude  in  both  groups,  but  the  groups  were  no  longer  different  after  the  intervention.  Nerve  conduction  velocity  was  slower  in  the  ankle  sprain  group  prior  to  intervention,  and  further  decreased  after  cooling;  the  healthy  group  also  saw  a  decrease  in  conduction  velocity,  but  the  groups  were  no  longer  different.    Conclusions:  Patients  experiencing  mild  pain  after  ankle  sprains  had  lower  amplitude  and  slower  conduction  velocity  at  baseline  compared  to  healthy  participants.  Focal  joint  cooling  altered  all  portions  of  sensory  nerve  action  potential  measurements,  but  did  not  result  any  differences  between  groups.  Applying  focal  cooling  to  an  injured  joint  may  make  injured  joints  appear  more  like  healthy  joints.  

Home  and  Work-‐Based  Interventions  For  an  Adult  with  Mental  Illness:  Two  Analyses  Bethany  Deitz,  Graduate  Studies,  Psychology,  Shenandoah  University  Brandon  F.  Greene,  PhD,  BCBA-‐D,  Coordinator,  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program,  Shenandoah  University  

Note:  This  is  one  in  a  collection  of  presentations  from  the  ABA  Program  Two  analyses  were  conducted  with  a  34-‐year-‐old  male  who  possessed  multiple  mental  health  diagnoses.  The  first  analysis  was  conducted  in  his  home  and  involved  housekeeping  behavior  (mealtime  garbage  disposal).  A  token-‐based  reward  system  was  used  in  a  changing  criterion  design.  Results  indicated  a  change  in  housekeeping  that  met  the  criteria  in  all  categories;  results  were  maintained  in  the  follow  up  phase.  The  second  analysis  was  conducted  at  the  participant’s  workplace  and  involved  his  social  behavior.  This  study  employed  a  multiple  baseline  across  behaviors  design  and  included  a  limited  component  analysis  of  the  effect  of  coaching,  social  praise  and  physical  reminders,  which  served  as  the  independent  variables  selected  to  improve  his  interactions  with  co-‐workers.  Results  indicated  significant  levels  of  improvement  in  his  social  behavior  that  enabled  the  participant  to  keep  his  job,  which  had  been  in  jeopardy  at  the  beginning  of  the  analysis.    

 

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Investigating  a  New  Discourse:  The  NCAA’s  legitimacy  as  it  relates  to  Corporate  Social  Responsibility  and  the  Academy.  Fritz  G.  Polite,  PhD,  Director  of  Sport  Management  Program,  Shenandoah  University  Jacob  Young,  Graduate  Studies,  MBA,  Shenandoah  University  Nicholas  Schlereth,  Doctoral  Candidate,  University  of  New  Mexico  

With  the  change  in  societal  priorities,  corporate  social  responsibility  is  becoming  more  of  a  staple  to  strategic  planning  for  organizations.  Strategic  planning  in  any  organization  sets  the  tone  for  what  is  important  to  the  organization.  This  translates  to  how  the  organization  functions  and  how  priority  is  assigned.  This  logic  transcends  the  organization  and  disseminates  to  social  actors  (Thorton  &  Ocasto,  1999).  The  institutional  logic  is  a  key  component  in  how  the  social  actors  accept  and/or  endorses  an  organization,  thus  conferring  organizational  legitimacy  (Meyers  &  Rowan,  1977).    Recent  court  rulings  have  magnified  the  NCAA  position  as  an  amateur  model  from  which  the  organization  has  traditionally  drawn  its  legitimacy.  There  is  a  three-‐prong  test  in  order  for  legitimacy  to  be  conferred  on  an  organization.  They  are  reasonableness,  rationality,  and  validity  (Meyers  &  Rowan,  1977).  The  NCAA  has  traditionally  stated  that  the  priority  and  focus  of  the  organization  is  the  student  athlete  (NCAA,  2004).  The  amateur  student  athlete  model  can  be  considered  an  institutional  myth,  or  a  statement  that  is  just  presumed  to  be  true  due  to  the  fact  that  it  was  grounded  in  the  NCAA’s  institutional  logic.  When  an  institutional  myth  is  questioned  and  does  not  hold  up  to  scrutiny,  the  organization  loses  one  of  the  pillars  of  its  legitimacy,  validity  (Meyers  &  Rowan,  1977).    The  purpose  of  this  is  to  investigate  a  discourse  into  the  legitimacy  of  the  NCAA  in  relationship  to  its  corporate  social  responsibility  within  the  constructs  of  the  academy.  

Is  It  Research  Or...Applied  Behavior  Analysis?  Brandon  F.  Greene,  PhD,  BCBA-‐D,  Coordinator,  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program,  Shenandoah  University    

Note:  This  is  one  in  a  collection  of  presentations  from  the  ABA  Program    Applied  Behavior  Analysis  is  a  process  for  measuring  and  effecting  change  in  the  behavior  of  individuals,  groups  and  organizations.  It  may  focus  as  readily  on  issues  as  diverse  as  the  learning  difficulties  of  an  autistic  child,  the  energy  conservation  practices  of  a  community,  the  productivity  of  a  business,  or  a  university’s  success  at  recruiting  and  retaining  students.  Its  practices  are  based  on  the  scientific  method  and,  as  such,  share  certain  characteristics  with  research  including  an  emphasis  on  the  systematic  collection  of  data  and  an  attempt  to  identify  causal  relationships  between  independent  and  dependent  variables  (i.e.,  programs  and  program  outcomes).  Often,  however,  there  are  important  differences  between  applied  behavior  analysis  and  research  (as  it  is  traditionally  practiced)  including  the  selection  of  problems  to  study;  the  population  in  which  to  study  them;  and  the  tactics  and  purposes  for  testing  interventions  (independent  variables),  analyzing  data,  and  ascribing  causality.  This  poster  presentation  will  highlight  these  differences.  It  will  also  provide  a  cornerstone  for  four  (4)  other  poster  presentations  that  feature  the  application  of  behavior  analysis  to  problems  ranging  from  the  design  of  daily  routines  at  a  group  home  to  the  timeliness  of  service  documentation  at  a  counseling  agency.  These  applications  were  completed,  under  the  guidance  of  Dr.  Brandon  F.  Greene,  by  graduate  students  in  the  first  cohort  of  the  Masters  Program  in  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  at  Shenandoah  University.  

Is  There  A  Common  Solution  To  Rural/Urban  Disparities?  Kim  Fendley,  PhD,  Associate  Professor  of  Sociology,  Shenandoah  University  Audra  Gollenberg,  PhD,  Assistant  Professor  of  Public  Health,  Shenandoah  University  Charles  Devine,  III,  MD,  Health  Director,  Lord  Fairfax  Health  District  

Purpose:  Despite  the  progress  made  in  infant  mortality  (IM)  since  the  early  1900s,  little  reduction  has  been  seen  in  recent  years  and  substantial  disparities  remain  across  socioeconomic,  racial/ethnic,  and  rural/urban  gradients.  We  sought  to  examine  how  rural  and  urban  stakeholders  perceive  maternal/child  health  disparities  in  two  distinct  Virginia  communities:  Winchester  (diverse/urban)  and  Page  County  (low  SES/rural).    Methods:  As  a  first  step  in  developing  coalitions  for  community-‐based  participatory  research,  a  snowball  sampling  method  was  used  to  identify  and  interview  74  community  stakeholders  in  healthcare,  social  services,  local  government,  non-‐profit  agencies,  faith-‐based  institutions  and  citizens  in  each  locale  between  November  2012-‐December  2013.  Questions  were  open-‐ended  and  responses  were  categorized  into  thematic  answers.    Results:  The  rural  versus  urban  leadership  perceive  very  different  health  disparities.  While  both  list  ‘low  income’  populations  as  high-‐risk,  urban  leaders  identify  African-‐Americans  and  Hispanics  (28%)  and  adolescent/single  mothers  (19%)  as  their  groups  of  concern.  In  contrast,  Page  identifies  groups  with  low  income  (37%),  low  education  (16%),  and  substance  abuse  (16%).  A  variety  of  other  responses  tell  a  story  of  the  wide  range  of  

 

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perceptions  of  the  stakeholders.  “More  education”  was  the  overwhelming  response  from  both  locales  as  a  solution  to  IM  rates.    Discussion/Conclusion:  Winchester  leadership  identifies  specific  high-‐risk  populations  who  can  be  targeted  in  the  city,  whereas  Page  County  has  generations-‐old  family  traditions  guiding  parental  decisions.  These  data  inform  the  coalitions  that  education  and  outreach  to  inform  isolated  populations,  update  cultural  knowledge,  and  teach  the  leadership  current  research  on  IM  is  needed  and  should  realize  positive  changes  in  infant  health.  Grant  Support:  Eunice  Kennedy  Shriver  National  Institute  of  Child  Health  and  Human  Development  R13  HD075496.  Awarded  to  Shenandoah  University,  2012-‐2015  

McCone  –  A  Nurse  from  Hell’s  Half  Acre  Jennifer  Matthews,  PhD,  RN,  CNS,  FAAN,  Auxiliary  Adjunct  Professor,  Shenandoah  University  Juanita  Carter,  RN,  WMH  Class  1953  Rebecca  Myers,  MSN,  CMSRN,  adjunct  Clinical  Instructor,  Shenandoah  University  

Background:  This  poster  presentation  is  an  historical  qualitative  review  which  documents  part  of  the  career  of  Mary  Jane  McCone,  RN,  Major,  US  Army  Nurse  Corps.  She  served  36  years  as  the  Director  of  Nurses  at  Winchester  Memorial  Hospital  from  1935  until  1968  except  four  years  service  in  World  War  II.  There  is  little  in  the  literature  about  service  of  nurses  in  World  War  II  which  included  their  work  during  the  Anzio  Italy  campaign  –  this  review  focuses  on  McCone  and  other  nurses  during  the  Anzio  campaign.  Purpose:  The  purpose  is  to  educate  a  new  generation  of  nurses  and  the  public  about  the  legacy  of  McCone’s  service  and  her  standards  and  virtues  and  her  legacy.  Methods:  There  was  a  review  of  available  archives  concerning  Miss  McCone  at  renowned  libraries,  organizations,  and  the  Office  of  US  Military  History,  as  well  as  interviews  with  individuals  who  worked  for  and  with  Miss  McCone;  or  interviews  with  individuals  who  inherited  legacy  activities  of  Miss  McCone.  Protection  of  Human  Subjects:  This  is  a  historic  study.  The  documents  accessed  either  by  print  or  on  internet  archives  are  part  of  the  public  and  military  records;  none  were  classified  or  embargoed.    Findings:  The  findings  comprise  part  of  a  chronology  of  the  life  and  career  of  Miss  Mary  Jane  McCone.  Strengths:  Interviews  with  nurses  who  had  been  her  students,  direct  colleagues,  and  individuals  who  were  education  and  community  leaders  as  well  as  state  leaders.  There  were  no  audio/video  recordings;  written  records  were  made  of  the  interviews.  Limitations:  Documentation  about  females  in  the  military  and  in  the  military  nurse  corps  are  sketchy  at  best,  none  at  all,  and  frequently  consists  of  broad  statements  of  about  the  medical  units.  The  ‘Fog  of  War’  in  WWII  leaves  broad  gaps  about  personnel  service  and  achievements  of  the  soldiers  and  military  personnel.  

On  Huntington's  Disease:  A  Mathematical  Model  Paula  Grajdeanu,  PhD,  Applied  Mathematics,  Associate  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Shenandoah  University Kevin  Cappello,  Graduate  Studies,  Shenandoah  University  Lowell  Edkins,  Graduate  Studies,  Shenandoah  University  Kathleen  Lasick,  Graduate  Studies,  Shenandoah  University  Juan  Panuco,  Graduate  Studies,  Shenandoah  University  Jasper  Jade  Raquindin,  Graduate  Studies,  Shenandoah  University  Lauren  Richardson,  Graduate  Studies,  Shenandoah  University  Erin  Weddle,  Graduate  Studies,  Shenandoah  University  

This  is  a  collaborative  project  between  mathematics  majors  and  biosciences  majors,  aiming  to  explore  mathematical  tools  and  computer  programming  concepts  that  could  be  relevant  to  Huntington's  Disease.  Ultimately,  brainstorming  sessions  will  lead  to  translation  of  biological  phenomena  characteristic  to  Huntington's  Disease  into  mathematical  models  that  could  help  answer  questions  related  to  the  disease  (treatment,  disease  onset,  disease  dynamics,  etc.).  

Pharmacy  Student  Preferences  on  Instructional  Strategies  in  a  Mental  Health  Elective  –  Strategies  Used  and  Lessons  Learned  Gina  Ayers,  PharmD  Candidate,  Shenandoah  University  Mitsi  Lizer,  PharmD,  BCPP,  Residency  Program  Director,  Shenandoah  University  Richard  Pierce,  EdD,  Associate  Professor  Biopharmaceutical  Sciences, Shenandoah  University  Teresa  Elsobky,  PharmD,  Assistant  Professor  Pharmacy  Practice,  Shenandoah  University  

 

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Objective:  The  purposes  of  this  study  included:  1)  to  review  students'  perceptions  of  the  effectiveness  of  instructional  activities  to  improve  knowledge  of  issues  surrounding  mental  illness,  and  2)  to  assess  students'  perceptions  of  the  impact  of  instructional  tools  to  destigmatize  issues  surrounding  the  mental  health  population.  Methods:  A  non-‐experimental  survey  design  study  was  conducted  between  2008  and  2012  to  identify  student  attitudes  regarding  the  efficacy  of  various  instructional  tools  to  improve  knowledge  of  mental  illness  and  to  destigmatize  mental  illness.  Results:  Significant  differences  were  found  in  student  perceptions  of  instructional  strategies  for  improving  knowledge  and  for  destigmatizing  mental  health.  The  use  of  videos  in  class  was  considered  by  students  to  be  the  most  effective  instructional  tool  for  learning  compared  to  required  texts,  patient  encounters,  or  student  generated  artifacts.  Direct  patient  encounters  through  visits  to  National  Alliance  on  Mental  Illness  (NAMI)  meetings  or  invited  speakers  were  considered  the  most  efficacious  instructional  strategy  by  students  for  destigmatizing  mental  health  issues.  Conclusions:  Faculty  members  may  benefit  from  previous  efforts  in  the  scholarship  of  teaching  and  learning  (SOTL)  when  designing  learning  experiences.  In  order  to  develop  student-‐centered  learning  activities,  practitioners  should  be  aware  of,  and  responsive  to,  student  preferences.  Incorporation  of  experiences  that  are  valued  by  the  student  is  an  example  of  continuous  improvement  and  reflective  practice.  

Prescription  to  Over-‐the-‐Counter  Switches  in  the  US  Jongwha  Chang  PhD,  McWhorter  School  of  Pharmacy,  Samford  University  Allie  Lizer  BS,  Bernard  J.  Dunn  School  of  Pharmacy,  Shenandoah  University  Isha  Patel  PhD,  Bernard  J.  Dunn  School  of  Pharmacy,  Shenandoah  University  Akram  Ahmad  PharmD,  UCSI  University,  Kuala  Lumpur,  Malaysia  Xi  Tan  PharmD,  University  of  Michigan  

As  the  role  of  the  pharmacist  becomes  more  patient  and  counseling-‐centered,  the  healthcare  market  is  changing  to  keep  up  with  more  modern  needs,  such  as  self-‐treatment.  This  study  reviews  the  impact  of  switching  prescription  medication  to  OTC  on  consumers,  providers,  drug  manufacturers  and  insurers.  Self-‐treatment  allows  patients  to  diagnose  their  own  condition  and  then  head  to  a  pharmacy  to  pick  appropriate  medication  to  treat  their  symptoms.  This  allows  much  more  freedom  for  the  consumer  to  take  an  active  role  in  his  or  her  own  health.  In  order  for  patients  to  self-‐treat,  there  needs  to  be  access  to  over-‐the-‐counter  medication  that  they  can  utilize.  Many  medications  that  are  available  as  over-‐the-‐counter  today  were  once  prescription  medications.  As  more  studies  and  trials  are  done  for  different  drugs  they  may  be  deemed  as  safe  and  accurate  for  use  without  a  prescription.    

Reading  in  Graduate  School:  Students’  Perceptions  and  Practices  Rosemary  Green,  PhD,  Graduate  Programs  Librarian,  Shenandoah  University  

Graduate  students  must  become  purposeful,  critical,  and  proficient  readers.  The  academy  and  their  fields  require  mastery  of  disciplinary  discourse,  delivered  in  increasing  textual  complexity  and  quantity  throughout  the  graduate  curriculum.  Expertise  with  academic  reading  is  assumed  as  a  condition  of  acceptance  to  graduate  school.  However,  the  processes  by  which  graduate  learners  negotiate  academic  reading  have  received  little  research  and  pedagogical  attention.  Despite  the  centrality  of  reading,  it  remains  a  hidden  practice.  During  the  spring  2014  semester,  I  commenced  a  practice-‐based  research  project  (SU  IRB  approval  2014-‐2015).  This  study  represents  a  small-‐scale  effort  to  uncover  graduate  students’  perceptions  of  and  practices  in  academic  reading.  My  inquiry  is  guided  by  two  questions:  What  are  students’  perceptions  of  graduate-‐level  reading?  and  How  do  students  manage  graduate-‐level  reading?  I  am  currently  collecting  narrative  data  from  graduate  Conservatory  students  enrolled  in  research  methods  and  academic  writing  courses  that  I  teach.  I  continue  to  analyze  the  narratives  for  emergent  themes,  guided  by  a  critical  literacy  framework.  In  this  session,  I  aim  to  encourage  a  reconsideration  of  academic  reading  from  graduate  students’  perspectives.  I  invite  exhibit  attendees  to  share  their  understandings  of  graduate  students’  approaches  to  reading,  and  together  we  may  turn  our  pedagogical  lenses  inward  to  explore  our  own  expectations,  perceptions,  and  practices.  

Setting  the  Standard  for  Asthma  Education  in  our  Community  Melissa  Carroll,  MHSc,  BSRT,  Shenandoah  University  

As  asthma  continues  in  increase  its  grip  on  the  children  of  the  United  States,  an  increasing  need  for  a  gold  standard  of  treatment  and  education  becomes  apparent.  An  investigation  of  current  trends  of  patient  education  in  the  Winchester,  Virginia  community  revealed  a  blatant  lack  of  asthma  education  opportunities  for  families  of  asthmatic  children.  Further  implicating  the  need  for  appropriate  models  for  asthma  education  are  poverty  and  low  health  literacy.  Literature  was  reviewed  regarding  the  demographics  of  community  and  asthma,  correlations  between  low  

 

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health  literacy,  poverty,  and  asthma,  as  well  as  possible  resolutions  for  this  community  education  inadequacy.  The  literature  reviewed  provided  clear  correlations  between  poverty,  minimal  education,  and  low  health  literacy  as  well  as  correlations  between  the  aforementioned  and  poor  asthma  outcomes.  Resolutions  to  the  identified  inadequacies  such  as  shared  medical  appointments  and  multiple  educational  platforms  were  evaluated  and  proved  to  be  viable  options  for  improved  asthma  education  for  families  of  asthmatic  children  of  low  health  literacy.  The  presentation  represents  literature  reviewed  and  proposal  for  a  solution.  

Sport  Video  Games  as  Sport  Management  Pedagogy:  A  Look  into  Virtual  Fields  of  Instruction  Joey  Gawrysiak,  PhD,  Assistant  Professor  of  Sport  Management  in  the  School  of  Business,  Shenandoah  University  

Sport  Management  as  an  academic  field  and  area  of  scholarly  research  has  grown  quickly  over  the  past  30  years  as  multiple  countries  understand  the  need  for  sport  management  practitioners.  Similarly,  video  games  have  grown  from  simple  games  to  complex  systems  of  not  only  play,  but  also  of  information  dissemination.  The  use  of  video  games  and  simulations  to  teach  various  lessons  has  been  used  for  decades,  but  not  in  the  case  of  sport  management.  Contemporary  sport  video  games  allow  for  users  to  place  themselves  in  the  shoes  of  mangers,  general  managers,  and  sometimes  even  owners.  It  is  yet  to  be  seen  if  sport  video  games  can  actually  teach  lessons  normally  reserved  for  classroom  discussion  and  exploration.  With  the  advances  in  technology  and  the  growing  sophistication  of  sport  video  games,  it  may  be  that  gamers  can  learn  concepts  of  sport  management  in  virtual  space  and  time.  This  work  aims  at  comparing  a  popular  sport  video  game  manager  mode  with  a  sport  simulation  not  aimed  at  entertainment  value  on  looking  at  whether  or  not  students  can  enhance  sport  management  learning  and  understanding.  It  extends  previous  work  done  by  Giannoulakis  (2009)  in  taking  a  look  at  entertainment  games  in  relation  to  sport  simulations  to  teach  sport  management  lessons,  as  well  as  updating  work  in  this  field  with  contemporary  games.  Manager  Mode  on  NBA  2K15  for  the  Xbox  One  is  compared  to  Out  of  the  Park  Baseball  simulation  for  purposes  of  this  work.  

The  Challenges  of  School  Leadership  Dennis  Kellison,  EdD,  Acting  Director  of  the  School  of  Education  and  Human  Development,  Shenandoah  University  Jerry  Putt,  EdD  Administrative  Leadership  Student,  Shenandoah  University;  Principal,  Daniel  Morgan  Middle  School  

As  head  of  the  Educational  Administration  Program  at  Shenandoah  University,  it  is  the  responsibility  of  our  program  to  graduate  competent,  highly  skilled,  knowledgeable,  school  administrators  to  be  our  future  school  leaders.  New  administrators  face  several  challenges  as  they  begin  their  careers  as  school  leaders.  One  initial  hurdle  is  ‘surviving’  the  first  year.  No  amount  of  academic  preparation  can  totally  prepare  one  for  that  initial  assignment.  Mr.  Jerry  Putt  was  appointed  in  August  2014  as  principal  of  Daniel  Morgan  Middle  School  in  Winchester.  He  is  also  a  student  in  our  EdD  program.  Mr.  Putt  is  audio  recording  his  daily  activities  as  a  principal  over  the  course  of  his  first  year.  The  recordings  will  be  transcribed  and  then  his  activities  will  be  coded  using  major  leadership  characteristics  from  the  research  as  themes.  The  results  will  be  analyzed  and  categorized  in  order  to  give  them  meaning.  Over  the  long-‐term,  this  information  will  be  shared  in  the  form  of  articles  and  presentations  for  Educational  Administration  courses  and  professional  organizations.  Future  administrators  can  gain  valuable  insight  into  the  challenges  and  responsibilities  of  initial  school  leadership  as  a  result  of  our  study.  

The  Effect  of  Drinking  High  pH  Water  on  perceived  Larygopharyngeal  Reflux  (LPR)  Symptoms  of  a  Sample  of  Singers  Kathleen  Bell,  Graduate  Studies,  Voice  Pedagogy,  Shenandoah  University  Conservatory  

Laryngopharyngeal  Reflux  (LPR)  is  a  prevalent  health  concern  and  its  symptoms  can  be  debilitating  for  voice  professionals.  Common  treatments  include  behavioral  modification,  pharmaceutical  treatment  and  surgical  intervention.  Results  from  these  strategies  are  at  best  inconsistent  and  at  worst  problematic.  Dr.  Jamie  Koufman  states  that  the  acidification  of  the  American  diet  has  affected  the  prevalence  of  LPR.  Her  in  vitro  study  and  anecdotal  evidence  have  suggested  drinking  high  pH  water  as  a  safe,  readily  available  low  cost  option  (less  than  $2.50/day)  to  denature  pepsin  present  in  the  esophagus  and  alleviate  LPR  symptoms.  To  date  no  clinical  studies  on  the  efficacy  of  this  treatment  have  been  published.  In  order  to  respond  to  the  need  for  more  specific  research,  I  asked  singers  from  the  community  in  which  I  currently  reside  and  teach  with  symptoms  of  LPR  to  drink  high  pH  water.  Using  non  probability  sampling  techniques,  a  snowball  sample  was  gathered  for  participation  in  the  study  (N=34).  Study  participants  completed  three  activities:  1)  filled  out  the  Reflux  Symptom  Index  (RSI)  2)  answered  the  singer  specific  questions  (SSQ)  and  3)  filled  out  a  food  journal  before  the  study  and  after  drinking  water  with  a  pH  of  9.5.  No  lifestyle  or  dietary  changes  outside  of  drinking  the  high  pH  water  were  allowed  for  the  purposes  of  the  study.  The  data  results  reveal  a  compelling  reduction  in  both  the  RSI  &  SSQ  for  21  of  the  34  participants.  

 

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The  Shenandoah  University  Writing  Center  Embedded  Tutor  Program    Doug  Enders,  PhD,  Professor  of  English;  Director  of  the  SU  Writing  Center,  Shenandoah  University  Warren  Hofstra,  PhD,  Professor  of  History;  Director  of  Shenandoah  University  Community  History  Project  

The  Shenandoah  University  Writing  Center  Embedded  Tutor  Program  represents  an  evolving  collaboration  between  the  Writing  Center  and  the  university’s  undergraduate  history  department.  Initiated  by  Doug  Enders,  director  of  the  Writing  Center,  and  Warren  Hofstra,  Professor  of  History,  the  program  has  facilitated  both  sides  of  the  teaching-‐learning  process  in  several  upper  and  lower  history  courses  by  assisting  faculty  in  using  writing  in  their  courses  to  develop  students’  critical  thinking  and  writing  skills  and  by  empowering  students  to  better  understand  their  discipline-‐specific  writing  tasks  and  to  apply  strategies  necessary  to  complete  those  tasks  successfully.  Within  the  program,  the  embedded  Writing  Center  tutor  acts  as  a  liaison  between  faculty  and  students  by  participating  in  class  sessions;  engaging  in  tutorials  with  students;  and  consulting  with  faculty  about  writing  assignment  design  and  student  progress  in  responding  to  assignments.    Assessment  of  the  program’s  impact  shows  that  undergraduate  students  in  courses  with  embedded  tutors  achieved  statistically  higher  scores  on  targeted  writing  objectives  than  did  students  in  classes  without  embedded  tutors.  This  project  exhibition  proposes:  (1)  to  demonstrate  how  the  embedded  tutor  program  has  equipped  students  with  the  requisite  skills  in  critical  thinking,  analytical  reasoning,  and  expository  writing  necessary  to  complete  research  and  essay-‐writing  projects  in  the  disciplines;  (2)  to  develop  a  model  for  tutorial  support  of  students  in  the  areas  of  critical  thinking  and  effective  writing  that  can  be  adopted  by  faculty  in  other  disciplines  and  departments  at  Shenandoah  University;  and  (3)  to  contribute  to  the  Scholarship  of  Teaching  in  an  essential  but  often  neglected  field  of  higher  education.  

Tonal  Analyses  in  Chopin's  28  Preludes,  Op.  28  using  R  Programming Alina  Kirshon  Goldman,  DMA  Voice  Performance,  Shenandoah  University  Conservatory  

The  purpose  of  this  research  project  was  to  exemplify  one  of  many  possible  usages  of  programming  in  music  theory  research.  R  Programming  language,  which  was  originally  developed  to  perform  statistical  data  analyses,  was  adopted  by  music  theorists  to  perform  a  variety  of  analytical  tasks  such  as  lyrics,  rhythm  and  tonal  analyses.  In  this  study  I  used  R  Programming  skills  learned  in  the  Music  as  Information  course  to  create  a  program  that  performed  a  pitch  class  distribution  analysis  of  Chopin’s  28  preludes  and  Haydn’s  string  quartets  op.  17.  Through  this  analysis  I  was  hoping  to  learn  more  about  key  representation  in  Chopin's  preludes.  To  evaluate  Chopin’s  key  establishment,  I  compared  my  findings  with  a  more  conventional  tonal  structure  in  Haydn’s  quartets.  Since  the  data  were  in  different  formats,  I  had  to  find  a  way  to  compare  similar  parameters.  For  that  purpose  I  used  only  a  pitch  class  distribution  (individual  notes)  and  not  a  pitch  class  set  distribution  (chords).  For  visual  facilitation,  all  results  were  transposed  to  the  key  of  C.    R  Programming  language  allowed  for  the  results  to  be  represented  easily  through  plotting.  The  analysis  of  my  results  revealed  that  Chopin’s  chromaticism  is  represented  by  a  strong  presence  of  notes  outside  of  the  key.  He  expanded  the  traditional  technique  of  establishing  a  key  and  often  chose  to  begin  his  preludes  with  tonal  ambiguity.  The  use  of  my  newly  acquired  R  Programming  skills  allowed  me  to  perform  the  analysis  in  a  very  short  period  of  time.

Use  of  Preference  Assessments  and  Peer  Training  to  Increase  Cooperative  Play  in  a  Child  with  Autism  Diana  Hayes,  MS,  Psychology,  Shenandoah  University,  Grafton  Integrated  Health  Network  Brandon  F.  Greene,  PhD,  BCBA-‐D,  Coordinator,  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program,  Shenandoah  University  

Note:  This  is  one  of  a  collection  of  presentations  submitted  by  the  Applied  Behavior  Analysis  Program  A  common  characteristic  of  people  with  Autism  Spectrum  Disorder  is  a  lack  of  social  interaction  with  their  typically  developing  peers.  There  is  extensive  research  on  strategies  to  promote  social  interaction,  many  of  which  focus  on  peer  training.  There  is  also  extensive  research  on  methods  to  determine  the  preference  of  children  with  disabilities  for  certain  stimuli,  typically  in  preparation  for  using  those  stimuli  as  reinforcers.  In  the  present  project,  the  most  and  least  preferred  stimuli  of  a  child  with  autism  were  identified  and  presented  during  play  sessions  to  determine  the  extent  to  which  those  would  set  the  occasion  for,  or  affect,  social  interaction  with  a  typically  developing  peer.  The  most  and  least  preferred  stimuli  were  determined  using  a  brief  multiple  stimulus  without  replacement  preference  assessment.  A  multi-‐element  analysis  evaluated  the  impact  of  these  two  conditions  on  a  three-‐year-‐old  child  with  autism.  The  results  indicated  that  the  stimuli  most  preferred  by  the  child  with  autism  facilitated  higher  levels  of  his  cooperative  play  with  a  typically  developing  peer  than  least  preferred  stimuli.  The  findings  suggest  the  preference  of  an  item  can  increase  the  occasion  for  a  child  with  autism  to  participate  in  cooperative  play  with  peers.