Windpower

The contribution of Renewable Energy Sources to the world energy suply in 2040 – Projections in Mtoe

Growth rates of diferent technologies in EREC

Scenario

Growth of Wind Energy Capacity Worldwide

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 '05 '06 '07 '08

Rest of World

Actual Projected

Rest of World

North America North America

Europe Europe

Jan 2006 Cumulative MW = 56,813

Rest of World = 7,270

North America = 9,550

Europe = 39,993

MW

Inst

alle

d

Sources: BTM Consult Aps, Sept 2005

Windpower Monthly, January 2006

WindpowerThe average wind speed in different months (m/s)

Spot \ Month Jan Feb Marc Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Okt Nov DecYearly

Average

Budapest, Csillagvizsgáló

3,4 3,6 3,9 3,7 3,1 3,0 2,9 3,1 3,0 3,3 3,2 3,6 3,3

Budapest, Obszervatórium

3,3 3,7 4,1 4,2 3,7 3,6 3,5 3,6 3,2 3,3 3,0 3,6 3,6

Debrecen, Repülőtér

3,3 3,2 3,5 3,5 3,2 2,8 2,7 2,5 2,5 2,6 2,5 3,0 2,9

Kecskemét 3,0 3,2 3,7 3,6 3,0 2,7 2,6 2,6 2,5 2,7 2,6 3,2 3,0

Kékestető 3,2 3,2 3,1 3,4 2,6 2,2 2,4 2,6 2,8 3,6 3,3 3,6 3,0

Keszthely 2,6 2,8 3,5 3,5 2,8 3,0 2,4 2,5 2,1 2,4 3,0 3,0 2,8

Windturbine’s structure

1. Base2. Tower3. Nacelle

Windturbine’s structure

1. Blades 2. Rotor3. Pitch4. Brake5. Low-speed shaft6. Gear box7. Generator8. Controller9. Anemometer10. Wind Vane11. NaceIIe12. High-speed shaft13. Yaw drive14. Yaw motor15. Tower

The Schematic of Wind Turbine

How does the WIND TURBINE work?

CordCord

Middle lineMiddle lineAngle of attackAngle of attack

VelocityVelocity

http://www.pagendarm.de/trapp/programming/java/profiles/NACA4.html


LiftLiftFFLL

DragDrag FFDD

c


Pressure distribution around an airfoil

0

- +

H

Pressure along the upper surface

Pressure along the lower surface


RU Peripheral velocity =

U

U

C

Wind velocity = C

Relative velocity = V

V


UV

CFFLL

FFDD

Torque

Trust


UV

CTorque

Trust

U

V

C Torque

Trust


Torque

Trust

C Fthrust

M’torque

F’thrust

M’thrust


The physical limits of the transform of wind energy

v1 [m/s] — Windspeed, in front of bladev2 [m/s] — Windspeed, behind the bladev [m/s] — Windspeed, trough the bladeF [m2] — Blade’s covering area [kg/m3] — air densityN [W] — Power of wind mill

The physical limits of the transform of wind energy

21 vv 2

21 vvv

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1 22

21

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21

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22

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vvvvvF

v

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2

1

2

v

v

v

v

3

1

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3*442

1

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v

N

31

31

212

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max 2593.0

227

16

923

2FvFv

vv

vv

FN

Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3

A - Area of the circle swept by the rotorρ = Air density V = Wind Velocity

Wind Turbine Power Basics

Wind Turbine Power Curve

Functioning of a windmill

Isolated working method

In isolated working method the energy doesn’t goes in the national electric network. The produced electricity is used only locally. Such a places are not connected to national electric network. In e.g.: farms, hunter cottage, workshops.

Intake working method

The produced electricity is intaken to the national electric network or to the local electric distributor network. The electric Power Co. pays for the so produced electricity.

Functioning of a Windturbine

Intake working method

Hungary first windturbine’s major technological datas

1. Type:ENERCON E-40 Without clatch with variable rev and

bladeangle.

2. Nominal efficiency: 600 kW

3. Shaft height: 65 m

4. Blade span: 44 m

5. Number of blades: 3 piece

6. Rotation number/RPM/: 18-341/min

7. Min. wind speed: 2,5 m/s (9 km/h)

8. Max. wind speed: 25 m/s (90 m/s)

9. Produced voltage: 440 V

10. Network intake: 20000 V

11. Expected production: 1200 MWh/year

12. Production in first year: 1230 MWh

At it’s simplest, the wind turns the turbine’s blades, which spin a shaft connected to a generator that makes electricity.

Large turbines are grouped together to form a wind power plant, which feeds electricity to the grid.

Schematic of Wind Plant

Offshore GE Wind Energy 3.6 MW Prototype

Boeing 747-400

Deep Water Wind Turbine Development

Current Technology

Windy onshore sites are not close to coastal load centers

The electric utility grid cannot be easily set up for interstate electric transmission

Load centers are close to the offshore wind sites

Offshore Wind – U.S. RationaleWhy Go Offshore?

Graphic Credit: Bruce Bailey AWS Truewind

US Population Concentration

Graphic Credit: GE Energy

% area class 3 or above

US Wind Resource

U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Opportunity

U.S. Department of EnergyNational Renewable Energy Laboratory

U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Resource

Region 0 - 30 30 - 60 60 - 900 > 900New England 10.3 43.5 130.6 0.0Mid-Atlantic 64.3 126.2 45.3 30.0Great Lakes 15.5 11.6 193.6 0.0California 0.0 0.3 47.8 168.0Pacific Northwest 0.0 1.6 100.4 68.2Total 90.1 183.2 517.7 266.2

GW by Depth (m)

Resource Not Yet Assessed

Typical Offshore Wind Farm Layout

Cable Laying Ship

Source: Wind Directions, September 2004

Location of Existing Offshore Installations Worldwide

Sweden3%

Netherlands2%

Ireland3%

Germany1%

Denmark53%

United Kingdom

38%

804-MW Installed Dec 2005

Horns Rev Wind Farm - Denmark

Country: DenmarkLocation: West CoastTotal Capacity: 160 MWNumber of Turbines: 80Distance to Shore: 14-20 kmDepth: 6-12 mCapital Costs: 270 million EuroManufacturer: VestasTotal Capacity: 2 MWTurbine-type: V80 - 80m diameterHub-height: 70-mMean Windspeed: 9.7 m/sAnnual Energy output: 600 GWh

Wind Turbine Size

Arklow Banks WindfarmThe Irish Sea

Photo: R. Thresher

Fixed Bottom Substructure Technology

Monopile Foundation Gravity Foundation Tripod/Truss Foundation

Most Common Type Minimal FootprintDepth Limit 25-mLow stiffness

Larger FootprintDepth Limit?Stiffer but heavy

No wind experience Oil and gas to 450-mLarger footprint

Graphics source: http://www.offshorewindenergy.org/

Proven Designs Future

Future ConceptsCommercialization is long term

Offshore Wind Turbine AccessCredit: GE Energy

Credit: GE Energy

Photo: Elsam

RePower 5-MW - Worlds Largest Turbine

• 5-MW Rating• 61.5-m blade length (LM Glasfibres)• Offshore Demonstration project by

Talisman Energy in Beatrice Fields

45-m Water Depths Two machines

Windpower

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