Windbreak Technology Provided by: John Harrington [email protected] Mora Research Center New Mexico...
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Transcript of Windbreak Technology Provided by: John Harrington [email protected] Mora Research Center New Mexico...
Windbreak Technology
Provided by:
John [email protected]
Mora Research CenterNew Mexico State University
General Benefits of Windbreaks
Wind Direction
Windbreak Design
Windbreak Benefits
• Climate amelioration
• Home protection
• Soil protection
• Crop production
• Livestock protection
• Wildlife habitat
Windbreaks Alter Microclimate
Obstruction Filtration
Guidance Deflection
Windbreaks reduce wind speed
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Deciduous-open
Conifer-open
Conifer-multi
Distance (h)
Wind speed (m/h)
Excellent Protection Fair ProtectionMinimum Protection
Windbreaks alter windspeed- Caborn 1957
Dense composition
Loose Composition
Wind Flow through Windbreaks
Windbreaks- Geiger 1950
Very Dense
Dense
Loose
Windbreaks Trap Snow
0
1
2
3
4
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Unpruned
Pruned
0
1
2
3
4
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Unpruned
Pruned
Distance (m)
Snow Depth (m) Snow Depth (m)
1.5 m spacing 4.5 m spacing
Windbreak Benefits
• Climate amelioration
• Home protection
• Soil protection
• Crop production
• Livestock protection
• Wildlife habitat
Windbreaks Alter Microclimate
10X the tree height
Windbreaks reduce heating costs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10
Wind Reduction (%)
Heating Reduction (%)
Air Infiltration Reduction (%)
Distance (h)
Reduction (%)
Windbreak placement can affect solar heating
Sound Attenuation/ Urban Forestry 1988
Windbreak Benefits
• Climate amelioration
• Home protection
• Soil protection
• Crop production
• Livestock protection
• Wildlife habitat
Plant strips control wind erosion
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Sand Loamysand
Sandyloam
Loam Clay loam Silty clayloam
Width (m)
Width of Plant Strips (m)
Crop residue reduces wind erosion
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Wheat-standing
Wheat-flat
Sorghum-standing
Sorghum-flat
Crop Residue (kg/ha)
Soil Erosion (kg/ha)
Windbreak Benefits
• Climate amelioration
• Home protection
• Soil protection
• Crop production
• Livestock protection
• Wildlife habitat
Windbreaks increase crop yield
Crop• Alfalfa• Millet• Barley• Winter wheat• Hay• Rye• Corn• Spring wheat• Oats
Yield increase
99%
44%
25%
23%
20%
19%
12%
8%
6%
Windbreaks increase crop yield
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20Distance (h)
Yield (% of normal)
Windbreaks compete with crop yield
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Larix sibirica
Caragana
Distance (h)
Oats fresh weight (g/m2)
Windbreak Benefits
• Climate amelioration
• Home protection
• Soil protection
• Crop production
• Livestock protection
• Wildlife habitat
Critical Windchill Factors for Livestock
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (oF)
Windspeed (mph)
Windchill (oF)
Danger Zone
Windbreaks protect livestock
Cows in good condition:• 10o↓ →↑ 13% energy
requirements
Cows on poor condition:• 10o↓ →↑ 30% energy
requirements
Milk production is a function of temperature
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100
HolsteinJersey
Temperature (oF)
Milk Production (#/d)
Feed to produce hogs (no hair) is a function of temperature
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100# 200#
Temperature (oF)
Feed Amount (#)
Windbreak Benefits
• Climate amelioration
• Home protection
• Soil protection
• Crop production
• Livestock protection
• Wildlife habitat
Wildlife Habitat/U.Mass. CES 1993
Windbreaks provide wildlife habitatBenefits:
AmenityRecreationHuntingUser Fees
Non-migrating bird species
Windbreaks--Conclusions
• Decrease home heating/cooling
• Decrease wind-induced soil erosion
• Increase crop yield (reduced water stress)
• Increase feed efficiency for livestock– Meat– Milk
• Improved wildlife habitat