Wind resource assessment in urban areas in Portugal in...
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Wind resource Wind resource assessment in urban areas assessment in urban areas in Portugal in Portugal –– CFD CFD aplicationaplication
T Si õ A E t iTeresa Simões, Ana Estanqueiro
International Small wind Conference 2010Glasgow, 27th to 28th April
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Wind Energy Sector in Portugal
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Wind Energy Sector in Portugal
General Data (DezGeneral Data (Dez. . 2009)2009)
~3600 ~3600 MW MW installed capacity
Wind power plants in project phase:~280~280 MWMW
Pot. Eólica inst.
~3600 MWDez. 2009
Sustainable wind potential in Portugal (estimate):
C i 656500 MW00 MW
Dez. 2009
Continent: ~65~6500 MW00 MW..Madeira and Azores: 150 a 200 MW150 a 200 MWOffshore: >3500 MW>3500 MW
Wind Power PlantsDecember 2009
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Wind Energy Sector in Portugal
NeverthelessNevertheless…
Sites with good wind potential for WP instalation onshore:Sites with good wind potential for WP instalation onshore:
l t h t dl t h t dalmost exhausted...almost exhausted...
Therefore…
The wind energy exploitation offers other possibilitiesThe wind energy exploitation offers other possibilities:
- Offshore and small wind turbine installation for domestic use small wind turbine installation for domestic use
in urban and built areas.in urban and built areas.
Microgeneration!!Microgeneration!!
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Urban wind resource assessment
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Urban wind resource assessment
Wind resource must be charaterized, but...
1. Wind flow over urban areas is difficult to characterize : difficult to characterize :
A. Strong 3D effects and separation on top and edges A. Strong 3D effects and separation on top and edges of buildings;
B. Wind speed reduction (> 20%);C High turbulenceC. High turbulenceD. and so on…
2 Standard micro scale models can’t respond/solve this can’t respond/solve this 2. Standard micro scale models can’t respond/solve this can’t respond/solve this issuesissues, although they can describe in a simple way the wind flow around obstacles.
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Urban wind resource assessment
3. Urban wind resource assessment nonnon--profitableprofitable ––studiesstudies andand measurementmeasurement campaignscampaigns areare expensiveexpensivewhenwhen comparedcompared toto thethe swtswt costs,costs, (sometimes(sometimes higher)higher)..
- The risk of skipping wind resource assessment isoften assumed, or;-- thethe ideaidea isis abandonedabandoned..
4. There are national and regional maps of the wind potential
-Ex. Wind potential atlas for mainland Portugal Ex. Wind potential atlas for mainland Portugal (LNEG/INETI)-- ButBut...... NotNot adaptedadapted toto thethe urbanurban environment/meshenvironment/mesh
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Urban wind resource assessment ‐models
Models for the characterization of the wind potential in urban environmentpotential in urban environment
CFD – Computational fluid Dynamic, 3D model
FLUENT (FLUENT (AnsysAnsys) ) – Solves a large number of equations and can
be used for several types of problems involving fluids: Thermal
comfort, airfoils, wind energy, among others.
UrbaWindUrbaWind ((MeteodynMeteodyn) ) – Especially adapted for urban wind
energy modelling: solves the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes
(RANS) equations. Uses the k-epsilon as turbulence closure.
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Urban wind resource assessment ‐models
WindSimWindSim ((WindSimWindSim) ) – Suitable for wind energy
assessment: complex and very complex
orographies. Uses same methodology as UrbaWind
RANS and Turbulence closure k epsilon modelRANS and Turbulence closure – k-epsilon model.
WindProWindPro (EMD) (EMD) – Similar to WASP, but can
integrate WindSim.
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Urban wind resource assessment ‐models
Advantages CFDAdvantages CFD
Ability to solve complex sets of equations in geometrical
domain divided into small volumes – calculus mesh;
Allows to understand the fluid flow without recurring to
measurements instruments of the flow variables in the
sites of interest;sites of interest;
Solves in a reasonable precise way problems involving
turbulent flows.
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Urban wind resource assessment ‐models
Disadvantages CFD
Computations are highly time-consuming;
Geometry of the domain and mesh generation
are usually complex;
Model convergence difficulties often
generates errors in the results.g
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Urban wind resource assessment ‐models
Physical models – Wind tunnel
Perfectly adapted to this kind of models
Very few errors in the results
But…
Need wind tunnel…not available to everyone;
3D physical models (physical representation of the
environment to be studied) are very expensive;
The use of wind tunnels with the ability to simulate The use of wind tunnels with the ability to simulate
stratification of the atmosphere are very expensive.
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Wind resource assessment
In isolated/punctual cases, the use of these models is
not a problem, but for application in large areas, yes. but for application in large areas, yes.
Th id l ld b th i t f U b U b The ideal case would be the existence of an Urban Urban
Wind Potential Atlas, in a regional or national scale.Wind Potential Atlas, in a regional or national scale.
It is necessary to define urban wind resource
t th d l i t ti t t i bl t i bl assessment methodologies to estimate sustainable sustainable
wind potential in cities and regions in the shortwind potential in cities and regions in the short--
medium term.medium term.
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Methodology
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Wind resource assessment ‐methodology
LNEG/INETI is developing a methodology for thep g gyidentification of suitable sites in urban and builtareas for the installation of small wind turbines
-- ToolsTools::- Software: ArcGIS, WAsP/WindPro/(WindSim) eFLUENT/UrbaWind for validation.
--InputInput datadata::wind data (measurements databases ); Wind- wind data (measurements, databases, ….); Wind
potential atlas for mainland Portugal;- Cartography (altimetry, urban planning – geometryand buildings heights).and buildings heights).
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Wind resource assessment ‐methodology
- Construction of a surfacesurface involving an urban area sothat the buildings can be treated as aa veryvery complexcomplexterrainterrain..
- Surface is generated with the geometrygeometry ofof thethe buildingsbuildingsin a CAD map, asas longlong asas informationinformation onon thethe heightsheights ofofthethe buildingsbuildings isis availableavailable..
- Application of an interpolationinterpolation methodmethod to generate thesurface.
- Method saves time in what concerns mesh generation(CFD) and can be used as inputinput inin anyany typetype ofofmodel/methodmodel/method (CFD,(CFD, tunnel,tunnel, micromicro scale)scale)..
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Wind resource assessment ‐ validation
Validation :
- Measurements campaign as just started (very few data at
this date) in an urban test area.
- CFD application in selected sites of the urban area (distinct
typologies and small areas of buildings).
Input data and models:Input data and models:
- Wind data: Potential wind atlas for mainland Portugal – h=10m
Models: Surface WASP and WindSim; buildings UrbanWind- Models: Surface – WASP and WindSim; buildings - UrbanWind
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Models Results
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Models results
Area under study – natural geometry of the buildings and generated surface
Polygons representing the buildings
Generated surface 3D representation of the surface over and around the buildings area
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Models results ‐WASP
WASP results, for h=10, 16 and 20m a.g.l
0
0
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3 25
3.5
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4.25
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[m/s]
0
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1
1.25
1.5
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3.25
H=10m H=16m H=20m
102360 102380 102400 102420 102440 102460 102480 102500 102360 102380 102400 102420 102440 102460 102480 102500
1
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Models results ‐WindSim
WindSim results, for h=10, 16 and 20m a.g.l
[m/s]
3
3.25
3.5
3.75
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4.25
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4.75
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2.75
3
H=10m H=16m H=20m
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Models results
Wind speed and turbulence intensity variation
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Final notes
‐Final notes‐Final notes
-WASP overestimates wind speed when compared to
other two models;other two models;
-WindSim results are nearer UrbaWind results, but higher
vertical extrapolation coefficients are used leading top g
higher wind speeds. This was expected due to the use of
a surface instead the natural geometry of the buildings.
- Turbulence values for dominant wind sector area higher
when using UrbaWind due to the use of natural geometry
fof the buildings, which was also expected.
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Final notes
‐Final notes‐Final notes
- Methodology under development may be adequate to
the purpose in mind but still needs further validationthe purpose in mind, but still needs further validation.
- Data from measurements campaign will be used in a
short term to validate model results
- Other areas of the city will also be modeled in order to
establish calibration coeficients (if needed). These
coeficients may allow a more precise spatial distribution
of the wind resource in the area under study.