Wind Farm Control
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Transcript of Wind Farm Control
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ECPE Seminar Renewable Energies. Kassel 9 - 10 February 2006
WIND FARM CONTROL
Experince from a 160 MW wind farm
Poul Srensen, Ris National LaboratoryJesper R. Kristoffersen, Elsam Engineering
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Overview
Wind power development in Denmark Danish grid codes control requirements The first large offshore wind farm operational
experience
Simulation of wind farm control with power systemsupport
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Wind energy development in Denmark
Horns Rev
Nysted
Wind power instaled in DK: West almost 2400 MW East 743 MW
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Transmission backbone and interconnections
550 MW DC
Kilde: www.nordel.org
1000 MW DC
600 MW DC
1200 MW AC
800 MW AC
1700 MW AC 1300 MW AC
http://www.nordel.org/http://www.nordel.org/ -
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Wind turbine / wind farm grid connection requirements
D E F U K
R - 7 7 : m a x i
n r u s h c
u r r e n t, r
e a c t i v e
p o w e r c
o m p
1987
s t e a d y s
t a t e v o l t a g e
i n t e r v a l
/ t h e r m
a l l i m i t a
t i o n
2 0 0 1 I E
C 6 1 4 0 0
- 2 1 : f l i c
k e r, h a r
m o n i c s
F i r s t T S
O r e q u i r e m
e n t s : f a u
l t r i d e t h
r o u g h
N e w T S
O r e q u i r e
m e n t s : p
o w e r c o
n t r o l
1999 2001 2004
The first (distribution system power quality) requirements weremainly concerned the local voltage quality
New (TSO) grid codes with requirement to power system controland stability
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Grid code requirements power control
Power
Time
Absolute power limitation
Power
Time
Balance control
Power
Time
Ramp rate limitation
Power
Time
Delta control
The above shown power control options are all implemented in the Horns Rev wind farm
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time [s]
P o w e r
[ p u . ]
P ref,wf
Delta control
Power
P avail
f s f s+ f d f d +
P del P avail P del P del
Frequency
Secondary control Delta control provides TSO
and owner with constantpower reserve
Primary control Reserve can be utilised in
automatic frequency control(droop and dead band)
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Horns Rev wind farm
Horns Rev
Rdsand
Denmark
Horns Rev wind farm:- Owned by Elsam- First large offshore wind farm in the world, 15-20 km from coast- 80 wind turbines (Vestas V80 2MW doubly-fed), total installed power 160MW- Annual energy production 600.000 MWh = 2% of Danish electricity consumption
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Wind Farm Main Controller
With the WFMC the wind farm acts as a power plant.
The wind farm is able to participate in both primary (frequency) andsecondary (balance/power) control
Developed by Elsam Engineering A/S
VestasOnline
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Operational Experiences
Power fluctuations18/1-2005 - 5 min mean
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
Time [HH:MM]
P o w e r
[ M W ]
Horns Rev
Onshore
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Operational Experiences
Shutdown because of high wind speed
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
02:30:00 02:35:00 02:40:00 02:45:00 02:50:00 02:55:00 03:00:00
T u r
b i n e p o w e r [
k W
-50
0
50
100
150
200
T o t a l p o w e r
[ M W ]WFMC power
reservation for
frequency control
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Operational Experiences
Control
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00
Time [hh:mm]
P o w e r
[ M W ]
Possible power
Setpoint
Actual power
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Operational Experiences
Control
0
20
40
60
80
100120
140
160
180
12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00
Time [hh:mm]
P o w e r
[ M W ]
Setpoint
Possible power
Actual power
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Operational Experiences
Control
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Operational Experiences
Control
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
04:00 04:30 05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00
Time [HH:MM]
P o w e r
[ M W ]
Horns Rev production
Error
Order from Eltra
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Wind turbine control Doubly-fed induction
generators: rotor currentcontrol
Pitch control on windturbine blades Power / speed control
strategy simple androbust maximum powerpoint tracking
Simulation model wind turbine power control
Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller
Powercontrol
meas
Speedcontrol
pitch
genref P
max
~~
ref P
+
+
PCC
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Simulation model - wind farm power control
Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller Wind farm controller Operator Wind turbine controller
Powerreference
setting
P balance P
Ramp rate settings
Dispatchcontrol
Powercontrol
wf ref P
wf
meas P
meas
Speedcontrol
pitch
genref P
ref
Speedoptimum
~~
measu
inst avail P
+
ref P
PCC
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Simulation model - wind farm power control
Wind turbine controller Wind turbine controller Wind farm controller Operator Wind turbine controller
Powerreference
setting
P balance P
Ramp rate settings
Dispatchcontrol
Powercontrol
wf ref P
wf
meas P
meas
Speedcontrol
pitch
genref P
ref
Speedoptimum
~~
measu
inst avail P
+
ref P
Droop settingsDeadband settings
wf ref P 0
meas f
wf ref P
PCC
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
21.00
18.00
15.00
12.00
9.00
6.00
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.10
1.80
1.50
1.20
0.90
0.60
0.30
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
1700.00
1600.00
1500.00
1400.00
1300.00
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
20.00
16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
-0.00
-4.00
D I g
S I L E N T
Wind -WT1Wind -WT2Wind -WT3
Measured power - WT1Measured power - WT2
Measured power - WT3
Generator speed - WT1Generator speed - WT2Generator speed - WT3
Pitch angle - WT1Pitch angle - WT2Pitch angle - WT3
[ M W
]
[ m / s
]
[ r p m
]
[ d e g
]
[sec]
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
21.00
18.00
15.00
12.00
9.00
6.00
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.10
1.80
1.50
1.20
0.90
0.60
0.30
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
1700.00
1600.00
1500.00
1400.00
1300.00
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
20.00
16.00
12.00
8.00
4.00
-0.00
-4.00
D I g
S I L E N T
Wind -WT1Wind -WT2Wind -WT3
Measured power - WT1Measured power - WT2
Measured power - WT3
Generator speed - WT1Generator speed - WT2Generator speed - WT3
Pitch angle - WT1Pitch angle - WT2Pitch angle - WT3
[ M W
]
[ m / s
]
[ r p m
]
[ d e g
]
[sec]
DFIG power control wind turbines
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Wind farm power control
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
6.506.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.40
2.00
1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
D
I g S I L E N T
Dispatch reference power - WT1
Dispatch reference power - WT2
Dispatch reference power - WT3
Available power - WT1
Available power - WT2
Available power - WT3
Wind farm available power Wind farm PCCmeasured power
[ M W
]
[ M W
]
[ M W
]
[ M W
]
[sec] 350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
6.506.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
350.0280.0210.0140.070.000.00 [s]
2.40
2.00
1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
D
I g S I L E N T
Dispatch reference power - WT1
Dispatch reference power - WT2
Dispatch reference power - WT3
Available power - WT1
Available power - WT2
Available power - WT3
Wind farm available power Wind farm PCCmeasured power
[ M W
]
[ M W
]
[ M W
]
[ M W
]
[sec]
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Wind farm control - Experience from a 160 MW wind farm - ECPE seminar 9 - 10 Feb 2006, Kassel
Conclusions
Operational experience (Elsam) The controller includes a number of control possibilities to enable Elsam to use
the wind farm as a wind power plant in a similar way as Elsam uses theconventional power stations to keep the power equilibrium as agreed on theNordic electric power market.
The controller makes the wind farm able to participate in primary/frequencycontrol in the same way as conventional power stations
The advanced control functions in the WFMC are almost indispensable formaintaining balance in the grid, irrespective of whether this is done by a largeproducer responsible for balancing his own production or by the responsiblesystem operator for other producers
Simulation models (Ris / Aalborg University) Models for wind turbine and wind farm controls are developed in power system
simulation tool DIgSILENT. The models can be used to stydy the dynamic interaction of wind farms with
power plant characteristics with a complex power system.