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Wind Energy Overview · Wind Energy Overview Ruth Douglas Miller Kansas State University. ChE 670:...
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Wind Energy Overview
Ruth Douglas MillerKansas State University
ChE 670: Sustainability SeminarJanuary 2008
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1. Energy2. Water3. Food4. Environment5. Poverty6. Terrorism & War7. Disease8. Education9. Democracy10.Population
Humanity’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 years
Source: Nobel laureate, Richard Smalley
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Why Wind Power?• Clean• Quiet• Needs no water• Needs no foreign resources• Encourages rural autonomy• Sustainable!
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Cap
acity
(MW
)
United States Europe Rest of World
1. Germany: 20952 MW2. Spain: 12500 MW3. United States: 12376 MW4. India: 7093 MW5. Denmark: 3136 MW
Source: WindPower Monthly
World total July 2007: 78728 MW
Total Installed Wind Capacity
People Want Renewable Energy!
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Fundamentals of Wind Power• Turbine is a brushless DC electric
motor running backwards• Power electronics converts DC
pulses to AC power• Synchronized to power grid • Speed controlled by electronic
and/or physical braking
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How much power?• Power = ½ ρ
A v3
ρ
= air density– A = swept area of turbine blades– v = wind velocity
• Energy = Power * time• Longer blades = more power
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10 kW 38 m 2
1 kW 6 m 2
500 kW1257 m 2
300 kW
415 m 2
25 kW 78 m 2
1000 kW
2400 m2
A = (π
D2 )4
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Basic turbine classes• Drag devices (typical farm windmill)
• Lift devices (blades “fly” like wings)
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Basic turbine classes
• Horizontal axis– Better understood
• Vertical axis– Better in
turbulence?– Start-up problems
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WTG Power Curve
02468
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Wind Speed (m/s)
Win
d Tu
rbin
e Po
wer
(kW
)
Cut in wind speed
Rated wind speed
Cut out wind speed
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Typical Questions
• Isn’t wind expensive energy?• Isn’t wind intermittent, undependable?• Don’t turbines affect wildlife, esp.
birds?• What about high wind, snow, ice?• Where should a turbine be placed?• What is “distributed wind”?
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Relative cost of wind
• Coal: 2-3 cents/kWh (w/o carbon cost)• Natural gas: 5-8 cents/kWh & volatile• Wind: 5-7 cents/kWh• Solar: 10 cents/kWh
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Intermittent Wind• Strong winds over shorter times
produce more power than steady slower winds
• At least 20-30% of total power can come from wind without affecting reliability (NREL)
• Energy storage could smooth output• Strongest wind in winter; complements
solar energy
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Effects on Wildlife• Bird kills average 2-5/turbine/year
(AWEA)• Turbine design and placement can
minimize negative impact• Guy wires are worse than towers,
blades• Anecdotal evidence suggests noise is
not generally disturbing• Typical “wind farm” uses 5% of land
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Turbines in Bad Weather• Much research on material strength of
blades (composite fiberglass)• Some form of braking slows turbines in
high winds• Care to keep out of “cast ice” area• Turbines work well in Alaska, Maine• Nothing survives direct tornado hit!
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Turbine Siting Requirements• Higher is better• Turbulence reduces power• 2x obstacle height in front, or 20x
height behind any obstacle is turbulent• More than 100 ft from trees, buildings• 20 ft above obstacles within 200 ft• Minimum wind speed for given turbine
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Impacts on Wind Speed Many things impact the speed and direction of the wind at any specific location, making local
measurements important
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Micro-Siting Example: Obstruction of the Wind by a Small Building
Prevailing wind
H
2H 20H
2HRegion of highly disturbed
flow
0277034 6
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Distributed Wind• Small and medium turbines• Owned by individuals, businesses,
small towns• Meet local need, sell excess• Can be “behind meter”, meet local base
load, no excess or storage• Local ownership and control empowers
rural communities
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Quinter HS, Kansas:Entegrity 50- kW turbine meets 30% of power need
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Other Small-Scale Examples• Scott City, KS: 10-kW Bergey
– Farm needs, no sell-back• Rosebud, SD: Native Reservation: 750
kW turbine– Energy independence for Sioux tribe– Income from sell-back
• Moorhead MN Community Wind: 2 750 kW turbines– Energy and income for town
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Conclusions• 20% wind energy penetration is possible• 20% penetration is not going to happen
under business as usual scenario• Policy choices will have a large impact on
assessing the timing and rate of achieving a 20% goal
• Key Issues: market transformation, transmission, project diversity, technology development, policy, public acceptance
• 20% Vision action plan: Fall 2007