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Transcript of William Terzaghi Spring 2014 Bio 398: Topics in Plant Biology.
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William Terzaghi
Spring 2014
Bio 398: Topics in Plant Biology
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COURSE OVERVIEW1) Understanding how plants work.2) Understanding how plant biologists work.
• Method• Technology
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COURSE OVERVIEW1) Understanding how plants work.2) Understanding how plant biologists work.
• Method• Technology
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12914.html
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COURSE OVERVIEW1) Understanding how plants work.2) Understanding how plant biologists work.
• Method• Technology
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12914.htmlhttp://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/older-trees-grow-faster-than-
younger-ones-study-finds-1.2499298
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Plan CWe will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us.1.Biofuels 2.Climate/CO2 change3.Stress responses/stress avoidance• Structural• Biochemical (including C3 vs C4 vs CAM)• Other (dormancy, carnivory, etc)
4.Plant products• Defense compounds
5.Improving food production• Breeding: new traits to pick & ways to find them• GMO• New crops
6.Biotechnology7.Phytoremediation 8.Plant movements9.Plant signaling (including neurobiology)
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Plan C
1.Pick a problem
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Plan C
1.Pick a problem2.Pick some plants to study
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Plan C
1.Pick a problem2.Pick some plants to study3.Design some experiments
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Plan C
1.Pick a problem2.Pick some plants to study3.Design some experiments4.See where they lead us
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Plan C
1.Pick a problem2.Pick some plants to study3.Design some experiments4.See where they lead us
Grading?Combination of papers and presentations
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Plan C
1.Pick a problem2.Pick some plants to study3.Design some experiments4.See where they lead us
Grading?Combination of papers and presentationsScavenger hunts?
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Plan CGrading?
Combination of papers and presentations•First presentation:10 points •Research presentation: 10 points •Final presentation: 15 points •Assignments: 5 points each•Poster: 10 points•Intermediate report 10 points•Final report: 30 points•Scavenger hunts?
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BIO 398- Resource and Policy Information
Instructor: Dr. William TerzaghiOffice: SLC 363/CSC228Office hours: MWF 12-1 in CSC228, T 1-2 in SLC 363, Thurs 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointmentPhone: (570) 408-4762Email: [email protected]
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BIO 398 - Resource and Policy Information
Instructor: Dr. William TerzaghiOffice: SLC 363/CSC228Office hours: MWF 12-1 in CSC228, T 1-2 in SLC 363, Thurs 1-2 in CSC228, or by appointmentPhone: (570) 408-4762Email: [email protected]
Course webpage: http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/william.terzaghi/bio398.html
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Vegetative Plants3 Parts
1. Leaf2. Stem3. Root
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Vegetative Plants3 tissue types
1. Dermal2. Ground3. Vascular
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Plant Development• Cell division = growth
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Plant Development• Cell division = growth• Determination = what cell can become
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Plant Development• Cell division = growth• Determination = what cell can become• Differentiation = cells become specific types
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Plant Development• Cell division = growth• Determination = what cell can become• Differentiation = cells become specific types• Pattern formation: developing specific structures in
specific locations
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Plant Development• Cell division = growth• Determination = what cell can become• Differentiation = cells become specific types• Pattern formation• Morphogenesis: organization into tissues & organs
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Plant Developmentumbrella term for many processes• embryogenesis
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Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes• Embryogenesis• Seed dormancy and germination
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Plant Development
umbrella term for many processes• Embryogenesis• Seed dormancy and germination• Seedling Morphogenesis
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Plant Developmentumbrella term for many processes• Embryogenesis• Seed dormancy and germination• Seedling Morphogenesis• Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation
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Plant Developmentumbrella term for many processes• Embryogenesis• Seed dormancy and germination• Seedling Morphogenesis• Transition to flowering, fruit and seed formation Many responses to environment
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Plant DevelopmentUmbrella term for many processesUnique features of plant development• Cell walls: cells can’t move: Must grow towards/away from signals
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Plant DevelopmentUmbrella term for many processesUnique features of plant development• Cell walls: cells can’t move: must grow instead• Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment
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Unique features of plant development• Cell walls: cells can’t move• Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment• Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new
plant given the correct signals
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Unique features of plant development• Cell walls: cells can’t move• Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment• Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new
plant given the correct signals• Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones
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Unique features of plant development• Cell walls: cells can’t move• Plasticity: plants develop in response to environment• Totipotency: most plant cells can form an entire new
plant given the correct signals• Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones• No germ line!
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Unique features of plant development• Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones• No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!
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Unique features of plant development• Meristems: plants have perpetually embryonic regions,
and can form new ones• No germ line! Cells at apical meristem become flowers: allows Lamarckian evolution!• Different parts of the same 2000 year old tree have
different DNA & form different gametes
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Plant Cell Theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
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Plant Cell Theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit
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Plant Cell Theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit
3) Cells arise by division of preexisting cells
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
6) Respond to stimuli
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
6) Respond to stimuli
7) Homeostasis
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Plant Cells1) Highly complex and organized
2) Metabolism
3) Reproduction
4) Heredity
5) Mechanically active
6) Respond to stimuli
7) Homeostasis
8) Very small
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Why are cells so small?1) many things move inside cells by diffusion
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Why are cells so small?1) many things move inside cells by diffusion2)surface/volume ratio
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Why are cells so small?1) many things move inside cells by diffusion2) surface/volume ratio
• surface area increases more slowly than volume
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Why are cells so small?1) many things move inside cells by diffusion2) surface/volume ratio
• surface area increases more slowly than volume• exchange occurs only at surface• eventually have insufficient exchange for survival
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barriersurrounding cell
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
•Carbohydrate barriersurrounding cell•Protects & gives cell shape
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barriersurrounding cell• Protects & gives cell shape• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barriersurrounding cell• Protects & gives cell shape• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose• Can stretch!
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barriersurrounding cell• Protects & gives cell shape• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose• Can stretch!
• 2˚ wall made after growth stops
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barriersurrounding cell• Protects & gives cell shape• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose• Can stretch!
• 2˚ wall made after growth stops
• Lignins make it tough
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• Carbohydrate barriersurrounding cell• Protects & gives cell shape• 1˚ wall made first
• mainly cellulose• Can stretch!
• 2˚ wall made after growth stops
• Lignins make it tough• Problem for "cellulosic Ethanol" from whole plants
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• 1˚ wall made first• 2˚ wall made after growth stops
• Lignins make it tough• Problem for "cellulosic Ethanol" from whole plants
• Middle lamella = space between 2 cells
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Plant Cells1) Cell walls
• 1˚ wall made first• 2˚ wall made after growth stops• Middle lamella = space between 2 cells• Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
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Plant Cells• Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane
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Plant Cells• Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane• Desmotubule joins ER of both cells
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Plant Cells• Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells
• Lined with plasma membrane• Desmotubule joins ER of both cells• Exclude objects > 1000 Dalton, yet viruses move through them!
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Types of Organelles1) Endomembrane System2) Putative endosymbionts
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Endomembrane systemCommon features
• derived from ER
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Endomembrane systemCommon features• derived from ER• transport is in vesicles
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Endomembrane systemCommon features• derived from ER• transport is in vesicles• proteins & lipids are glycosylated
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Endomembrane systemOrganelles derived from the ER1) ER2) Golgi3) Vacuoles 4) PlasmaMembrane5) Nuclear Envelope6) Endosome7) Oleosomes
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ERNetwork of membranes t/out cell2 types: SER & RER
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SERtubules that lack ribosomesfns:1) Lipid syn2) Steroid syn3) drug detox4) storing Ca2+
5) Glycogen catabolism
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RERFlattened membranes studded with ribosomes1˚ fn = protein synthesis -> ribosomes are making proteins
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ERSER & RER make new membrane!
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GOLGI COMPLEXFlattened stacks of membranes made from ER
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GOLGI COMPLEXIndividual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ERFn: “post office”:collect ER products, process & deliver themAltered in each stack
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GOLGI COMPLEXIndividual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ERFn: “post office”:collect ER products, process & deliver themAltered in each stackMakes most cell wall carbohydrates!
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GOLGI COMPLEXIndividual, flattened stacks of membranes made from ERFn: “post office”:collect ER products, process & deliver themAltered in each stackMakes most cell wall carbohydrates!Protein’s address isbuilt in
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VACUOLESDerived from Golgi; Fns: 1)digestion
a) Organellesb) food particles
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VACUOLESDerived from Golgi; Fns:1)digestion
a) Organellesb) food particles
2) storage
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VACUOLESDerived from Golgi; Fns:1) digestion
a) Organellesb) food particles
2) storage3) turgor: push plasma membrane against cell wall
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VACUOLESVacuoles are subdivided: lytic vacuoles are distinctfrom storage vacuoles!
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Endomembrane systemOrganelles derived from the ER1) ER2) Golgi3) Vacuoles 4) PlasmaMembraneRegulates transport in/out of cell
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Endomembrane systemOrganelles derived from the ER1) ER2) Golgi3) Vacuoles 4) PlasmaMembraneRegulates transport in/out of cellLipids formbarrierProteins transportobjects & info
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ER
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ERTransport is only through nuclear pores
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope:regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ERTransport is only through nuclear poresNeed correct signal& receptor for import
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Endomembrane System5) Nuclear envelope: regulates transport in/out of nucleusContinuous with ERTransport is only through nuclear poresNeed correct signal& receptor for import new one for export
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Endomembrane SystemNucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin = mix of DNA and protein
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Endomembrane SystemNucleus: spherical organelle bounded by 2 membranes and filled with chromatin fns = information storage & retrievalRibosome assembly (in nucleolus)
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Endomembrane SystemEndosomes: vesicles derived from Golgi or Plasma membraneFn: sorting materials & recycling receptors
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Endomembrane SystemOleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SERSurrounded by lipid monolayer!
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Endomembrane SystemOleosomes: oil storage bodies derived from SERSurrounded by lipid monolayer!
• filled with lipids: no internal hydrophobic effect!