Wide Area Network by Daniyal Masood BSIT 2nd Semester
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Transcript of Wide Area Network by Daniyal Masood BSIT 2nd Semester
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Danial Masood
Chapter
11
Wide Area Network
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Wide Area Network
• It connects computers and LANs over a larger geographical area.
• It crosses public thorough-fares such as roads, railroads, and water.
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Wired Analog Service• It uses standard wired analog
telephone lines.• It requires a modem to convert
digital signals to analog signals.• Its top is speed 56 Kbps.• Asymmetric – Some modems
are faster downloading than uploading.
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Wired Analog Service
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Digital Cellular • It provides WAN data access to
mobile users.• Its coverage area is divided into
smaller cells.• Users “roam” into adjacent cells
or “handoff” into remote networks.
• The current technology is 2.5G with a maximum speed of 384 Kbps.
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Trunk-Based Leased Lines• The same type of lines are used
to connect the telephone company’s switches.
• They provide “always-on” high-speed connections.
• The most common is T1, which operates at 1.5 Mbps over
• twisted pair wires.
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Trunk-Based Leased Lines
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Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)
• They transmit at 1.5 Mbps over
regular telephone lines.
• They use the higher unused
frequencies to send data.
• Different versions of DSL: ADSL, G.list, HDSL,
HDSL2
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Cable Modem• It uses the same coaxial cable
that brings in cable TV signals.
• All cables for a neighborhood are connected to a neighborhood splitter.
• The connection is shared among all users in a neighborhood.
• Speed: 300 Kbps – 1.5 Mbps
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Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)
• Transmits: Maximum 155 Mbps downstream and 1.54 upstream
• Range: 2 – 5 miles• It is a low-cost option to laying fiber
optic cables.• Its signals are susceptible to
interference from rain or fog.
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Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS)
• It uses lower-frequency signals than LMDS.
• Range: up to 35 miles• Its signals are less susceptible to
interference from rain or fog.
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Satellites • They have been used for over 40 years.
• They relay signals from one point on earth to another.
• They are classified according to the type of orbit.
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Low Earth Orbiting (LEO)
• They orbit at an altitude of 200 – 900 miles.
• They circle the earth in 90 minutes.• They have a small “footprint.”• More satellites are needed to cover
the entire earth.
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Low Earth Orbiting (LEO)
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Medium Earth Orbiting (MEO)
• They orbit at altitudes between 1,500 – 10,000 miles.
• They circle the earth every 12 hours.
• They have a large “footprint.”• Fewer are needed to cover the
earth.
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Remote Wireless Bridge
• It connects LANs located in different buildings.
• The distance between buildings can be up to 18 miles at 11 Mbps.
• It has similar characteristics to a wireless LAN.
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Free Space Optics (FSO)
• It transmits up to 1.25 Gbps at a distance of 2.5 miles.
• It uses low-powered infrared beams.
• Its transmissions cannot be eavesdropped.
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• It uses the public Internet to transmit private data.
• It encrypts data into a packet before sending.
• There is no cost for setting up or using a VPN.
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Virtual Private Network (VPN)
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Public Switched Data Networks (PSDN)
• Actual network itself• X.25• Frame Relay• Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
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Public Switched Data Networks (PSDN)
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
• Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
• Metro Ethernet Network (MEN)
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Firewall• It inspects incoming traffic. • Packet-filter firewall – Inspects header of each packet.
• Stateful packet-filter firewall – Examines a packet’s source IP.
• Proxy firewall – Examines the contents of a packet.
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Network Address Translators (NAT)
• Disguises the internal IP by substituting a fake IP and port number.
• When a packet is returned, NAT replaces the fake numbers with the actual IP and port number.
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Privacy• Privacy is the right to be left alone to the degree that you choose.
• It is a difficult problem to keep personal data private.
• Identity theft is a major crime.
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