Why we should read Plato - Jerry Balmuth.odt
Transcript of Why we should read Plato - Jerry Balmuth.odt
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Why we should read Plato - Jerry Balmuth
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AND this man here JEROME BALMUTH is an institution, he is actually, he instantiates
Collgate....university ?0:09
the best called i think that totally entirely0:12
seriously
0:13he is that has been teaching here for over fifty years
0:19and uh... love you
0:21
who haven't taken a course that you have to think it was with him0:25
one of those people like uh... blvd processing0:30
from early on
0:32that
0:33who'd getting a between
0:39
water quality of the all that
0:42how terrible and0:45
magic everest college with a lot of people
0:49georgian though he was caught he would rather work cornell
0:56scarlet letter
0:58
he survived ebay1:01
and could tell us about that long1:04
uh...
1:05you know all he
1:07arson
1:08
poppies chair1:10
influx religion
1:12on
1:14
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what can i say like that and that kind of gerontologist why is that we replayed
1:20in our series why do you read it
1:22
the classics think the great work1:25
arbitrary1:32
i get the polls is premature
1:35i think in my coat off because all of this
1:40lavish introduction here t_v_
1:44
knots at all certain i can live up to that1:47
prospectus
1:48this is not a lecture it's a talk
1:51in by the call improvise as we go along
1:56certain ideas and i want to get across
1:59
and up2:02
unwilling to accept questions in the in the course of it2:06
bought probably it's preferable if i'm just
2:09go through what i have to say first concern
2:13how can the questions that you know
2:16
one2:17
people ask me why with its higher counselors it's a billboard2:21
it's a billboard for plato2:24yes i do believe in
2:26uh... i
2:27
both in philosophy is most profound2:31
critical subject yeah2:33
uh...
2:34one engagement
2:36
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and also as plato as the done
2:40relieving
2:43
central focus the sample2:45
sinker him2:48
philosophical tradition
2:50they see sort of a sample alfred north whitehead when school though
2:55or question four
2:57
a footnote to play out3:00
and we had in mind
3:02was that
3:06that was so much
3:08healthy
3:10
deep reflection3:12
and so much of the subsequent history info3:15
is grounded in plato
3:18including of course the history of uh...
3:21medieval thought
3:22
history3:23
christianity bleakness them3:26
one can really understand or appreciate3:30focused in without understanding
3:34and confronting platelets and
3:37
uh...3:41
the contemporary3:44
karen plea comical mckinny's is a reference here to
3:50the concept of god
3:54
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as remain significantly answer west insult
4:01uh... the book i'll be talking about will spoil his plato's republic
4:05
and the reason is4:07
it's the work4:10
that is most easily accessible i think and com
4:14tries to incorporate
4:17the fulfillment of
4:20
plato's4:21
own
4:23andrej summary
4:24because socrates begins it was a simple question
4:28hardship one of the line
4:31
and asking that question how sweet wonderful life4:35
you've and fixed on the idea that there is such a thing4:40
the excellence of something
4:42each thing in the universe as its own
4:45if you have a special expense
4:48
because at the virtue of that particular things retreat knife protrude4:54
virtually table4:55
uh... the virtual thelma's is being able to grasp4:59and make it possible
5:01each thing has a kind of excellence
5:04
specially5:05
to that particular5:07
object
5:08if that's the case it may well be that human beings in their exercising at life
5:14
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the choices mag
5:17should be guided by this notion of this question here what is the excellence
5:22
political life5:23
what kind of life it won't live5:26
if one person to see
5:28question
5:29the fortune
5:30
uplifting5:31
what our what is this
5:34the reflects this virtual because so
5:38socrates was convinced that socrates words afterall acquittals
5:43vision teacher
5:45
commenced that no human being really beautiful5:49
let's say5:50
no you won't be had
5:54sab
5:55wouldn't you would be a sale was acts with proposals
5:59
some purposes always6:01
the anticipated to be realized by the action6:06
one one creating object when the soul6:08as an action here to realize that good
6:11song
6:13
the question that became column what is the good6:17
to be realized6:19
in human behavior human infection
6:23m
6:24
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this is the of
6:26the point at which
6:28
uh... socrates and raise the question6:33
it's not him6:35
no woman
6:37acts
6:38court evil why is there people
6:40
wiser6:42
while some of these decisions
7:18please
7:22pollution
7:28least was
7:31
molecule7:33
hello7:35
and mother
7:37there are still
7:38was open
7:41
there are others who knows7:45
what he had an overactive7:48
millions of7:50loans
7:51is squeeze c
7:56
does the whole7:57
right now7:58
know what it is
8:05past those who each of you know
8:09
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traditional
8:11you know he's
8:15
protection8:16
hello8:18
usa
8:20except
8:26representation dispute
8:28
suitors8:29
uh...
8:31question
8:32ingane
8:34squid
8:35
suitors8:41
abuse you8:43
ascites
8:46clearly dialogues
8:48is that we need to
8:51
determine what the good news8:53
in order to live in exile life8:57
there are all kinds of uh... huh9:00candidates for this
9:02but most of these candidates are incapable
9:05
of being sustained hereby9:07
critical thought9:10
again
9:12the
9:14
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uh...
9:16the
9:18
claim here9:20
that alone9:21
there aren't capable of uh... is one here which appears done through
9:27what he calls the dialogue
9:30the over all of us who
9:32
the talk9:34
and plato was uniquely responsible for this idea that theme
9:40talking through idea as we reach various levels of understanding
9:45and that the dialogue is massive of
9:50discovering and self discovery but the truth is or at least
9:54
what is false would assign people to be stank trip9:58
so the dialogue is a unique10:00
uh
10:02expression
10:03of a form of reasoning
10:06
of rational reflection10:08
which challenges the received opinion10:12
uh... by10:14raising questions about what is good
10:16of course that made
10:18
socrates pavilion10:21
pleasant person large number of10:23
single experience
10:25and of course
10:27
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resolve is
10:29that he was moderate
10:30
to this10:32
commitment10:33
to fine good in life
10:35overgrown of human
10:38and
10:39
now10:40
three weeks ago bangalore and give us
10:44of montrose talk
10:46on the bronco marriage bureau
10:48we know that the american hero about where the use of this year's hector
10:53
achilles10:54
well i commend them10:56
had certain virtues
10:58certain expenses
11:00those accidents as well the expenses that i have to do with
11:04
with both11:05
fighting sustaining11:07
lathis within the community11:10uh...
11:11reflecting conventional wisdom about
11:15
the value11:17
of life itself11:21
it played a role for the first time introduces the idea of the intellectual
11:26hero
11:28
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the hero whose fortunes have to do with follow-up
11:32and reflection
11:34
not with the commitment here to certain military values or a certain11:38
uh... i would say uh... moral11:41
uh... moral claims that have to do with fighting again
11:47true this quality
11:49all of which are all quite valuable
11:53
and homebuyer communities11:55
but plato introduces a new level
11:58the level of
12:00reflection for upon the nature of her
12:03humanly human beings themselves and the nature of human community
12:09
so12:10
here we have a new kind of hero12:14
one who was moderate
12:17really
12:18uh... slain
12:20
for exactly this kind of challenge to the conventional wisdom12:24
he's a hero to all12:27
western fought the costs12:29the challenge to
12:31oh receive dependent
12:34
is not necessarily antagonistic12:37
to seek12:39
it is simply asking the question
12:42can we see it depended justify itself
12:46
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is it can it be in some ways
12:49warranted
12:50
or12:52
isn't healthier solely by convention12:55
and without any justification for
13:00that suggests therefore that critical
13:05element here kal
13:06
socrates is really the biting element13:09
of vote
13:11hopeful his socrates contribution has played also
13:15and that by the element
13:17is what has remained consistent either
13:20
in philosophy and in fact all13:23
critical thought13:26
pd
13:27weenie
13:28it is the
13:30
function of the academic13:32
world13:33
constantly challenge13:35not because they're skeptical
13:37but because they are searching for that elements
13:41
although nancy independent13:43
that can be warranted13:45
and what alternatives that can be anticipate and game
13:50uh... substitute
13:53
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and so they're constantly raising new kinds of questions plato is
13:58of the hero
14:00
even14:01
uh...14:03
recognizing this and socrates aryan
14:06making this
14:07part of our culture
14:09
and part of the western14:12
but contribution here
14:14to the cellphones hemming and understanding of the world
14:19well now inmate plato's republic
14:22uh... at the next
14:25
possibility for the good14:26
is taken up14:28
and it's take it up as
14:29the concept of just
14:34an
14:36
the public14:38
raises the question14:40
maybe the good over human being is the goodness or the justice of him as a deal14:46to him or higher
14:48as a human being
14:50
living in a just a14:54
and14:55
yet all of us
14:56to exercise
14:58
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those powers that that just a is able to
15:02uh... administered
15:05
but what is that just a15:08
and what is justice anyway15:11
this notion of what is already
15:14socal essential concert
15:18is that what all of those necessary conditions without which
15:22
thing would not be worth it15:24
is a challenge here
15:26to everything that is proposed
15:31what is the essential nature of justice
15:34and
15:36
support prado sets up socrates as15:40
posing any15:41
uh... possible answer to this
15:44you
15:46justice for the individual justice for the state
15:50
which of critically interconnected15:54
uh... is in part15:57
his response to15:59uh... how will should a man
16:01how she looked and i have no and live
16:05
and how shiva state16:07
be organized16:09
such that it would be fulfilment
16:12of the best
16:13
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that can be
16:15and assay
16:19
nahi at the beginning of the16:21
utm16:23
of the republic
16:25um...
16:28there are a number of
16:31
comments made about the nature of justice16:33
for the most part the important i'll comment is that it's idea that justice
16:38is really a compromise
16:44and then dividual
16:46had his druthers
16:48
sis famous ring obliging since had the brother had there16:52
ability here16:54
to virtues that world
16:57each of us which usually world in which we were totally dominant am powerful
17:02enable
17:04
and in which17:05
we might not abuses book17:09
buddy which we worked totally invulnerable of other people's17:16that would be the best of all possible worlds
17:20of course the obverse
17:22
but worst of all possible worlds17:25
would be a world in which17:28
others have power over us
17:30and we were totally week
17:32
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and then defended fence defenseless
17:36incapable of
17:37
functioning in any way17:39
that would realize our own17:42
purposes
17:44and between those two you have them the best
17:47and the worst
17:48
world17:49
the best world is a world in which
17:52you have a lot more
17:54and the powell and the capacity here act as you will
17:59without restraints
18:01
but the worst world18:03
is the world in which we are18:06
in
18:06we are
18:08victims
18:09
or victimized18:11
by a world of which we had18:13
no control18:16justice is the hypothesis is
18:19is really a combination
18:22
or compromise18:24
between those two18:26
each of us gives up our power
18:29to exercise
18:31
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uh... house transporters
18:34whatever advantaged cavalry others
18:36
in return for18:39
others18:40
giving that up
18:42uh...
18:44in their possibility of controlling ourselves
18:47
so that what we have a used a compromise between the best18:52
and the worst
18:54and justices those previous compromise one that's looks at it
18:58i think the good world just brutal
19:01as a world in which one minute delays one's way to one's own best advantage
19:08
and to the lease dispatch19:10
so convince is the19:13
principle
19:14virtual
19:15meaning the excellence social life
19:19
and socrates is confronted with this as the common opinion about justice19:26
kaminin about our relationship to each other19:29
and to this day19:32his his comment canyon
19:34that uh... socrates and takes up
19:38
two exam19:40
he wants to all of you19:42
let this makes justice only an instrumental good
19:47what is news dramatically
19:49
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instrumental goes on those goods that are only good
19:52for what they bring
19:54
they are not necessarily good themselves la19:57
good examples of loneliness medical treatments20:01
one
20:03and treatment
20:05would be a ecstatic that we
20:08
uh...20:09
highway collection
20:11nobody seeks to the rubbish collection for its own sake
20:15when does it for
20:17the advantage brings
20:19
um...20:21
studied economics for example is20:23
good it's your neighborhood
20:26answer hardly
20:28valuable for its own secularism well let's leave it welcome question
20:33
uh...20:35
but those uh... blows or20:40
of course people don't necessarily20:43recognize this but that money after orders up no value whatsoever of lesson
20:48temperatures
20:49
and do something20:51
sosa purely instrumental good20:55
there are a contest of that there are these intrinsic alot so these goods that
20:58are worth having for their own sake such as
21:04
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such as education knowledge and understanding
21:12one can really justify happiness is
21:15
something21:17
seeking something else it is it's own21:21
satisfaction so on
21:23some forms of pleasure
21:25not all but some
21:27
will be intrinsically21:30
good at its own
21:32now the challenge too
21:35socrates is to show that justice is worth having
21:39not only for the brains
21:42
that is occurred21:44
adjust lights21:46
and a just society
21:48but also
21:50is valuable
21:52
for happy itself21:54
your respective21:55
of the consequences code21:58the 'em
22:00the employment of the car and the exercise
22:04
and that's a very cold shower22:07
considering that most people consider justice purely as their summer tested22:12
purely v
22:13uh...
22:15
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the conditions of the strong
22:17as he puts it the uh...
22:20
what the stronger holes22:23
the uh... in the interest of the strong22:27
com
22:29how does
22:32uh...
22:36
how does that reason receipt22:39
well he says
22:42uh...
22:43if if we're going to talk about
22:45the intrinsic value of justice
22:48
we really need to talk about uh... the nature of the mumbai22:54
as well as a nation state22:57
let's say we would really need too
23:02disentangle the various
23:05characteristics of the uh... human being
23:08
as well as the first day23:10
if worked on the stand23:12
what we are23:16part of this is plato's unique
23:18and there is a big a supporter which plato is really advance beyond socrates
23:25
which plato uniquely begins to have a functional23:30
understand23:32
of justice
23:34that is to say
23:36
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he believes that
23:38justice is a consequence dependent variable
23:43
depended upon other factors23:46
each of which23:48
is a
23:49a factor it's all right
23:52well i mean
23:53
well23:54
he says what the individual every individual
23:58ob
23:59has acts
24:01the appetite of element here that is the element hero
24:06
soph24:07
nearly needing things for survival24:10
will call this food
24:12sheldon clothing police are studies on our
24:17urgency
24:19
those are minimally required here24:23
acquittal that sometime24:25
life you know that will be at least at the beginning place and south24:31security
24:32one can imagine and make them life without any please
24:37
are short notes24:39
of these satisfactions our appetites24:44
so that's a fact that the other
24:47of the soul was important for reproaching
24:51
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home
24:52in contrast
24:54
too24:56
another element of the person in which is24:58
that spirit
25:00kind of passion
25:02commitment here
25:03
various kinds25:07
and suburbs
25:10now the interesting example that plato provides is as follows
25:16if you're a thorough devilishly thursday
25:21and your
25:23
uh... or wounded in the sunlight is the family is25:27
and europe25:30
calling out for
25:34but then you're told that
25:36or you den recognize
25:40
that if you drink25:41
this will enhance25:44
unlikely25:45destroy the possibility of
25:47alvo of
25:51
becoming25:53
successful in europe25:55
becoming well again
25:59if you know what waterways poisonous
26:02
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if you know the water is
26:04uh...
26:06
such there it'll destroy your life26:08
rather than an answer26:10
but you don't
26:12as per graphics
26:14but if you're not drinking at
26:17
you have the urgency to drink26:20
like the entry producing driving
26:24but the recognition that to drink
26:26is really to destroy
26:29the purpose of wish
26:31
the drinking was supposed to fulfil their life26:37
how is that possible26:39
that on the one hand of the searchers c_n_n_ land disintegration
26:45well there must be another factor
26:47now to ability to control
26:50
or to sensor26:52
what is that you have letters flow26:56
that ability to control the census26:59is what equals
27:01the rational
27:03
of a human being27:23
reasons for that type deaden27:25
constitute
27:27what we won't see a veto
27:30
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rudimentary
27:32anthropology or psychology
27:34
that uh... plato office27:37
hello27:39
region
27:40and i have before us
27:42spirit
27:43
through most of my heart27:45
and of course appetite
27:47below the belt
27:49at that point we have them be
27:53tripartite
27:54
soul27:54
or the great contributions27:57
that plato made again
27:59trying to reflect on the nature of human beings
28:03now what's important here is that
28:06
in each of these28:08
each of these parts have a fortune28:11
let's say they themselves have a excellence28:16and the part
28:17as we said each individual part has an excellent
28:22
batteries moves28:26
that if spirit28:28
its coverage
28:30battle uptight is
28:35
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moderation
28:37the audio dot com
28:40
they are controlled by28:43
the fortune28:44
they'd try to seek berksten
28:46and the ideal individual
28:48that is the individual who is
28:51
in harmony with itself28:53
is one that
28:56exercises these virtues
28:58fill the spots
29:00now justice she says it is a dependent variable
29:04
depending on29:05
approaches29:07
the realisation of the virtues of each of the parts for the sole
29:11so that
29:12that
29:13
complex concept of a virtual29:16
that it's not a29:19
it's a dependent variable upon each of these29:22that constitutes
29:27the justice of the individual
29:30
this means that29:33
one29:34
there should be
29:36a rational ordering
29:38
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of these
29:41relationship
29:42
so that just as the29:45
rational parts as well it's wrong to to drink29:49
so the appetite a bug may continue to
29:54exercise insurgency
29:56but what was particularly a about the human
30:00
uh...30:01
reaching in factories here
30:04is that
30:05there is no self governments
30:09yeah i am these two factories
30:13
that the only self-governing element com factory is that a reason30:19
so that to the degree to which raises a lot exercise censorship and control30:25
to that degree you have a just individual
30:30that control is lacking
30:32and if it gets out of
30:34
at that particular juncture the appetites will go wild30:39
we call that addiction30:41
or30:43totally incapacity here too
30:45have that kind of self control
30:49
oc30:50
adn30:51
spirit
30:52remains as a dependent
30:55
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on its own
30:56range it will sometimes rely itself
31:00
with reason31:01
and other times31:03
and align itself with appetite
31:05and so you'll find that very often are passionate is
31:09to satisfy our appetites when we know rationally
31:14
that's not a good thing31:15
whether it's alcoholism or drugs
31:18or power
31:21grove insatiable appetites
31:24no governance
31:26
that part of our soul has no governance31:29
the only part of the soul that is31:32
governing is
31:33the rational are
31:36most important
31:37
uh...31:39
recognition31:40
because it means that31:43unless we have reasoning
31:47unit community
31:49
uh...31:50
the society individuals will not be jealous by application31:55
your society
31:57will not be jealous
31:58
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if it's consistent
32:00consists of these kinds of persons
32:03
you can think of that in terms of the current election32:06
and think of those who are32:09
trying to understand
32:10uh... what would be the best resolution
32:14the problems that we presently have
32:18
financially economically32:20
and uh...
32:23and c to what degree
32:26also result than what the greek
32:28ruled by ideological
32:31
appetites32:32
with spirit32:34
at any rate this is the just individual this is a model
32:39that he uses
32:40uh... which
32:42
actually32:44
tomato the notion of the state32:47
the state he says it is the sole writ large32:51the launch meeting by that
32:53that we can see in
32:55
the state is a whole32:58
the32:59
elements here
33:00already
33:01
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these elements are
33:03uh... state
33:05
and they function slightly differently33:07
so33:09
you will have a
33:11ruling
33:13or a person
33:15
you'll have a hand33:18
instead
33:20we'll have the producers
33:24and you have the parties
33:30and the state plus is a itself depended
33:35
street justice in the state or if you'd like rationality in the state33:40
depends on33:41
the virtues of the ruling group
33:43their capacity
33:45to use reason
33:47
and not understanding knowledge33:51
ut too33:52
patrol33:54the state itself
33:56to control it over the producing element
33:59
before sir produces34:01
know what they want what no what they're supposed to do34:05
because part of plato's theory here is what's called a division of labor
34:10specialization function he was very clear about that
34:13
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way before marks
34:15that specialization of function
34:17
and division of labor34:19
is an essential element here34:25
of what certainly at the state
34:28now when the ruling group
34:30functions well
34:32
in accordance with the the purposes in st34:35
and
34:37the of produces continued to produce
34:40you have them
34:42the virtues
34:46
wisdom in the state34:50
and34:51
moderation temperance
34:55in the state
34:59and you have
35:01
courage35:05
and afghanistan35:07
madness rack35:09so
35:11point being here
35:13
that35:16
you can provide the35:19
society into these forms
35:21and each of us has a virtual hadn't the just eight is the state in which
35:26
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the relationship
35:27to the parts is exactly of similar to
35:31
as mentality here that he likes to play with35:35
and it's of course a very valuable time35:37
of analogy
35:39now
35:42what is the on just sold waali until so late one with the appetites takes
35:46
control35:49
al
35:50or the spirit takes control
35:54incapable of being
35:56am so you have a kind of uh...
35:59
analytic account here36:01
of uh... and be distorted or36:05
unhappy so
36:07ineffective
36:09well same thing goes for the state
36:12
and his hero36:13
the marxist state36:15
in which the36:18produces
36:19are in control of the
36:22
ruling group36:23
what itself36:24
i'll be frustrating
36:28state stadium which part
36:31
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the reducing group
36:33would have no
36:34
real capacity36:36
to too36:37
rule
36:38and so you have to have a dictatorship proletariat know how to make it work
36:44if you have a military state
36:46
as we often do36:48
where the guardians takeover
36:51and intro
36:55itself the company the
36:58strength of government they become the
37:01
uh...37:02
forces37:04
implying the army not already
37:06to defend the state
37:08but to defend the military
37:11
that control society37:14
then you have a distortion37:16
and i'm just a37:17because its purpose is not to realize the best
37:21of the community
37:22
but rather that part of the community here37:25
which both37:27
uh... advances
37:28the interests of that particular group
37:32
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so here you have uh... this
37:34but opposition of
37:37
what works and doesn't work37:39
in terms of the relationship between the parts37:42
and the virtues of these parts
37:44all combined to constitute the virtue though
37:48through utah
37:50
the whole sorry37:54
now alle
37:58those two
37:59seemed to be
38:01easily enough
38:02
uh... establish38:04
but then the question number bridge mergers38:07
what exactly
38:10is
38:14realize
38:16
what exactly38:18
how in the world is a state38:20
to try38:22to fulfill
38:26a division of labor
38:28
and the fulfillment of the best of the states38:32
and the answer yes is education38:36
education
38:37is that mechanism
38:40
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for advancing
38:41from
38:43
a possibility38:45
to actuality38:47
from taking
38:49the raw talent
38:51of persons
38:53
and developing those who are constantly capacities38:56
that have the capacity ultimately too
39:01so
39:02his vision of education is very much of a liberal education every individual
39:07tributes polos every individual
39:10
man and women39:13
every member of the state39:16
will stop
39:17frank the beginnings
39:19to be educated
39:21
and work their education through to the point39:24
of their happens39:26
the point of the counselors39:30as they get off at different stages
39:33they may get off at the point at which they are
39:36
produces39:38
it may get off at the point at which the guardians39:41
such as john mccain
39:43and made me get off
39:45
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uh... dat point at which they are
39:49regroup
39:51
audience of course of those who39:53
are p39:55
protectors state
39:57who themselves are not in position puted side what they go to protect
40:02so
40:03
the ones who decide what they want to protect40:06
is a ruling group
40:08and the guardians are best used to support the ruling group
40:14and when they
40:16havoc on the top and they take over
40:19
the rule40:20
you have a distorted state and i'm just40:24
same thing for the human individual
40:28now unarmed
40:30in order to had this education
40:34
you have to have a jerk agent here that proceeds40:38
to an understanding of what do we how do we educate40:43
and one of the great40:46virtues of the republic
40:48is that it
40:50
has a theory of40:52
knowledge40:54
theory
40:55flossie go into a small a g this module
40:59
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uh... pattern
41:01that theory of knowledge is that
41:04
we need to distinguish41:07
between41:09
those things that are acceptable to us
41:13by peers
41:16and those things that are only accessible by reflection
41:19
and understand41:21
we need to distinguish
41:23the apparent
41:26and the real thing
41:27what goes beyond the apparent
41:29
to the rio41:31
so he distinguishes41:33
two levels
41:35the so-called
41:37physicals
41:39
what's obvious41:42
just a minimal education requires41:46
to the intelligible41:48what behind what is behind the office
41:51too
41:52
the more profound understanding41:55
of what connects things to other things42:00
one of the things that plato is
42:04absolutely convinced
42:05
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is that we know nothing about individuals we just know their
42:10appearance
42:12
to understand particular thing42:15
is to understand42:18
not only that long
42:19what how it is part of any kind of a sort or type of thing
42:36as he calls reform
42:39
the form of a thing42:41
is that
42:42which binds
42:44it's this is at the same kinds
42:47to be instances dot com what is it that makes that i think what it is
42:52
while is it43:00
and this gives us43:02
aclu
43:03to something which is very possible
43:06which is why it when you
43:08
move into43:10
a new place43:12
you're able to identify43:15facing never
43:17physically seen before
43:20
you've got a singles buildings43:23
you've never seen those people43:25
you've ever seen those trees
43:27that the same that lake
43:31
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and yet you know what they are
43:34the capacity to know
43:37
what something is43:40
irrespective of the fact you have to confront her previously43:44
becomes then
43:46aki
43:47to understanding the form of a thing
43:51
and also pt43:54
of reflection riddles
43:57fault that there must have been in some way stump prior understanding knowledge
44:03sunday or
44:05some prior
44:07
confrontation44:08
so we have a theory about that but that confrontation44:13
is based on the idea that
44:16we recognize new things
44:18re read compromise recog nized things
44:23
overture was44:25
are understanding of the forms things44:28
soul all knowledge has to proceed44:32from favorite memory
44:34elements
44:36
because of what44:38
up through44:40
to the intelligible
44:42and up to the front
44:46
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afloat
44:48how you think so they're being such a thing as
44:51
formal forms44:54
yes of course it was a formal for the use of all i can tell you44:59
but i can tell you this
45:01just as the sun
45:04is a necessary condition of the visible
45:07
and to do that45:09
without the salem everything would go dark
45:12all energy would cease
45:15the sun is to the vegetables
45:18as the form of a good
45:20
used to be a countries45:22
so it gives us a metaphor45:25
and the metaphor is that
45:28the essential nature of
45:31of knowing
45:32
is dependent all cabrera the form of the book45:37
so he's opposed ideology follows through there are levels of45:41
just watching sophistication45:44but all the way that level of sophistication here
45:47is vindicated here
45:50
by the fact that45:54
we ourselves recognize45:58
simply the way things work
46:01is not the way things are
46:03
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we distinguish
46:05looks at something from
46:07
what that something is46:10
nature of that46:12
and that's what we see
46:13in using
46:16cognition understanding the attempt to opr
46:19
the particular46:24
soul
46:25this is rudimentary
46:28floor plato's republic
46:30it is essential that this be follow
46:34
and that is the46:36
theory46:37
acknowledged that he explores
46:40and then
46:42how i can tell you to what
46:45
how how important plato was to the concept of liberal education46:49
we ourselves would not be46:52
in the liberal arts college that we are46:55therefore not for plato's advocacy
47:02man
47:04
opal physical education47:06
and moral education47:09
physical education and electric
47:13and intellectual education is not just the accumulation of information
47:19
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intellectual information
47:21is the capacity to
47:24
begin to exercise judgment47:27
and to be able to move47:29
uh...
47:30with understanding
47:33beyond
47:35
information47:36
information needs to be sorting
47:39it needs to be
47:41clarified and categorized
47:44and made clear
47:46
and that's where education comes in47:50
and we are grateful to47:55
for teaching alistair
47:59because our softball
48:01began really what it is our contemporary
48:04
uh... man48:06
university48:08
aristotle began the inquiry into biology48:13into psychology
48:16bahama
48:17
into blodgett into ethics into metaphysics48:22
and48:24
the horrible contemporary
48:26series of
48:28
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studies
48:30dependent upon
48:32
uh... continuing48:35
challenge to48:36
the way things are appeared in the way things are
48:40uh... finally
48:42because i don't want to
48:44
to any more on this48:46
there is the him
48:49critic he has a democracy
48:51and it's very valuable as per usual
48:55to be able to see
48:57
democracy48:59
as compared to49:00
the kind of society
49:03which he advocates
49:05when he says you have this
49:08
you have certain degrees of the virtues of the ruling group guardians the49:13
producers49:13
and they produce different kinds of states different kinds of49:17political systems
49:19one such
49:22
political system49:26
is49:28
talkers
49:33because it aristocracy meritocracy is
49:36
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the huh
49:38fact that those
49:40
who are in positions of authority49:42
exercise that authority out of knowledge and understanding49:46
and not out of
49:48other forms of
49:50hopelessly
49:52
selective49:53
choices some
49:56meritocracy
49:57for meritocracy ideology there is
50:01commodity
50:04
then dole karki50:08
then democracy50:12
and then finally
50:15because democracy
50:17very often just doesn't work
50:19
you get to him50:25
tyranny is the50:28
use of is the50:30lightly on of
50:32power
50:34
on one person50:35
as representative all the people50:39
and plato's brilliantly clear as to how
50:44democracy very often becomes
50:47
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cut their targets
50:49freedom and equality
50:51
because under freedom and equality there's no50:55
there is no50:58
there's no capacity at the distinguished between what's better or worse
51:03and the result of is say
51:07form of
51:08
of uh...51:10
complete and total
51:12hmmm
51:14adequacy
51:15uh... opened his
51:16
to every other every possible choice51:20
so that uh...51:23
some people prefer this other people that
51:26they're all open
51:28democracy has suspended
51:31
ghar ki tends to be the role of the fuel51:34
which is51:35
the rule of money51:38and he's very clear about that
51:40he says at one point
51:43
uh...51:50
uh... talks about all of their pieces of it51:59
uh...
52:01so we must explain how camara c is transported into ordinary
52:07
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yes surely the matter is this transformation three even
52:10uh... to the bombing melissa block
52:12
well a treasure house filled with gold52:15
which each processes52:17
destroys a constitution
52:19for say find ways of spending money for themselves then they stretch laws
52:24relating to this
52:25
then they and their wives just the way it was a comparatively52:29
them in the end victory loving an honor loving man
52:33become lovers of making money
52:35on one of the lovers
52:37and a bracelet my wealthy people
52:39
and appoint demos rules52:41
well they piss off52:43
portland's
52:45huh
52:46again
52:47
he says52:48
uh... well as the city change from the world are key to a democracy in some52:52
such way is this because of its insatiable desire52:56to attain what is set before it has a good namely
52:59the need to become as rich as possible
53:03
in what way53:06
says53:08
since those who rule city do so because they own a lot
53:13i suppose there aren't going to enact laws were that young people who've
53:18
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had no discipline from spending it
53:20and wasting their wealth
53:23
so that by making loans to their homeland security by the young people's53:26
property and then calling those53:28
loans in
53:30they themselves become even richer monitored
53:34this is a favorite thing to do
53:36
so is it clear that53:38
by now that it's impossible for a city donald wealth
53:42at its entire for its citizens to acquire moderation
53:46but the one or the other is inevitably neglected
53:50that's pretty clear
53:52
because of this the correct53:54
because they encouraged by a discipline53:57
or at least i mean frequently reduced people to come in stamp department
54:01that's right
54:02and these people said island city unimportant
54:06
adherent54:07
the critique therefore of54:10
too54:12democracy or right
54:15it scott
54:18
it may not have it may not54:23
because it doesn't and to the degree to which54:27
were able to elect
54:30to tunes
54:33
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people in the morning group boys that have that capacity too
54:38but it's very easy to get a break
54:41
down to54:42
eighty54:43
periods in which anarchy
54:45and that ultimately
54:47purity pixel
54:49
thank you very much sean who say that54:57
out
54:59apparently for president
55:08mister wong
55:10i'll take my hat my player i a lot for now
55:13
house speaker myself yet55:33
http55:38
hope
55:44strike the six the
55:46he thinks it's bad for dumb people
55:51
bad things55:52
he thinks that young people55:55
should be kaha55:59informed
56:00about what is respected that and
56:03
and what will they turn produce that56:07
event56:07
a great deal of exposure
56:09to indulgences
56:12
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and to corruption
56:14uh... that is to say too
56:17
forbes theater corrupt so56:19
in fact56:20
how may well destroy
56:22so this notion of freedom of
56:26censorship
56:28
is acutely that democratic notion56:31
and it has
56:32great cost
56:35cost being paid
56:36we for that
56:38
there is a lack of taste56:40
there's a lot uh...56:42
control
56:43and there's a lack of standards
56:46norms tend to be
56:49
ob56:50
conventionally56:52
of what the polls say56:54the market allows for any kind of interest whether it's born pornographic
57:00whether it's drugs
57:02
whether it's alcohol57:05
any kind of57:07
of flow
57:09hypochlorite
57:10
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can be satisfied
57:11if at the moment democratic society where there is total freedom
57:15
and he thinks that's bad57:18
white because he believes that57:21
living well
57:22the man's self control
57:25it but the man's
57:27
continuing monitor mamaji57:30
of ones
57:32capacities and palace and appetites
57:34continuing mantra
57:35why because
57:37
the individual faculties57:39
had not57:41
are insatiable
57:43bailey are not capable of
57:46self-monitoring
57:48
and those o57:51
so it's not a society we live in57:53
it society in which he considers to be better no one will57:58in that of exercises xmen
58:02of
58:03
settled paradigm58:05
of what is the ideal site58:07
he calls it an ideal society
58:10and he says
58:13
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likely such society will never exist
58:18but invite
58:20
if losses became kings58:23
additive58:24
uh... philosophy became
58:28regarded
58:31uh...
58:33
and i think that's true58:36
that is to say
58:37i think it's
58:39to the book
58:41that student studying philosophy
58:44
because they studied this kind of thing58:47
and by so doing recognize how weeks exercise58:53
choices critical
58:55ob
58:56decision making
59:04
contribute to it you know59:09
it's at weather59:13
purcell so59:16he or
59:21well the presumption is that what we asked what is the good life
59:27
how shall i beat a life each of us acess classroom question59:32
we are taking our own lives59:34
as intrinsically valuable its own right
59:37and something that
59:39
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we need to ban all of our capacities all our resources to
59:44to director
59:46
to their fulfillment59:48
so he's taking it has been transmitted59:50
life per se
59:53and uh...
59:55have agree with that
60:05
saying60:10
yes of
60:11his argument against democratic state is that generally corrupts
60:16by glowing quotation
60:19tends to corrupt puppet high it takes
60:22
and while there may be initially60:25
already hopeful of60:29
articulated
app booksof uh... musical offerings
hope art formsof uh... of
inventions such self
roseam
the there is a way
in which we becomewell informed about what's the best and iamong these
and if we can't cultivate thatthrough our educational system our educational system if we can cultivate
their
so education systemthen we can
uh... serve democracybut it's compatible with the fact that the legendary
elite
is a bad wordiraq community because we're all democrats
but only does not occur a bad word for
-
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uh...
socrates offer plato because elite mean simplyuh...
able too
respond to in a way that others are not able to respond to particular kinds ofdates
concernshaha
or
areon her
yesyet
yeah god
yetwell think i think they have to give
well they hang together in that could within reach
uh... i mazesi don't want a spectacular
but every piece of literature of success in certain waysif we read it seriously