Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized...
Transcript of Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized...
![Page 1: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system
for primary and secondary resources ---- opportunities and challenges.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. h.c. mult. Friedrich-W. Wellmer
retired President of the Federal Institute of Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR),
the Federal German Geological Survey, Hannover/Germany and
retired President of the Academy of Geosciences and Geotechnology.
![Page 2: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Rohstoffentnahme - seit 1900 bis heute
Quelle: Krausmann et al. (2009): Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century,
Ecological Economics Vol. 68, Nr. 10, 2696-2705, Version 1.2 (August 2011).
www.uni-klu.ac.at/socec/inhalt/3133.htm
![Page 3: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Weltbevölkerung - Entwicklung seit 1850 und Prognosen bis 2100
Quelle: D. Lam: Presentation Herrenhausen-Symp. 28.+ 29.11.2012:
"Already beyond? 40 years' limits to growth" , Hannover, VW Foundation.
![Page 4: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
(Source: Mew, M.C., Steiner, G., Geissler, B. Sustainability 2018, 10,1087)
![Page 5: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Quelle: D. Ameling, Erzmetall, 53 (2000), Nr. 10, S. 598.
Entwicklung der Hochofenleistung 1861 bis 1993
Nutzinhalt:
Erzeugung:
August-Thyssen-Hütte
Duisburg
1960
1424 m³
2000 t / Tag
27,9
m
9 m
Thyssen Krupp Stahl AG
Duisburg, Schwelgern 2
1993
4769 m³
11900 t / Tag
14,9m
32,8
m
610 m³
400 t / Tag
Gutehoffnungshütte
Oberhausen
1910
4,2 m
23 m
Johannishütte
Duisburg
1861
0,9 m
15,3
m
64 m³
25 t / Tag
![Page 7: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Production (Mio t Cu in ore mined)
2016: 20.343 mio t
1995: 9.985 mio t
1996: 10.949 mio t.
![Page 8: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
(Source: Arndt, N. et al. (2017): Future Global Mineral Resources. Geochemical Perspectives 6,1, p.1-171)
![Page 9: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
(Source: Wellmer, F.-W. et al. :
Raw Materials for Future Energy
Supply, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York
(Springer) in print.)
![Page 10: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
(Source: Wellmer, F.-W. et al. :
Raw Materials for Future Energy
Supply, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York
(Springer) in print.)
![Page 11: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
(Source: EC: Report on Critical Raw Materials and the Circular Economy, 16.1 2018-SWD (2018) 36 final)
![Page 12: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
(Source: Arndt, N. et al. (2017): Future Global Mineral Resources. Geochemical Perspectives 6,1, p.1-171)
![Page 13: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
(Source: Arndt, N. et al. (2017): Future Global Mineral Resources. Geochemical Perspectives 6,1, p.1-171)
![Page 14: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Three aspects, discussed as „early warning indicators“:
1.) Ratio: reserves/consumption (wrongly called lifetime of reserves )
2.) For by-products: statistical distribution
3.) Peak commodity
![Page 15: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Three aspects, discussed as „early warning indicators“:
1.) Ratio: reserves/consumption (wrongly called lifetime of reserves )
2.) For by-products: statistical distribution
3.) Peak commodity
So far only discussed for primary resources, but secondary resources
have to be included, too.
![Page 16: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
(Source: Frenzel et al. (2017), Resources Policy 52, p.327)
![Page 17: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Plateau-phase
Pro
du
ction
Time
dmp = depletion midpoint
Life cycle curve „Hubbert-Curve“
![Page 18: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
(Source: Wellmer, F.-W. et al. :
Raw Materials for Future Energy
Supply, Heidelberg, Berlin,
New York (Springer) in print.)
![Page 19: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
(Quelle: Wellmer,F.-W.: Wie lange reichen unsere Rohstoffvorräte?– Was sind
Reserven und Ressourcen. Umweltwirtschaftsforum 22 (2014), s. 125-132)
![Page 20: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Three aspects, discussed as „early warning indicators“:
1.) Ratio: reserves/consumption (wrongly called lifetime of reserves )
2.) For by-products: statistical distribution
3.) Peak commodity
![Page 21: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Three aspects, discussed as „early warning indicators“:
1.) Ratio: reserves/consumption (wrongly called lifetime of reserves )
2.) For by-products: statistical distribution
3.) Peak commodity
![Page 22: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Growing of Reserves –
Example: Copper
35.4
37.4
Ratio
720 Mio t20.342 Mio t2016
195 Mio t5.219 Mio t1966
reserveproduction
Reserves
(Mio t Cu in
ore)
Production
(Mio t Cu in
ore)
![Page 23: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Growing of Reserves –
Example: Copper
35.4
37.4
Ratio
720 Mio t20.342 Mio t2016
195 Mio t5.219 Mio t1966
reserveproduction
Reserves
(Mio t Cu in
ore)
Production
(Mio t Cu in
ore)
Accumulated production 1966-2016 = 50 years: 554 Mio t
i.e. nearly 3x reserves 1966 !!!
![Page 24: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mine production Data sources: USGS, BGR database, 2009
*Before 1988, the USGS only classified
reserve base
Static life time of reserve base*
Static life time of reserves
Static life time – the reality
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
20
60
100
140
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Mio
. t
yea
rs
Nickel
1960: 0.34 Mio. t
2008:
1.5 Mio. t
1987: 63 years 2008: 46 years
10
30
50
70
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
100
300
500
yea
rs1
.00
0 t Cobalt
1960: 14.734 t
2008: 63,783 t
1988: 125 years 2008: 111 years
4
8
12
16
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
20
40
60
80
1987: 39 years2008: 36 years
2008:
14.4 Mio. t
1960: 4.2 Mio. t
Copper
Mio
. t
yea
rs
![Page 25: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Ratio Reserves /Production (Consumption 2016 (USGS-Data)
Aluminium (Bauxite) 107 Manganese 43
Coal 114 Nickel 35
Chromium 16 Phosphate 261
Cobalt 57 Potassium 110
Copper 37 Silver 21
Gold 18 Tin 17
Iron Ore 76 Tungsten 36
Lead 18 Zinc 18
![Page 27: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
%
100
75
50
25
86 %
Au 79 %
Ag
84 %
Cu 71 %
Zn
73 %
Pb
Metal Content of 10 % of Largest Deposits
Metal Contents
Perc
en
t in
Dep
osit
s L
arg
er
than
X-A
xis
Singer, D.A. (1995)
![Page 28: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ratio Reserves /Production (Consumption 2016 (USGS-Data)
Aluminium (Bauxite) 107 Manganese 43
Coal 114 Nickel 35
Chromium 16 Phosphate 261
Cobalt 57 Potassium 110
Copper 37 Silver 21
Gold 18 Tin 17
Iron Ore 76 Tungsten 36
Lead 18 Zinc 18
![Page 29: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Conclusion re: Reserve/Consumption (Production)- Ratios
-- single values useless: only snapshot of a dynamicallydeveloping reserves/resources system
-- but very useful information in the time series !
![Page 30: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
(Source: ESYS-Analyse 2016:Rohstoffe für die Energieversorgung der Zukunft—Geologie--- Märkte--- Umwelteinflüsse)
![Page 31: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
(Source: ESYS-Analyse 2016:Rohstoffe für die Energieversorgung der Zukunft—Geologie--- Märkte--- Umwelteinflüsse)
![Page 32: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
(Source: Tilton, J. et al. (2018): Public policy and future mineral supplíes, Resources Policy.)
![Page 33: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
(Source: Wellmer, F.-W. et al. :Raw Materials for Future Energy Supply, Heidelberg, Berlin,New York (Springer) in print.)
![Page 34: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Shortage
Price rise
Reaction through
Price incentives
Demand Side
• Thriftier consumption of materials
• Substitution
• New Technologies with totally
different raw material profile
Supply Side
• Primary Raw Materials (Exploration, Investment in new productions, Increase of recovery of raw material out of the deposits and in beneficiation/ metallurgy)
• Secondary Raw Materials (Improvement of Recycling, Use of lower grade scrap)
Supply and Demand in Balance again
![Page 35: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Thriftier consumption of raw materials:
LED-Lamps – Reduction of
REE-requirements by 90%
Reaction according to the Feedback Control-Cycle of Mineral Supply -Example: Rare Earth-Elements (REE)
Technological substitution:
Induction motors
or (ferrit motors)
vs. Synchronous
Motors with
permanent
Magnets with
neodymium (Nd)
und
dysprosium (Dy)
![Page 37: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
(Source: ESYS-Analyse 2016:Rohstoffe für die Energieversorgung der Zukunft—Geologie--- Märkte--- Umwelteinflüsse)
![Page 38: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
(Source: Arndt, N. et al. (2017): Future Global Mineral Resources. Geochemical Perspectives 6,1, p.1-171)
![Page 39: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Gs
am
tpro
du
kti
on
in
Mio
. t
Share Primary Production
Share Secondary Poduction
20
40
60
80
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
An
teil
an
de
r G
es
am
tpro
du
kti
on
in
%
Development of total Al-Production (Primary + Secondary Aluminium)
1960: 17 %
2009: 30 %
Prognosis 2020: 37 %
Quelle: International Aluminium Institute
(Deutsche Rohstoffagentur DERA /BGR)
![Page 40: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
We will always need both, primary and secondary resources
As to secondary rersources:
• 100% recycling thermodynamically impossible. There will always be losses.
• We have to take into account the lifetime of products in the economy.
![Page 41: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
We will always need both, primary and secondary resources
As to secondary resources :
• 100% recycling is thermodynamically impossible. There will always be losses.
• We have to take into account the lifetime of products in the economy.
![Page 42: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Consumption
Life time
of products
Life timeof
products
Missing quantity for recyclingat time A
Time
Case 2
Case 1
A
![Page 43: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
We will always need both, primary and secondary resources
As to secondary resources:
• 100% recycling is thermodynamically impossible. There will always be losses.
• We have to consider the lifetime of products in the economy.
• The optimum of recycling, considering energy and environmental impact, is not 100%.
![Page 44: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Platzhalter
![Page 45: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Platzhalter
![Page 47: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
(Source: Arndt, N. et al. (2017): Future Global Mineral Resources. Geochemical Perspectives 6,1, p.1-171)
![Page 48: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Consumer Resources
![Page 49: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Consumer Resources
Common Denominator
![Page 50: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Conclusion:
We need a standardized classification system for all sources
of raw material supply----primary and secondary resources----
to be able to monitor our future raw material supply.
![Page 52: Why we need a standardized internationally accepted ...€¦ · Why we need a standardized internationally accepted resource classification system for primary and secondary resources----](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042302/5ecd0e17ba2cd96faa677818/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)