Why should we care about care?

AnaMariaMunozBoudet,VictoriaLevin,BethZikronahRosenPovertyandSocialProtec=onandLaborGlobalPrac=ces;ECARegion

TheWorldBankGroup

THE ROLE OF INFORMAL CHILDCARE AND ELDERCARE IN AGING SOCIETIES IN EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

Outline 1)  Organiza=onofthecaresupply

2)  Carethroughoutwomen’slifecycles

3)  Care,laborforceaPachment,&income

4)  PolicyOp=ons

Note 1: Data for this report

 -Genera=onsandGenderSurvey(GGS)

 -TimeUseSurveys

 -SurveyofHealth,Ageing,andRe=rementinEurope(SHARE)

 -EuropeanSocialSurvey

 -Exis=ngHHsurveys

 -Authorsdevelopednewmixed-methodsdataset:supplyanddemandassessment

 

ECACountriesIndepen-dentData SHARE GGP ESS HETUS

Na;onalTUS RLMS

Albania X Armenia X Azerbaijan Belarus

BosniaandHerzegovina X

Bulgaria X X X Croa;a X CzechRepublic X X X Estonia X X X X X Georgia X Hungary X X X Kazakhstan Kosovo X X KyrgyzRepublic X Latvia X X Lithuania X X X FYRMacedonia X X Moldova X Montenegro Poland X X X X Romania X X RussianFedera;on X X XSerbia X X Slovakia X Slovenia X X X Tajikistan Turkey X Turkmenistan Ukraine X X Uzbekistan

1. OrganizaMon of the care supply is linked to three factors 1.  Household-levelcapacityandmarketfactors

◦  Householdsize,composi=on,andopportunitycostof=meforhouseholdmembers

2.  Socialnorms◦  Filialobliga=on,ifyouhavecareda]ersomeoneonceyouwilldoit

again,acceptabilityofstateinvolvementincaregiving

3.  Availableservicesandsupportstructures◦  Availability,accessibility,affordability,andqualityofchildcareand

eldercareop=ons

…This oPen adds up to a preponderance of informal care

Women bear more of the burden of informal care than men, regardless of whether they work for pay

Source:EstonianNa=onalTimeUseSurvey2010Note:Authors’calcula=ons

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00

Paidwork,Men Paidwork,WomenCare,Men Care,WomenHHProduc,Men HHProduc,Women

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

6:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 24:00

Totalwork,Men Totalwork,WomenUnpaidwork,Men Unpaidwork,Women

Propor;onofEstonianworkingagepopula;on(aged20-64years)undertakingac;vi;esbygenderand;meofday

2. Care throughout women’s lifecycles  Womenarelikelytobeengagedincaregivingatdifferentstagesoftheirlife.Ø Oneormul=pledirec=onsatthesame=me

Ø Mothers Ø DaughtersØ Grandmothers

Ø Differentintensi=esintermsof=meandfrequency

 Agingsocie=esincreasethedemandforupwardcareflowsbesidesthetradi=onaldownwardcare.

Care throughout women’s lifecycles has expanded in aging socieMes

children

woman

parents

grandparents

grandchildren

Carerecipient CarerecipientCaregiver

At all ages, women and men are providing some type of care to others

Source:SHAREwave4(AT,BE,CH,CZ,EE,ES,FR,HU,IT,NL,SI).N=2,787grandmotherswithatleastonegrandchildundertheageof16years.

6%

4%

19%

19%

2%

2%

10%

5%

11%

13%

16%

20%

5%

14%

29%

26%

36%

38%

11%

18%

12%

10%

8%

8%

3%

3%

48%

51%

31%

25%

33%

21%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Men70+

Women70+

Men60-69

Women60-69

Men50-59

Women50-59

Employed,providingchildcare,providingfurtherhelptoothers Employed,providingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers

Employed,notprovidingchildcare,providinghelptoothers Notemployed,providingchildcare,providingfurtherhelptoothers

Notemployed,providingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers Notemployed,notprovidingchildcare,providinghelptoothers

Notprovidingchildcare,notprovidingfurtherhelptoothers

3. Care, labor force aXachment, & income throughout women’s lifecycles

Ø Aswithchildcare,intensiveeldercaredu=escanreducefemalelaborsupplyduringthemostproduc=veyears.

Ø Thereisasubstan=albodyofevidence,fromavarietyofcontexts,thatintensive,=me-demandingcarehassignificantnega=veeffectonthelikelihoodofstayinginthelaborforce

Ø Greateravailabilityofformalcareop=onscanbeexpectedtoaffectfemalelaborforcepar=cipa=onintheintensiveandextensivemargins.

Mothers: It starts with childcare responsibiliMes There is a well-documented decrease in labor supply for women with young children, and in some countries, this reduced labor supply of mothers persists for an extended period of Mme.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

0-3years 4-6years 7-9years 10-12years

Bulgaria Georgia Germany France Hungary Italy Netherlands

Romania Norway Austria Belgium Lithuania Poland Czech

Norway

Georgia

Czech

Source: Authors' calculations based on GGS Wave 1 data.Note: Sample includes female respondents with at least one child in the household. The employment rate is the share of those who report that they are employed or self-employed.

Working women tend to use childcare services more than those not working. Mothers in EU-13 countries are more likely to stay out of the labor force due to childcare availability and quality and more likely to be in part-Mme employment due to availability and cost compared to EU-15

Source: Eurostat 2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

FYRMaced

onia

Slovakia

CzechRe

public

Hungary

Estonia

Poland

Latvia

Croa=a

Romania

Bulgaria

Lithuania

Sloven

ia

Nethe

rland

s

Germ

any

Malta

UnitedKingdo

m

Ireland

Austria

Italy

Luxembo

urg

Belgium

Spain

France

Greece

Swed

en

Norway

Denm

ark

Iceland

Finland

Cyprus

Portugal

ECA non-ECA

%ofw

omen

aged25-49who

usechildcare

servicesweeklyforthe

iryoun

gestchild

Shareemployedfull-=me Sharedemployedpart-=me

Employmentprofileofworkingmothersusingchildcareservices

Daughters of elderly parents: Women tend to provide care to elderly parents at the ages at which they would have the highest lifeMme income

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

24andless 25-35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+

%ofw

omen

inth

eagegrou

pprovidingan

ycareto

someo

neelse

Russia

Bulgaria

Georgia

Romania

Source:GenderandGenera=onsSurvey.FirstRound

Careprovidedtoparentsand/orparents-in-lawamongwomenwhoreportprovidinghelpinthepreviousyear.Femalerespondents,byage

UMlizaMon rates of formal eldercare services are correlated with labor force parMcipaMon rates of the populaMon that is most likely to be providing informal caregiving—women aged 40–64

RESIDENCEINCAREINSTITUTIONS RECEIPTOFHOME-BASEDCARE

Source: Mul=linksforcareprevalence(mostrecentwaveused);Eurostatforlaborforcepar=cipa=onrates

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

CzechRepublic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

SlovakRepublic

SloveniaSpain

Sweden

UnitedKingdom

y=1,1541x+60,32R²=0,06138

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

90,0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Labo

rforcepar;cipa;

onoffem

alesaged40

to64

%livingincareins;tu;ons(ofpersonsaged65+)

Austria

Belgium

CzechRepublic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

SloveniaSpain

Sweden

UnitedKingdom

y=0,9514x+57,894R²=0,15743

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

90,0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Labo

rforcepar;cipa;

onoffem

alesaged40

to64

%receivinghome-basedcare(ofpersonsaged65+)

Caught in the middle: The sandwich generaMon

Ø Increasedlongevity+delayedonsetoffer=lityàwomenareexpectedtoprovidecaresimultaneouslytomul=plegenera=ons

children

woman

parents

grandparents

grandchildren

Carerecipient CarerecipientCaregiver

Grandmothers: They provide frequent care in some countries, and in others, they just help

Source:Buber-Ennser(2014)basedonSHAREwave4(AT,BE,CH,CZ,DE,DK,EE,ES,FR,HU,IT,NL,PO,PT,SE,SI)andwave2(GR,IE).N=27,708grandparentswithatleastonegrandchildundertheageof16years,andN=16,360thatprovideanycare.

Es;matedcountrycoefficientsforgrandmothers’careprovision(anyandregulargrandchildcare)

***

*

***

********

******

***

*********

** ** *

***

-1,5

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

***D

enmark(DK)

***Swed

en(SE)

***France(FR)

***Eston

ia(E

E)

CzechR.(C

Z)

Germ

any(DE)

Switzerland

(CH)

Sloven

ia(SI)

Poland

(PO)

Hungary(HU)

Ireland

(IE)

Nethe

rland

s(NL)

Belgium(B

E)

Spain(ES)

Portugal(P

T)

Lithuania(LT)

Georgia(GE)

Austria

(AT)

Greece(G

R)

***R

ussia

(RU)

***B

ulgaria

(BU)

Italy(IT)

***R

omania(R

O)

Anycare

Regularcare

Grandmother-provided childcare can enable mothers’ employment…

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Unpaidhelp

Nohelp Unpaidhelp

Nohelp Unpaidhelp

Nohelp Unpaidhelp

Nohelp

EFTA,EU15 EU13 EasternParternship

W.Balkans

Inac=veinLF

Unemployed

Employed

Source:Authors’calcula=onsbasedonGGSdata(mostrecentwaveforBulgaria,RussianFedera=on,Georgia,Romania,Lithuania,Poland,CzechRepublic,Germany,France,theNetherlands,Norway,Austria,andBelgium)andfieldworkdata(2014dataforArmenia,BosniaandHerzegovina,Kosovo,FYRMacedonia,Serbia,andUkraine).

Laborstatusformotherswithandwithoutinformalcare

… but this can negaMvely impact the labor supply of grandmothers

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79

Men - Women

%employed

Withgrandchildrenunder16 Withoutgrandchildrenunder16

Source:Author’scalcula=onbasedonBuber-Ennser2014

Employmentrateofolderindividualswith/withoutgrandchildren

Care, labor force aXachment and income Ø “Sandwiched”womenhavebeenfoundtoexperiencehigherlevelsofwork-relatedstress,absenteeismaswellasagreatermismatchbetweenactualandpreferredworkinghours

Ø Higher-educatedpre-re=rement-age(50-65)womenareatthehighestriskofperformingthedoublecaredu=es.

Ø Sandwichedindividualsarelesslikelytobeinthelaborforce,whichimpliesthatsandwichresponsibili=esareassociatedwithearlyre=rementofhighly-skilledwomen

Ø Beingafemalecaregiverisassociatedwithasignificantlyhigherpovertyrisk

Ø Caregivingcanbeassociatedwithahigherpovertyrisklaterinlifeduetoloweraccumulatedpensionwealth

Ø Perversecyclewherebywomenfromlower-incomehouseholdsaremorelikelytobecomeinformalcaregivers,whichinturnresultsinevenlowerhouseholdincomes.

4. Policy opMons Theidealpolicymixwillvarybycountry,butsomeareastoconsiderinclude:

§ Providingaccessible,affordable,qualityformalcareservices

§ Acknowledgingandimprovinginformalcare§  Crea=ngleavepoliciesthatsupportthefamilyascareproviders(paid,unpaid)

§  Promo=ngflexibleworkarrangements§  Consideringallowancesandtaxincen=vesforcaregiversand/orrecipients§  Improvingpensioncreditsforcaregiverssystems(coverage,targe=ng,andgenerosity)

§  Promo=onofpar=cipa=oninthelabormarketoftheyoungoldascaregiversoftheoldestold

Thank you