Why Pico Hydro? (< 5 kW) - WordPress.com · 07/11/2016 · 5 Rural Electrification Options Kathamba...
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5 Rural Electrification Options Rural Electrification Options Kathamba in Kenya - site of a 2 kW Pico Hydro project Grid Connection • too expensive • unreliable, especially in mountainous areas Stand-alone options • rechargeable batteries • Solar Home Systems Mini-grid options • diesel generators • Micro/Pico Hydro Mainly developed for village electrification in developing countries, where each house (using low energy lights) may require only 20 W! • very large number of potential sites small streams are big enough! Similar technology is suitable for off-grid use in UK (photo P Maher, Pico Energy Ltd: Nepal) Why Pico Hydro? (< 5 kW)
Transcript of Why Pico Hydro? (< 5 kW) - WordPress.com · 07/11/2016 · 5 Rural Electrification Options Kathamba...
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Rural Electrification OptionsRural Electrification Options
Kathamba
in Kenya
- site of a 2 kW Pico Hydro project
Grid Connection
• too expensive
• unreliable, especially in mountainous areas
Stand-alone options
• rechargeable batteries
• Solar Home Systems
Mini-grid options
• diesel generators
• Micro/Pico Hydro
Mainly developed for village electrification in developing countries,
where each house (using low energy lights) may require only 20 W!
• very large
number of
potential sites
small streams are big
enough!
Similar technology is
suitable for off-grid
use in UK(photo P Maher, Pico Energy Ltd:
Nepal)
Why Pico Hydro? (< 5 kW)
Simple Civil Works
Polyethylene or PVC pipe
is easily available
and light to transport(photos P Maher, Kenya)
Storage only if summer flow is too low (evening use only)
Minimal use of cement
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Pico hydro turbine typesPico hydro turbine types
For medium heads: crossflowor pump as turbine -
imported or locally made -also uses induction motor
as generator
• For higher heads: locally manufactured Peltonturbine• Fixed nozzle; direct drive
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Pico hydro turbine typesPico hydro turbine types
• For low heads: propellerturbine (with scroll casing or open flume)
Kathmandu University
Leverhulm
eProject, Nott’m
Trent University
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A low head turbine siteA low head turbine site
(Magdalena, Peru (Magdalena, Peru –– 4 kW)4 kW)
Civil Works: silt basin, concrete channel, pipe and forebay tank
Powerhouse: Tailrace water is returned to irrigation channel
Inside: turbine has horizontal shaft; belt driven
induction generator
Far right: open flume turbine, Kathmandu Uni.
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Micro hydroMicro hydrousing an induction motor as generatorusing an induction motor as generator
ExcitationCapacitors
User Loads(+ battery charger)
Ballast Load(heater)
InductionGeneratorController
Induction Generator
• The controller can be locally made• The turbine is also used for milling
Turbine House
500 m radius
Intake
Stre
am
9Z
Bb
40Z
8 39Z Cc
51Z
54Z
Spur C
45Z
52Z
53Z
1
2
3
46Z 6
44Z35Z
36Z37Z
38Z
41Z
42Z
43Z
Ca
5
4 Cb
7
3
48Z
50Z Be
7Z 9
Ba
58Z
2Z
Turbinehouse
57Z
Spur A 2
4
1Z
3Z3
4Z
5Z
6Z
4
59Z
560Z
Spur B
Penstock
8Z
5
29Z 31Z
49Z
32Z12 Bd
33Z
34Z
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21Z
30Z
28Z
22Z
23Z24Z
25Z
26Z 27Z
6
7
17Z 18Z
10C11C
12Z
13Z14Z15Z
16Z8
20Z
Bc
19Z10
A typical village layout (Kathamba, Kenya).
Most spurs have several branches
Houses are clustered.
Load limiters used.
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OffOff--grid schemes in rural areas grid schemes in rural areas
are increasingare increasing
Growth in rural households accessing electricity in Sri Lanka.
Mini-grid schemes can be connected to a grid extension.
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Solar Home System
Low-cost system: 1.5 W panel
NiMH battery, 1W LED light
Some systems are leased
(by Energy Service Companies)
Large initial cost
Low running cost
Light is as good as “tilley” lamp
Much safer!
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Lighting optionsLighting options
Photo Source: LUTW
LED v CFL
V. low power; narrow beam; v. long life;
Efficient for LV systems
Low power; wide beam; higher efficacy; long life;
Better for mains voltages.
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Rural Electrification OptionsRural Electrification Options
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
300-1000 W
50 - 300 W
300 W
300 W
300-1000 W
Petrol or
Diesel
Solar PV
PV-W
ind
hybrid
Wind
Pico hydro
Type of Generator
Predicted Cost in 2010 (UScent/kWh)
Minimum
Lower Range
Probable Range
Higher Range
Recent World Bank study:
Off-grid Costs.
2002 study in Kenya:
PH: 15 ¢/kWh
PV: >$1/kWh
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ConclusionsConclusions
Photo Source: LUTW
• Village-based mini-grids are suitable for rural electrification
• Renewable energy based systems are cost-effective (esp. hydro)
• Costs can be reduced through: 1. local manufacture
2. using PC-based design for turbines, pipes and distribution cables
Compared with kerosene lamps or dry-cell torches, Electric lighting is
• Cheaper
• Cleaner
• Safer
Cost/kW v Plant Capacity
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
MW Capacity
US $/kW
Economies of ScaleEconomies of Scale
