Being in the habitable zone, Earth has ALL the right conditions for a diversity of life.
Why is the Earth habitable?...The Blue Marble Apollo 17 1972 How old is the Earth? 4.54 billion...
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Why is the Earth habitable? Philip Pogge von Strandmann Earth Sciences UCL
Transcript of Why is the Earth habitable?...The Blue Marble Apollo 17 1972 How old is the Earth? 4.54 billion...
WhyistheEarthhabitable?
PhilipPoggevonStrandmannEarthSciences
UCL
HubbleDeepfield
Howoldistheuniverse?13.77billionyears
X-RayimageofourSunNuSTAR(NASA)+Hinode(Japan)+SDO(NASA)
HowoldisourSun?
4.6billionyears
TheBlueMarbleApollo171972
HowoldistheEarth?
4.54billionyears
CuriosityFeb2014
Venera9,1975
Theageofalltheterrestrialplanetsisthesame
Whatdoyouneedforlifetoexist?1. Aplanetoftherightsize
HLTauri(450lightyearsaway)ALMA(AtacamaSub-mmArray)image,Nov2014
15°C
-55°C
460°C
2.Liquidwateratthesurface
170°C
TheBlueMarbleApollo171972
IftheEarthis4.54billionyearsold,howlonghaslifeexisted?
42Myr–11,000yr
5Myr–4,500yr
68–66Myr
155–150Myr
521–250Myr
Ediacaranfauna–600millionyearsago
WhendidtheEarthgainoceans?Zircon–ourwindowintoancientEarth
WhendidEarthhaveoceansby?
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road to Cue
170 km
Western Australia
26° 00' 00"
117°
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117°
15'
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0 5 10km
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Chert and banded iron formation
Ultramafic rocks
Muscovite granite
Major fault/shear zone
Road
26° 15' 00"
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Mt Hale
Yarameedie HillErawondoo HillJH992 locality
Mt Narryer
Jack Hills
YilgarnCraton
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© 2001 Macmillan Magazines Ltd
Mantlecomposiaon
Interacaonwithliquidwater
Earthhadahydrospherewithin260millionyearsofforma6on
Oceans
ClimateacrossEarthhistory
Hessler,2011,NatureEducaaon
GreatOxygena,onEventNeoproterozoic
Oxygena,onEvent
Jaffresetal.,2007
WhatmakestheEarthunique?
Platetectonics
Platetectonics:importantforclimate,buttooslowtocontrolit
Platetectonicsstarts(?)
TheGaiaTheory
JamesLovelockLynnMargulis
“Lifeispartofaself-regulaangsystem,manipulaangthephysicalandchemicalenvironmenttomaintaintheplanetasasuitablehomeforlifeitself.”
“GaiacannotarisefromDarwinianevoluaonoflife—theplanetasawholeisnotaunitofselecaon.”
RichardDawkins
TheMedeaHypothesis
PeterWard
“Microorganism-basedlifekillsmulacellularlife–e.g.theoxygencatastrophe,SnowballEarth,etc.”
Thecarboncycle
Thelong-termcarboncycle
Berner,1999,GSAToday
WeatheringandCO2Carbonateweathering:Limestone+CO2+waterBicarbonateLimestone+CO2+water
CaCO3+CO2+H2O=>Ca2++2HCO3-=>CaCO3+CO2+H2O
Silicateweathering:Rock+CO2+waterLimestonesilica+CO2+water
(Ca,Mg)SiO3+2CO2+2H2O=>(Ca,Mg)CO3+SiO2+CO2+2H2OSilicateweatheringburiescarbonincarbonate.Italsoferalisesorganiccarbonburial
How is climate mitigated?
BernerandCaldiera,1997
Runawaygreenhouse(Venus)
Runawayicehouse(Mars)
Howcanweatheringstabiliseclimate?
e.g.Walkeretal.,1981
Negaavefeedbackmechanismforclimatestabilisaaon
BeachyHead,EastSussex
δ13C
OceanicAnoxicEvents
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
Time(M
a)
Norm.δ7Li
Timingofweatheringcontroloverclimate
280,000years
Example:HyperthermalOAE2intheCretaceous(93.5millionyearsago)Globalwarming,CO2increase,massexancaon
PoggevonStrandmannetal.,2013
Sowhydoesclimatechange?
…butwehavelong-termclimatechange Platetectonics
…andneitherVenusnorMarshaveplatetectonics...
Thereisalsoanthercontrol…
Himalayas
Earthdevelopedlifebecause…
1. Largeenoughtokeepwater
2. Platetectonics
3. Organicmolecules?Luck?
Earthkeptlifebecause…
1. Theweatheringthermostat
Methane
Sea-levelrise
Recent MOC decline
Robsonetal.,2014
“From2008to2012…thetransportoflowerNorthAtlanacdeepwaterslowedby7%peryear(95%confidencethattherateofslowingisgreaterthan2.5%peryear).”Smeed,2014
Temperaturepredic[ons
So…
WedonothavethepowertodestroytheEarth…theEarthwillalwaysrecoveriname.
Wedohavethepowertodestroyourselves
(andwe’redoingquitewellatthat)
Highweatheringsite(highCO2drawdown),Iceland
AverageglobaltemperatureAntarcactemperature
Shakunetal.,2012,Nature
“CO2concentraaonleadstheglobaltemperaturestackin90%ofthesimulaaonsandlagsitin6%.”
Is Antarctica deglaciating?
Myth:AntarcacglaciersareincreasingFact:• TherehasbeenanincreaseinpartsofEast
Antarcaca(fasterhydrocycle)• TotalAntarcaclandiceisdecreasing• TotalAntarcacsea-iceisincreasing
Shepherdetal.,2012
Is solar activity causing warming?
Krivovaetal.,2007,andNASAdata
Myth:climatechangeiscausedbysolaracavityFact:sincethe1990s,solaracavityhasdecreasedwhileclimatehaswarmed
0
0.1
0.2
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0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
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Time(M
a)
Norm.δ7Li
Post-Marinoan
OAE2
PETM
Hirnanaan
Timingofweatheringcontroloverclimate
50ka
250ka(4xincrease)280ka(1.5–2xincrease)
509ka(2xdecrease)
Colbou
rneetal.,2015
Sund
quist,1991
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road to Cue
170 km
Western Australia
26° 00' 00"
117°
00'
00"
117°
15'
00"
0 5 10km
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Chert and banded iron formation
Ultramafic rocks
Muscovite granite
Major fault/shear zone
Road
26° 15' 00"
N
Mt Taylor
Mt Hale
Yarameedie HillErawondoo HillJH992 locality
Mt Narryer
Jack Hills
YilgarnCraton
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3,800 3,900 4,000 4,100 4,200 4,300 4,400 4,5004
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
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13
14
15
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207P/206Pb zircon age (Myr)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
δ18O
WR
δ18O
zirc
on
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© 2001 Macmillan Magazines Ltd
Cenozoicseawaterδ7Li
Misra&Froelich,2012,Science
