Why Classify? Early Classification Systems 6 Kingdom Classification System Determining Relationships...
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Transcript of Why Classify? Early Classification Systems 6 Kingdom Classification System Determining Relationships...
Why Classify?Early Classification Systems
6 Kingdom Classification SystemDetermining Relationships
Dichotomous KeysTEKS/ TAKS8A collect and classify organisms at several taxonomic levesl such as speies, phylum, and
kingdom using dichotomous keys8B analyze relationships among organisms and develop a model of a heirarchical classification
system based on similarities and differences using taxonomic nomenclature8C identify characteristics of kingdoms including monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and
animals
Can you give any examples of classification used in everyday life?
LibraryGrocery storeDepartment
storeRoomBinder
Grocery store analogyS
pec
ific
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- G
ener
al Are items in the grocery store just in a large central pile? Why not?
What are the different
sections of the store? DairyMeats
Aisles Produce, etc.
How is the produce section
divided? Fruits
Vegetables
What are some types of fruits?
ApplesPears
Oranges Bananas, etc.
The apples further
categorized into which varieties?
MacintoshGranny Smith
Fuji, etc.
Braeburn Cameo Gala Golden Delicious
Granny Smith
What is the importance of classifying things?
It makes it easier … To organize To identify To easily communicate
with others
What is Classification?Classification -catergorizing
based on similar characteristics
Taxonomy -the science of classifying organisms.
Aristotle ( 384 - 322 B.C.)
Greek philosopher and naturalist1st to classify organismsTwo kingdoms: Plants or AnimalsHe subdivided them by their habitat –
land, sea, or air dwellers
Classification
Show the film clip from the United Streaming entitled “Classification of Living Things” (5:29).
QUIZ
What are the 6-kingdoms of classification?
What criteria do scientists use to determine how to classify an organism into its correct kingdom?
What criteria do scientists use to classify organisms?
Physical characteristics How organisms carry out life
functions Behavior Role in nature (niche) Embryology Molecular similarities (DNA)
Carolus Linneus ( 1707-1798) 18th century taxonomist classified organisms by their structure developed the naming system called
binomial nomenclature, which is still used today
Based on the dead language called LATIN
called the “father of taxonomy”
TAXON (pl. taxa) – categories of classification many smaller taxa are placed under the
larger category above it
7 Taxa of Classification – categories of classification; many smaller taxa are placed under the larger category above it
Largest category; very general; most diverse; most inclusive
Smallest category; most specific; least diverse; most exclusive
DOMAINKINGDOMPHYLUMCLASSORDERFAMILYGENUS
SPECIES
How Can You Remember the 7 Taxon levels?
King Philip Came Over for Good Soup
Kingwood Park Cheers On Football Game Sportsmanship
Katie Please Come Over for Ginger Snaps
Can you come up with your own pneumonic?
K? P? C? O? f? G? S?
1. Why do biologists classify?a) To study the diversity of life
b) To organize and name organisms
2. Why give scientific names?c) Common names are misleading
d) Names can be different according to language of that country
jellyfish silverfish star fish
None of these animals are fish!
Some organisms have several common names – it can be very confusing!
Scientific name: Felis concolor
Scientific name means “coat of one color”Scientists should
make it easier to identify these organisms!
There should be a naming system!
This cat is commonly known as:• Florida panther• Mountain lion• Puma• Cougar
Binomial Nomenclature – Linneaus’ two-word naming system
Genus species OR Genus species
- Genus is capitalized
- can be underlined or italicized (not both)
Panthera leo Lion
Drosophila melanogaster Fruit fly
Canis lupus Wolf
Do you know the scientific name for humans? That’s right! Homo sapiens
KINGDOM Animalia
Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Which animal is missing in the phylum category?
What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the phylum Chordata
like the rest of those pictured together?
Which animal is missing in the class category?
What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the class Mammalia like the rest of those
pictured together?
Which animal is missing in the order category?
What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging in the order Carnivoralike the rest of those
pictured together?
Which animal is missing in the family category?What characteristic disqualifies if from belonging
in the family Ursidae like the rest of those
pictured together?
Whatanimal
belongs in the species
Ursus arctos?
Which classification level includes all the other levels?
Which organism ismore closely relatedto the grizzly bear,
the panda or the black bear ? Why?
Example – Where does the common household cat fit in?
The most inclusive taxonomic grouping is the Kingdom Animalia.
Phylum level, cats are included with all other vertebrate animals in the subphylum Vertebrata, in the Phylum Chordata.
This large grouping includes all animals having either a notochord, or an actual spine.
Can you name any other organisms that would belong
In the same phylum?
Class level, cats and other predatory animals are grouped with non-predators with whom they share specific biological traits.
In this case cats, dogs, bears, sheep, horses, cows, giraffes, whales, and many other groups, including people, belong to Class Mammalia (mammals).
All mammals have hair, are warm-blooded, and give birth to live young which feed via mammary glands.
Can you name any other organisms that would belongIn the same class?
Order level, cats are grouped with other animals that are quite different in physical appearance and general behavior, but with whom they share other basic attributes.
In this case, cats, dogs, bears and some other groups are all predators that hunt and prey upon other animals.
They are thus grouped together in the Order Carnivora, which includes meat-eating animals.
Can you name any other organisms that would belongIn the same order?
Members of the genus Felis are also related, though less closely, to other cat genera such as Panthera, which includes lions, leopards and tigers; and Leopardus, which includes the ocelots.
Because the members of all of these genera are cats, they can be grouped together under the family Felidae.
The housecat is closely related to several other feline species such as the bobcat, Felis rufus, and the cougar, Felis concolor, so they are all placed in the same genus Felis.
The species name for the domestic cat is Felis catus (sometimes domesticus). Felis denotes the genus name for this species, while catus denotes the unique specific descriptive word for the species.
Day 2
3 Domains (Super-kingdoms)
ARCHAE
BACTERIA
EUKARYA
6 Kingdoms within 3 Domains
Which kingdom is represented by each of the colors in the cladogram?
6 Kingdom Classification System
ANIMALPLANT
PROTISTS
FUNGI
EUBACTERIAARCHAE-BACTERIA
Animals (Animalia)
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells
Multicellular
Cell structure Cell membrane- NO CELL WALL
Nutrition Heterotroph
Movement Mostly mobile
Reproduction sexual
Role Carnivores, herbivores, filter-feeders, omnivores, detritus feeders, scavengers, insectivores
sponges
insects
jellyfish
mammals
birds
reptiles
amphibians
mollusks
Most complex with organs and systems
fish
crustaceans
hydra
starfish
flatworms
Plants(Plantae)
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells
Multicellular
Cell structure Cell walls (cellulose), chloroplasts
Nutrition Autotroph
Movement Stationary (sessile)
Reproduction Sexually using spores, flowers, or cones
Role Producers
Seedless vascular
Ferns
Douglas fir
seeds in cones
Flowering plants
Peach tree
Seeds in fruits
Sunflowers
seeds in flowers
Non vascular
Moss growing on
trees
FungiCell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells
Multicellular (except yeast is uni-)
Cell structure Cell walls (chitin)
Nutrition Heterotroph
Movement Stationary
Reproduction Sexually using spores
Role Mostly DECOMPOSERS that help recycle dead matter in the environment; some parasites (Athlete’s foot or ringworm)
Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
Shelf fungus on tree
Mushrooms
Protists (Protista)
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells
Mostly Unicellular; some multi
Cell structure May have cell wall; may have chloroplasts
Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs
Movement Mostly mobile; (may have cilia or flagella)
Reproduction Binary fission; conjugation
Role Photosynthetic producers, decomposers, disease-causing parasites
Green algae
Amoeba
Paramecium
-Nicknamed “ Catch-all” kingdom or “Junk- Drawer”-Some are animal-like, plant-like, or fungus-like
Animal & Plant like – (Euglena)
Move using flagellum or flagella
Have eyespot to detect light
Chloroplast to make their own food in the presence of light
Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing euglenoid movement.
Plant-like – Photosynthetic (ex. Green algae, red algae, diatoms)
Producers Classified according
to colors due to pigments (red, yellow, green, brown, etc.)
Used to make products such as agar, carrageenan (thickener found in puddings) alginates (ice cream) Red tide in FL
Algal bloom in lakeGreen algae
Brown algae
Red algae
Fungus-like – decomposers (slime molds, water molds)
composed of an mass of protoplasm
no cell walls in its it early stage of growth
found in damp, shady areas with abundant organic matter
Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas) Move
using cilia Oral
groove is like a mouth opening
Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing paramecium using their cilia for movement.
Animal-like – heterotrophic (Paramecium, Trypanasoma, amoebas)
Move using pseudopods
Engulf food through food vacuoles
Many cause diseases
Click on the diagram to see a short video clip showing amoeboid movement (using pseudopods) as well as phagocytosis (engulfing food).
Bacteria All bacteria were once classified in one
kingdom known as Monera. Earliest organisms to appear
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Cell structure Cell walls
Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs
Movement Stationary
Reproduction Binary fission
Role photosynthetic producers, decomposers, disease-causing parasites
round - coccus
rod - bacillus
spiral - spirillum
Streptococcus aureus
E. coli
Vibrio cholerae
Kingdoms of Bacteria Archaebacteria (Domain Archae)
“ancient” – oldest bacteria on Earth live in harsh environments (extremophiles)
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells
Unicellular; microscopic
Cell structure Cell walls WITHOUT peptidoglycan
Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs
Movement Stationary or mobile
Reproduction Binary fission
Role Salt marshes (halophiles), volcanoes (thermophiles), hot springs, maybe on Mars!
Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria (Domain
Bacteria) “true” bacteria
E. coli
Streptococcus
S. Marcescens growing on Petri dish
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells
Unicellular; microscopic
Cell structure Cell walls WITH peptidoglycan
Nutrition Heterotrophs or autotrophs
Movement Stationary or mobile
Reproduction Binary fission
Role Live in soil, air, food, inside organismsProducers, decomposers, parasites
Eubacteria Can be harmful: parasites, or
cause diseasesCan be helpful (most):
a) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria recycle nutrients
b) photosynthetic Cyanobacteria create O2 for planet
c) different types of E.coli help organisms’ digestion
d) Some are used to make foods like cheese, yogurt, pickles, and bread
e) used to genetically engineer medicines and other products
The bacteria that causes syphilis is spiral shaped
The bacteria named Propionibactershermani is used to make specific type of cheese called Emmental.
Classifying Critters
We'll look at members of a big group called the vertebrates. These are animals that have backbones. Do you have a backbone? Great. You're part of this group!
Click on the image to access HHMI Classifying Critters
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
CELL STRUCTURES
Cell walls withpeptidoglycan
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Cell walls of chitin
Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
No cell walls or chloroplasts
NUMBER OF CELLS
Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Most multicellular; some unicellular
Multicellular Multicellular
MODE OF NUTRITION
Autotroph orheterotroph
Autotroph or heterotroph
Autotroph or heterotroph
Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph
EXAMPLES StreptococcusEscherichia coli
Methanogens, halophiles
Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp
Mushrooms, yeasts
Mosses, ferns, flowering plants
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
AnimaliaChordataMammaliaPrimate
HominidaeHomosapien
Where do you fit in?
Day 3
Dichotomous Keys Tool scientists use to
identify unknown organisms.
Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item.
"Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts".
So, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.
Dichotomous Keys A list of 2 opposing statements that help to identify organisms
KEY TO INSECT ORDERS
Start at Question 1 and follow the links until you've identified your insect
1 Insect has wings? Go to 2
Insect wingless or with poorly developed wings Go to 29
2 One pair of wings Go to 3
Two pairs of wings Go to 7
3 Body grasshopper-like, with enlarged hind legs and
pronotum extending back over abdomen Orthoptera
Insects not like this Go to 4
4 Abdomen with 'tails' Go to 5
Abdomen without 'tails' Go to 6
5 Insects <5mm long, with relatively long
antennae: wing with only one forked vein Hemiptera
Larger insects with short antennae and many
wing veins: tails long Ephemeroptera
The dichotomous key shown below can be used to identify birds W, X, Y, and Z.
Bird X is most likely - A. Certhidea B. Geospiza C. Camarhynchus D. Platyspiza Answer: C
Unit Summary Essay
Why and how do scientists classify living things?
Virtual Dichotomous Key
1A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button)
1B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)
1A Thread shows when button is sewn on (flat button)-----------Go to 21B Thread does not show when button is sewn on (shank button)----------------------- Go to 72A Button has 2 holes------------------------go to 32B Button has 4 holes------------------------go to 53A Button is oval---------------------------------Peter3B Button is round---------------------------Go to 44A Button has a circle design-----------------Suzy4B Button has no design----------------------David5A Button is square, round corners------Charles5B Button is round---------------------------Go to 66A Button is large, white----------------------Linda6B Button is small, multicolored--------------Bert7A Button is square----------------------------Nancy7B Button is round---------------------------Go to 88A Button is textured------------------------Go to 98B Button is smooth-------------------------------Joe9A Button is metallic------------------------Grampa9B Button is covered with fabric----------Granny