Who & What Belongs in Art Worlds? (Cont’d)Who & What Belongs in Art Worlds? (Cont’d)

Guerrilla Gardeners at Hogan’s Alley site, c. 2008

Manfred Eicher, Founder of ECM records

Music listeners

Today’s Class Session ScheduleToday’s Class Session Schedule

Other participants in ‘art worlds’—Mediation Other participants in ‘art worlds’—Mediation ProcessesProcesses

Presentation of Selected Readings:Presentation of Selected Readings: Ashenhurst,Erin (David Halle’s research on art in the Ashenhurst,Erin (David Halle’s research on art in the

American home and family photos)American home and family photos) Martin, Dylan (Tia DeNora’s “How does music Martin, Dylan (Tia DeNora’s “How does music

channel emotion?)channel emotion?)

Recall: Changing views about values of art can lead to changes in the status of the artist, artwork & the social institutions & publics that support them

Recall: Changing views about values of art can lead to changes in the status of the artist, artwork & the social institutions & publics that support them

Beaune Beaune Altarpiece

PBS jazz series by Ken BurnsPBS jazz series by Ken Burns

Examples of establishing Examples of establishing “cannons” through testimony “cannons” through testimony of “experts” (ex. critics, “of “experts” (ex. critics, “stars”, ”, fans) and changing shape of fans) and changing shape of artformsartforms

Who Belongs in Art Worlds?Arts Occupations, Institutions, Networks (continued) & Mediation (Gatekeepers, Facilitators)

Who Belongs in Art Worlds?Arts Occupations, Institutions, Networks (continued) & Mediation (Gatekeepers, Facilitators)

Source: V. Alexander Sociology of the Arts…(2003), p. 63.

Participants in art worlds --Participants in art worlds --

Mediators

Creators/artists

Audiences/publics/consumers

art

Who Belongs to Art Worlds?Who Belongs to Art Worlds?

Life Drawing Class, Bocour Paintmaking Studio NYC, c. 1942

c.

Production of Culture Perspective (Peterson, Anand)Production of Culture Perspective (Peterson, Anand)

How culture “shaped by systems in which it is created, How culture “shaped by systems in which it is created, distributed, evaluated, taught, preserved”distributed, evaluated, taught, preserved”

Culture not a mirror of societyCulture not a mirror of society Focus onFocus on

Expressive aspects of cultureExpressive aspects of culture Processes of symbol productionProcesses of symbol production Analysis of organizations, occupations, networks, Analysis of organizations, occupations, networks,

communitiescommunities ComparisonsComparisons

In situated studies of specific cultural forms and changes In situated studies of specific cultural forms and changes in themin them

Six Facet Model of Production Six Facet Model of Production

TechnologyTechnology Law and regulationLaw and regulation Industry structure or fieldIndustry structure or field Organizational structure of dominating Organizational structure of dominating

organizatinsorganizatins Occupational careersOccupational careers MarketsMarkets

Uses of the “Production Perspective”Uses of the “Production Perspective”

Organizational ResearchOrganizational Research theories of management theories of management institutional decision-making institutional decision-making

processes/logicsprocesses/logics Networks of productionNetworks of production Resource partitioning patternsResource partitioning patterns

Studies of Informal RelationsStudies of Informal Relations Links between Class and Culture (ex. Links between Class and Culture (ex.

univore/omnivore)univore/omnivore) Resistance & appropriationResistance & appropriation Fabricating authenticityFabricating authenticity

Critiques of Peterson’s Production of Culture PerspectiveCritiques of Peterson’s Production of Culture Perspective

Heavy emphasis on mediation processes and Heavy emphasis on mediation processes and organizational structures or institutionsorganizational structures or institutions

Ignores or de-emphasizesIgnores or de-emphasizes ““uniqueness” of art to research constructed nature of uniqueness” of art to research constructed nature of

collective representations, valuescollective representations, values Ignors roles of fans and consumers in shaping cultural Ignors roles of fans and consumers in shaping cultural

products products meanings of cultural productionmeanings of cultural production power relationspower relations

Participants in Mediation ProcessesParticipants in Mediation Processes

Gatekeepers vs. facilitators : types vary with art Gatekeepers vs. facilitators : types vary with art form and genres form and genres Ex. Diana Crane on proponents of Avant-Garde ArtEx. Diana Crane on proponents of Avant-Garde Art

Examples of types of “mediators” (between creators and publics): Examples of types of “mediators” (between creators and publics): book publishers, record companies, film distribution networks, art book publishers, record companies, film distribution networks, art gallery owners, booking agents, critics, reviewers for media, museum gallery owners, booking agents, critics, reviewers for media, museum curators, sometimes even fans or fan clubs, etc…curators, sometimes even fans or fan clubs, etc…

Characteristics of the Mediators & Artistic ValuesCharacteristics of the Mediators & Artistic Values

MediationMediation as a way of conferring as a way of conferring statusstatus The role of critics and other The role of critics and other

gatekeepers in recognition gatekeepers in recognition processes, examples:processes, examples: Shrum– emergence of Fringe Shrum– emergence of Fringe

Festivals as a performing arts Festivals as a performing arts genregenre when critics begin to review itwhen critics begin to review it

Change in status ofChange in status of Graffiti Graffiti and and recognition by artistsrecognition by artists

Institutional forms & legitimation Institutional forms & legitimation practicespractices Status of “Venues”, status of artistsStatus of “Venues”, status of artists Not-for-profit and for-profit models Not-for-profit and for-profit models

& differences in socio-cultural & differences in socio-cultural status (DiMaggio)status (DiMaggio)

Super Bowl XXXVIII, Halftime show, 2004

Mediators & Position in Field of Artistic “production” Mediators & Position in Field of Artistic “production”

Former emphasis on control, Former emphasis on control, domination, social “reproduction”domination, social “reproduction” Social origins and established formulas or Social origins and established formulas or

genresgenres Hegemony & cultural industriesHegemony & cultural industries Cultural things as mirrors of underlying Cultural things as mirrors of underlying

structures (functionalism, Marxism)structures (functionalism, Marxism)

New theories– more dynamicNew theories– more dynamic Symbolic exchange, interactionSymbolic exchange, interaction Neo-institutionalism &”production of Neo-institutionalism &”production of

culture approach” (Peterson, DiMaggio)culture approach” (Peterson, DiMaggio)

Persistence of hierarchical models, Persistence of hierarchical models, commercial measurescommercial measures

Barry Gordy in Hitsville recording studio, Detroit (Motown)

Peterson on Country MusicPeterson on Country Music

How do mediators (record producers) choose artists to promote?How do mediators (record producers) choose artists to promote? Authenticity, originality, distinctivenessAuthenticity, originality, distinctiveness Transformation of field of country music from 1923-1953Transformation of field of country music from 1923-1953 Process of Process of institutionalizationinstitutionalization Identified audienceIdentified audience

AuthenticityAuthenticity

Paradox of creating authenticity artificially?Paradox of creating authenticity artificially? Socially-agreed upon idea (social construction of Socially-agreed upon idea (social construction of

reality– through shared values & practices)reality– through shared values & practices) History of country music (a revolt that became a History of country music (a revolt that became a

style)style) Artificial notion of the ‘unchanged’ past– Artificial notion of the ‘unchanged’ past– hillbilly hillbilly

musicmusic (poor rural white Southerners) (poor rural white Southerners) Early distain of this type of music because of its Early distain of this type of music because of its

association with hillbilly cultureassociation with hillbilly culture Evolution of terminology (to country and western)Evolution of terminology (to country and western)

Mediation in the Production of Culture PerspectiveMediation in the Production of Culture Perspective

How law, technology, careers, markets, How law, technology, careers, markets, organizational structure shape culture (in this organizational structure shape culture (in this case a form of cultural expression called case a form of cultural expression called ‘country music’)‘country music’)

notion of social production of culture (shared notion of social production of culture (shared values, practices etc.)values, practices etc.)

Emergence of differentiated roles in the Emergence of differentiated roles in the field of field of cultural productioncultural production (manager, talent agent etc.) (manager, talent agent etc.)

Video ScreeningVideo Screening

““Off the Canvas. A Documentary Off the Canvas. A Documentary Profiling 9 Maverick New York Women Profiling 9 Maverick New York Women Art Dealers” Art Dealers” produced and directed by produced and directed by Marcia Urbin Raymond and Joyce Marcia Urbin Raymond and Joyce ZylberbergZylberberg

Planning Short Assignments and Class PresentationsPlanning Short Assignments and Class Presentations Discussion of reading assignments and Discussion of reading assignments and

ideas for topics for case studiesideas for topics for case studies Additional Reading Assignment:Additional Reading Assignment:

Selections from Eiko Ikegami’s book Selections from Eiko Ikegami’s book Bonds of Bonds of Civility…Civility… chapter 6 required, introduction and chapter 6 required, introduction and conclusion recommendedconclusion recommended

Note to Users of these Outlines--Note to Users of these Outlines--

not all material covered in class appears on these outlines-- not all material covered in class appears on these outlines-- important examples, demonstrations and discussions aren’t important examples, demonstrations and discussions aren’t written down here.written down here.

Classes are efficient ways communicating information and Classes are efficient ways communicating information and provide you will an opportunity for regular learning. provide you will an opportunity for regular learning. These outlines are provided as a study aid not a These outlines are provided as a study aid not a replacement for classes.replacement for classes.