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A comprehensive lesson packKS3> Skills > Joining sentences

How it works A substantial resource that takes students through a succession of easy-step worksheets that show them the essentials of sentence grammar and how to use them to improve their own writing.

Try this!

Or this!

Or this!

Use this resource to help students to write more adventurous sentences. The section beginning on p14 is particularly interesting as it helps students do something the Strategy has recommended for the last few years: get students to start sentences with participles in order to shake up their thinking and give them access to new forms of expression and – therefore very often – new ideas. Participles are essentially verbs ending in –ing (present participle) or –ed (past participle). Use this resource in Y9 as preparation for the SATs and use it in conjunction with the SATs mark schemes from previous years to show students how much varied and sophisticated sentences are ‘worth’ in exam terms.

Look for examples of participles in action. Should you be blessed with a bizarre turn of mind, get students to write magazine interviews with favourite participles about the work they do. A good place to look is instruction texts: particularly cookery TV programmes (e.g. “Having done that …”), but get students to look back over their own work for places where they have (or could have) used participles at the starts of sentences.

The next section of the resource focuses on alternatives to if: e.g. ‘if you need a pen’ becomes ‘should you need a pen’. Look at advice leaflets for this type of semi-archaic, semi-formal construction.

Richard Durant

© 2006 www.teachit.co.uk sentjcum - 5370

http://www.teachit.co.uk/

Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (ONE)AVOIDING “AND”

This work is aimed at improving your writing skills and your marks by helping you to make varied and interesting sentences.

LOOK AT THIS SENTENCE:

Ben won the race and he was given a medal.

REMEMBER: “and” is BORING. . .BORING. . .BORING

LOOK AT THESE

Because he won the race, Ben was given a medal.Having won the race, Ben was given a medal.Ben, the winner of the race, was given a medal.After he won the race, Ben was given a medal.Ben, who won the race, was given a medal.After winning the race, Ben was given a medal.

NOTICE ANYTHING?NOT ONE OF THEM USES BORING OLD “AND”!

TASK Remove boring old “and” from the following sentences byfilling in the blanks. Use the sentences above as examples.

Sentence 1J.K. Rowling is the author of the “Harry Potter” books and is a millionaire.Becomes J.K. Rowling, the ____________________________________________________________, is ________________________________.

Sentence 2 Sophie finished her homework and went to the cinema.

© 2002 www.teachit.co.uk document.doc 1


Joining sentences

Becomes After finishing _________________________, Sophie ________ _______________________.

Sentence 3Sam liked History and decided to study it at G.C.S.E.Becomes Because he _______________________________, Sam ________________________________________________ G.C.S.E.



Joining sentences

Sentence 4I was listening to the car radio on the way to school and I recognised the voice of a boy in my class. BecomesListening to __________________________________school, I recognised ________________________________________________________class.

Sentence 5Jo examined the problem closely for at least an hour and realised she needed the teacher’s help.BecomesHaving examined _______________________________________________ hour, Jo ___________________________________________________help.

Sentence 6Adam left school on Friday and doesn’t start his new school in Australia until January next year.BecomesAdam, who ______________________________, doesn’t ____________ _________________________________________________________ year.

Sentence 7I couldn’t find Miss Jackson at break to tell her about my Science homework and so I waited for her at lunch. BecomesAs I __________________________________________________________ homework, I ________________________________lunch.

Sentence 8Emma was looking through the contents of an old suitcase in the loft and suddenly found something that made her gasp.



Joining sentences

BecomesLooking ____________________________________________________loft, Emma ___________________________________________________gasp.



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (TWO)CONJUNCTION RHYME

The most common (and so unimpressive) conjunctions are: and but because

Also badly over-used are:then so

These are still worse as they’re not even real conjunctions. Your sentences will be more varied and interesting, improving your writing skills and your marks if you avoid over-using them by choosing others.

THE RHYME BELOW CONTAINS SEVENTEEN CONJUNCTIONS.LEARN IT!

USE THEM IN YOUR WRITING!

AS, WHERE, UNTIL, ALTHOUGH,AFTER, BEFORE, SINCE, THOUGH,WHILE, WHEN, WHEREAS, YET, OR,WHETHER, UNLESS, IF, FOR.

FOUR TIPS FOR LEARNING THE RHYME

1) Lines one and two rhyme

2) Lines three and four rhyme

3) In the four lines, the number of words goes 4-4-5-4.

4) The starting letters of the lines are: a-a-w-w.



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (THREE)AVOIDING “BUT”

Just as BORING BORING BORING as “AND” is “BUT.”Very often you can use one of these conjunctions instead:

THOUGH ALTHOUGH WHEREAS YET

LOOK AT THESE . THE WORD “BUT” HAS BEEN REPLACED WITH A MORE INTERESTING CONJUNCTION.

although 1) Tom likes running but he knows that he isn’t very fast.

whereas2) Simon is extremely tall but his brother James is quite short.

yet 3) Rachel’s mother hates hockey but she always goes to

the matches to support her daughter. though4) The students started the work in the lesson but the

teacher knew that they would not finish it.

TASKRemove boring old “but” from the following sentences by replacing it with one of the four conjunctions above. Try to use all four.

1) The tennis player knew that he could not win but he was determined to do his best.

2) My mother likes cats but my father prefers dogs.3) I liked the poem but I found it difficult to understand.4) Laura volunteered to help at the charity children’s party

but she already had too many things to do that day.5) Mrs. Barnett always drives to the shops but her fitness-

fanatic husband usually chooses to jog.6) Many people would have given up after failing the driving

test ten times but David kept at it.



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (FOUR)PLACING CONJUNCTIONS AT THE BEGINNING OF SENTENCES

A conjunction is a word that joins, or creates a junction between, two sentences. It acts like a piece of Sellotape making two sentences stick together but YOU DON’T ALWAYS HAVE TO STICK THEM TOGETHER IN THE MIDDLE. This is BORING…BORING…BORING.

More varied and interesting sentences, improving your writing skills and your marks, are created if you realise that you can place most conjunctions (though not all) at the beginning of a sentence.

EXAMPLEJake was not allowed to go out until he had finished his homework.

“until” is the conjunction. Try starting the sentence with it.

Until he had finished his homework, Jake was not allowed to go out.

TASKChange the order of the following sentences. Find the conjunction in the middle and make your new version begin with it. The first one has been started for you.

1) Rebecca decided to walk into the village although her ankle was slightly swollen.Becomes: Although her ankle………..............………......…, Rebecca ………………...................................……



Joining sentences

2) The coach will arrive in Birmingham at midday unless there are traffic problems on the motorway.

3) Matthew has been out every night since he passed his driving test six weeks ago.

4) The writer describes the Smiths’ house in great detail before he introduces the main character.

5) Some people had to travel to the match by car because there was not enough room on the minibus.

6) Jane decided that she would go to the concert whether or not Stephen chose to go with her.

7) Mum was watering the plants while Dad was washing the car.

8) I looked for the book I wanted on the library shelves after I had checked its details on the computer.

9) The teacher gave the class no homework on Friday as everyone had worked very hard during the lesson.

10) You will find the buried treasure where the river forks next to an old oak tree.

11) Anna pretended that she was very keen to borrow the book though she had no intention of ever reading it.

12) Passengers will not be allowed on their flight if they do not arrive at the check-in desk by three o’clock.

13) Lizzie was not allowed to leave the theatre until she had checked that every dressing room was empty.

14) The family was going on a luxurious holiday in Mauritius when Helen’s and Robert’s exams were over.

15) I received a letter from the shop demanding payment after I had sent a cheque to them for the correct amount.



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (FIVE)WHO THAT WHICH WHOSE WHOM

You might already have seen this example:


To remove boring old “and”, this was suggested:

Ben, who won the race, was given a medal.

This sentence replaces “and” by using the word “who.” There are other words like this which can be used to join sentences together in a varied and interesting way, helping your writing skills and your marks. (They are called relative pronouns though knowing that isn’t as important as using them.) Here they are again:

WHO THAT WHICH WHOSE WHOM

LOOK AT THESE SENTENCES

A.I have looked everywhere to find that book. I borrowed it from Mr. Spicer three weeks ago.

becomes:

I have looked everywhere to find that book which (or “that”) I borrowed from Mr. Spicer three weeks ago.

B.When Eleanor was at the shops, she saw one of our neighbours. His dog has recently died.

becomes:

When Eleanor was at the shops, she saw one of our neighbours whose dog has recently died.



Joining sentences

TASK

Join these sentences together by using one of the above five words. Re-read the sentences above to serve as examples. You are given some help with the early ones.

1) Shakespeare was born in 1564 and died in 1616. He is the world’s greatest playwright.Becomes: Shakespeare, who is the world’s……………………

2) At the end of the party, I looked everywhere for Guy Hughes. I had found his wallet under an armchair. (Clue: you’re going to need “…………whose wallet…………”)

3) When Alex was young, someone gave him a horse. The horse was so vicious that he never rode it.

4) On the train to London last week, I saw Nicola Dwyer. I had not seen her since junior school. (Clue: quite a tough one! You’re going to need “whom”)

5) Next week David Beckham is making a guest appearance at a London sports shop. He is my younger brother’s hero.

6) My sister and her new husband are spending their honeymoon in Paris. Many people think it is the most romantic city in the world.

7) Will realised that the girl he had been chatting to was Amy Mullins. He had known her brother, Chris, for years.

8) My cousin has won first prize in her medical exams. She is training to become a doctor.

9) I can’t understand how Capelham has become such a run-down and shabby place. It always used to be an attractive and tidy town.

10) Julia Jordan went to New York after the war to marry an American. His death two years later left her thousands of miles from her family.



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (SIX)PHRASES IN APPOSITION



To remove boring old “and”, this is suggested:

Ben, the winner of the race, was given a medal.

This sentence replaces “and” by making the phrase “the winner of the race” out of “won the race.” You can often make phrases like this to join sentences in a varied and interesting way. They save you from having to use “and.” (They are called phrases in apposition but knowing their name isn’t as important as being able to make and use them.) They are quite easy: you simply make a phrase which refers to the same person or thing that you’ve just mentioned and then put commas around it.

EXAMPLES1. This one removes “and.” It is easy as the words are already the same:

Sentence: Rome is the capital city of Italy and is a fascinating place to visit. Becomes: Rome, the capital city of Italy, is a fascinating place to visit.

2.



Joining sentences

This one joins two sentences. You have to change the words by making “director” from “directed”:

Sentence: Steven Spielberg directed “E.T.” in 1982. He has now moved away from making children’s films.

Becomes: Steven Spielberg, the director of “E.T.” in 1982, has now moved away from making children’s films.



Joining sentences

TASKJoin these sentences together or replace the word “and” by making one of these phrases. Use the above sentences as examples. You are given some help with the early ones.1) Thomas Hardy wrote only a handful of novels. He

decided to concentrate on poetry after his book “Jude the Obscure” was harshly criticised.

Becomes: Thomas Hardy, the writer of only ……………………………

………………, decided to concentrate on ………………………2) London Bridge is one of the world’s greatest bridges and

is fairly recent though there has always been a crossing at that place.

Becomes: London Bridge, one of…………………………3) Winston Churchill was the Prime Minister of Great Britain

during the Second World War. He was probably the greatest speaker of the twentieth century.

4) Mrs. Crawford teaches me Geography. She lives in an enormous house in the same avenue as my friend.

5) Andrew Mitchell rode the winning horse Chestnut Cracker. He announced after the race that he intends to retire at the end of the season.

6) Albert Swinton was the Wimbledon men’s tennis champion in 1949. He has died peacefully in his sleep at his home in Los Angeles.

7) “Falsely Accused” is an examination of ten murder trials. It is an exciting book which comes highly recommended.

8) Loch Ness is the largest inland lake in the British Isles. It is famous for the monster which is said to live in its depths.

9) Mr. Downham is the chairman of Sefton Residents’ Association. He has written to the Prime Minister about the increasing level of crime in the area.

10) Covent Garden is now a busy shopping area. It was once owned by the abbot and monks of Westminster.



Joining sentences



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (SEVEN A.)USING PARTICIPLES



To remove boring old “and”, these were suggested:

Having won the race, Ben was given a medal.After winning the race, Ben was given a medal.

These sentences have been made by changing the verb from “ won ” to “ having won ” and to “ winning .”

This is a very useful way to build sentences when you have:

a) two things happening at the same time. e.g Walking through the park, Jack saw a badger.

b) one thing happening after another.e.g. Having walked through the park, Jack went to the shops.

As it is quite a sophisticated, clever and impressive construction, it is worth taking some time to understand it.

LOOK AT THESESentence: Phil was playing his best tennis for several years and he knew that he had a chance of winning the tournament.Becomes: Playing his best tennis for several years, Phil knew that he had a chance of winning the tournament.

Sentence: Claire was sipping a cocktail near the golden beach and turquoise sea. She thought that this was the best holiday she had ever had.Becomes: Sipping a cocktail near the golden beach and turquoise sea, Claire thought that this was the best holiday she had ever had.



Joining sentences

TASKCopy the same construction in the following sentences by filling in the blanks. Copy the sentences out in full. Most of them have been started for you.

Sentence: The police were clearing the streets after the worst riot for years. They found thousands of pounds’ worth of damage.Becomes: Clearing the _______________________________________, the police found___________________________________ of damage.

Sentence: My brother has applied for a very exciting job at the B.B.C. He is now spending his time doing research ready for his interview.Becomes: Having applied for __________________________________, my brother is now _________________________________his interview.

Sentence: Victorian children were raised by their parents or nannies very strictly. They had to obey the rule that they should be seen and not heard.Becomes: Raised by their ________________________________ strictly, Victorian children______________________________________ not heard.

In all the above sentences, the new form of the verb has been put in italics. They are parts of the verb and so are called participles. Without realising it, you have been using participles to make those sentences!

There are two participles for every verb:

1) present participles . These are very easy as they always end in “____ing.” Above, there were:

playing sipping clearing

2) past participles . These are a little more tricky because there are many different ones. Above, there were:



Joining sentences

applied raised

You need to check that you can make these participles before you can build sentences which use them. You’ll find that you do know most of them!

TASK . Complete the following columns . The way to make a present participle is to put “I am” in front of it. The way to make a past participle is to put “I have” in front of it. The first ones have been done for you.

VERB PRESENT PARTICIPLE

PAST PARTICIPLE

fly flying flownswim swimming swumride riding rodewritesitbringforgetbuydivebuylie (down)lay (a carpet)paysneakprovegetspeakgobreakdrinksaycatchrisesingdo



Joining sentences

shakebegin

They’re really not difficult, are they? The only reasons that you could have gone wrong are:

1) spelling2) ones that you’ve learned incorrectly, perhaps a

common error in this region or perhaps because we pick up American variations



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (SEVEN B.)USING PARTICIPLES

DON’T FORGETMore varied and interesting sentences will raise your writing skills and your marks. If you can learn and use this participle construction – as well as other methods – your writing will improve.

LOOK AT THESE1) Looking through a magazine, I saw some trousers that I

really liked.2) Scattered over the slopes, the cottages looked tiny from

the hilltop.3) Situated in a sheltered valley, Mintown rarely has severe

weather.4) Tip-toeing quietly down the stairs, Robbie froze when he

heard his father call out.

All four of these are built by using participles. Look carefully and decide:

Which two begin with a present participle?Which two begin with a past participle?

Check your answers at the top of the next page.

Before you can start to build your own sentences in this way, there is one point to understand.

If you read the beginnings of these sentences, you will see that the writers haven’t yet made clear who or what is doing that action. Look:1) Looking through a magazine, _ _ _ _ _who is?2) Scattered over the slopes, _ _ _ _ _ what are?3) Situated in a sheltered valley, _ _ _ _ _ what is?4) Tip-toeing quietly down the stairs, _ _ _ _ _ who is?

The very next word after the comma MUST answer that question. It MUST say who or what is doing that action. 1) Looking through a magazine, I _ _ _(then finish the

sentence.)



Joining sentences

2) Scattered over the slopes, the cottages _ _ _ (then finish the sentence.)

3) Situated in a sheltered valley, Mintown _ _ _ (then finish the sentence.)

4) Tip-toeing quietly down the stairs, Robbie _ _ _ (then finish the sentence.)



Joining sentences

_______________________________________________ANSWERS

1) and 4) begin with present participles2) and 3) begin with past participles.

_______________________________________________

TASKChange the following sentences into ones that begin with participles. Remember to check the point that has just been covered. There is some help with the early ones.

1) The vandals were congratulating themselves on not being spotted. They strolled casually down the road.(Clue: begin with “Congratulating themselves _________)

2) Newtown has been built at the centre of three motorways and it is a perfect place for new business.(Clue: begin with “Built at __________)

3) I opened the front door to see who had rung the bell so late at night. I was amazed to find my Australian cousin.(Clue: begin with “Opening the _____________)

4) Dan was waiting in the queue for at least half an hour and he was furious when the bus arrived full.

5) Michelle was forced by her father to be home every night by nine o’clock. She tried to stay at a friend’s house as often as possible.

6) The headteacher was slowly making her way down the corridor. She was astonished when she suddenly heard Miss Blake scream loudly.

7) The actor was living pleasantly in Ireland ten years ago. He accepted, reluctantly, that London was the place to be for more work.

8) Helen Haywood was sitting in an airport lounge in Florida with her parents and she was approached by a top modelling agency.

9) Mr. Muller was cleaning the gutters at the top of his house. He over-reached and fell thirty feet to the ground.



Joining sentences

10) The soldiers were dressed in full marching kit on a hot July day. They had sweat pouring from them after ten minutes.



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (EIGHT)ALTERNATIVES TO “IF”

LOOK AT THESEHere are some sentences from recent newspapers:

1) Had the politician been offered a job, he would have accepted it.

2) Had Jessica Smith not divorced Lord Timpson two years ago, she would now be Lady Timpson.

3) Should any of our readers be able to help, they can write to this address.

The writers of theses sentences have chosen to avoid using “if.” Can you prove this by re-writing each one using “if”? There is nothing wrong with “if” but you might want a change or to show that you can handle this construction.

Notice:“had” will be used if it is in the past.“should” will be used for the present or future.

TASKChange these sentences, reworking them to remove “if.” Use the ones above as examples. Some help is given at first.

1) If you had been here on time, this would not have happened.

Becomes: Had you been____________________________.2) If any Year 10 students are interested in helping with the

children’s party, they should see Mr. Weston at break.Becomes: Should any Year 10_______________________.3) If Michael had not phoned the police when he did, the

situation would have been much worse.4) If Eddie Carter had auditioned for the lead part in the

play, he would have got it.5) If the victim had seen the robber more clearly, he could

have given the police a better description.



Joining sentences

6) If you should want to picnic in the park before the concert, the gates will be open at four o’clock.



Joining sentences

JOINING SENTENCES (FINALLY!)GIVE YOUR SENTENCES A MAKEOVER

Look carefully at any pieces of writing that you did before this work. These could be in your English exercise book or maybe

in another subject. You could look at any English assessments that are in your folder.

Find any sentences that you think you could now improve by any of the methods that you have learned in theses units. You might find a stretch of several sentences or even a whole paragraph where you think you could now join or create sentences which are more varied and interesting. Find a minimum of ten.

Photocopy or copy out the old ones into your exercise books or on paper for a wall display. Place the new improved versions alongside them so that you can see the “before” and “after” effects of your makeover.

From now onTHINK ABOUT WRITING VARIED AND INTERESTING

SENTENCES



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