Who does researchin Developing Countries ?

AGED 4713Fall 2002

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Introduction

Why is Agricultural research important?

Importance of IARC’sTypes of Agricultural research Relationship between IARC and NARS What is a NARS Types of NARS’s Examples of NARS’s

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Why is Agricultural research important?

Help to improve developmenteconomic growth poverty alleviationrural developmentimprove management of natural resources

Ag research is central for boosting productivity

It is the primary engine of the economic growth

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Importance of International Ag. Research Centers

Mission of IARC (CGIAR)

To contribute to food security and poverty eradication in developing countries through research, partnership, capacity building, and policy support, promoting sustainable agricultural development based on the environmentally sound management of natural resources.

Source: www.cgiar.org

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Importance of International Ag. Research Centers

The IARC's research agenda focuses on both strategic and applied research.

This includes:Problems affecting agricultural productivity

and links these problems to broader concerns

Poverty reduction,

Sustainable management of natural resources,

Protection of biodiversity

Rural development.

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The CGIAR focuses on five major research

Increasing Productivity Protecting the Environment Saving Biodiversity Improving Policies Strengthening National Research

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Relationship between IARC and NARS

Strengthening national agricultural research in developing countries through side-by-side working relationships with colleagues in national programs, strengthening skills in research administration and management, and formal training programs for research staff.

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Types of research

Basic Strategic Applied Adaptive/on farm level

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Types of research

Basic Research: is undertaken to develop knowledge for its own sake. Without no predetermined use in short term.

Example: Gene research

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Types of research

Strategic Research: is aimed at solving those problems which affect several regions of the world or a country. Try to response why ? And how? Example:

Identifying new varieties Tillage Practices

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Types of research

Applied Research: is aimed to answer current problems in a particular state, region or county.

Example: Response to fertilization Estrus synchronization

programs

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Types of research

Adaptive/Farm Level Research: involves the identification, through experimentation on farms, of the specific combination of crop and animal production practices that will provide maximum productivity on those farm

Example: Field demonstration, comparison between new practice and the farmer practice

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Who does Agricultural Research in Developing Countries

Federal Government: Ministry of Agriculture

Agricultural Universities Private Sector: Non-governmental Organizations All of the above,

National Agricultural Research System (NARC)

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NARS definition:

National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)

The NARS in Developing countries include all the various national organizations which undertake agricultural research in their respective countries.

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Responsibility of NARS:

To conduct research to develop and adapt technology and to participate in the transfer of

technology.

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Advantages of NARS

Direct institutional /client linkages Close proximity to farmer’s problems Ability to collect field-level data

relatively inexpensively

On-site staff and facilities Effective conduit for communicating

development strategy and policies to policy makers

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Types of NARS

Publicly supported (centralized) Collaborative federal/state agricultural

research systems (decentralized ) Endowed research institutes Agricultural Universities Private sector research institutes Non-governmental Organizations Multinational, regional research

institutes

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Publicly supported (centralized)

Systems that are dependencies of , controlled by, and receive their financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the federal government.

Examples: Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria

(Embrapa) Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

(PARC)

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EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute

Embrapa's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of the Brazilian agribusiness by generating, adapting and transferring knowledge and technology that benefits the Brazilian Society.

http://www.embrapa.br/english/

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Embrapa coordinates the National Agricultural Research System with cooperated institutions carrying out research in geographical areas or in defined fields of scientific knowledge.

Networking through 37 research units. 2 045 researchers.

47% master's

49% Ph D’s

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Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems

(decentralized ) Systems that channel federal, state, private

sector, and producers (commodity associations) funding to semi-autonomous state level research and extension programs.

Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary, cross commodity programs

Research/extension linkage: close, assembling/adapting technology to producers’ needs.

Example: Mexico: INIFAP

Agricultural, Livestock , Rural Development, Fishing and Food

Secretariat

www.sagarpa.gob.mx

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Institutions funded by SAGARPA

www.sagarpa.gob.mx

Semi-autonomous

Teaching

Research

Extension

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Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias

The National Institute of Forestry, Livestock and Agricultural Research

www.inifap.conacyt.mx

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Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized )

Funded by Federal State Producers in every state have a foundation

(Fundacion Produce)

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Objectives

To develop and strengthen National Strategic Research

To promote applied research and technology transfer

To support research for sustainable natural resources management

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Researchers by Academic Degree 2002

Academic degree Number %

Bachelor 229 19

Master 696 59

Doctorate 260 22

Total 1185 * 100

*6.3% are in Graduate College

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Distribution of researchers by area 2002

Area Number %

Forestry 140 12

Crops 760 64

Livestock 285 24

Total 1185 100

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8 Regional Research Centers (CIR)81 Research Stations

6 National Centers

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Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs

108 Crops Avocado Beans Barley Cacao Corn Citrus Chile Coffee Cotton Mango Rice Soybean Wheat

Disciplinary areas Biotechnology Entomology Integrated resources

Management Plant genetics Irrigation systems Rain fed land

management Mechanization Biofertilization Corn Protein gene(opaco)

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Livestock Dairy Cattle Dual Purpose Sheep Goat Red deer Pig Poultry Honey Bee

Disciplinary programs Animal health

Epidemiology Parasitology Microbiology

Nutrition Reproduction Genetics Biothecnology

Research Programs are commodity

linked with disciplinary programs

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Technology transfer programs

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Agricultural universities

Institutions of higher learning that provide undergraduate and graduate education and grant related degrees, conduct research, and distribute information to agricultural sector clientele.

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Agricultural universities

Autonomous, some semi-autonomous Structure: Centralized Funding sources: Public-federal and

state Nature of programs: education; some

research and extension Limited research Limited extension linkages Linkage with international/multinational

programs

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Agricultural universities in Mexico

supported by Ministry of AgricultureUniversidad Autonoma Agraria

Antonio Narro, Saltillo Coahuila

Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Texcoco Estado de Mexico

Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agricolas,

Texcoco Estado de Mexico

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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM

Decentralized Autonomous Funded by Federal Government:

Secretary of Education UNAM Foundation: private support (10%) Competitive funds for research: CONACYT

Mission: Teaching, Research and Outreach

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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM

85 % of research in Mexico Comprehensive University (4-6 years) 68 Colleges offer 130 careers

(269 000 Students) Faculty (College) of Veterinary Medicine and

Zootechnics ( 2 campuses >3500 students) Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (1000

students)

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Summary

Importance of Agricultural research?

Types of Agricultural research

Relationship between IARC and NARS

Who does research in developing countries: the NARS

Examples of NARS