Who: Byzantines What: placed imperial provinces called “themes” under generals responsible for...
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Transcript of Who: Byzantines What: placed imperial provinces called “themes” under generals responsible for...
The Middle Ages in Europe
Who: ByzantinesWhat: placed imperial provinces called
“themes” under generals responsible for military/ civil admin
When: 8th-11th centWhere: ByzantiumWhy: allowed troops to mobilize quickly; made
land available to free peasants; however the generals who governed them became too powerful and rebelled, this led to the decline of free peasants (there was not enough military recruits or taxes)
Theme System (add this ID)
Who: Clovis I most influential King of the Franks
What: Germanic Tribe who invaded Roman Gaul (France)
When: 3rd century - 718Where: Gaul (France)Why: Clovis converted to Christianity and
formed an alliance with the Catholic Church; then other Germanic groups converted; began the development of feudalism; Europe's center shifted from Rome to France
Franks (add this ID)
Who: craftsmenWhat: association of people who work in the
same occupationWhen: beginning in 13th centuryWhere: Western EuropeWhy: controlled much of the urban economy;
est standards for quality, determined prices, balanced supply and demand; regulated entry of new workers
Guilds (add this ID)
Who: MerchantsWhat: Trade network; association of trading
cities stretchingWhen: 13th-17th centWhere: On the Baltic and North Sea; stretched
from novgorod to LondonWhy: Dominated trade in grain, fish, furs,
timber, pitch
Hanseatic League (add this ID)
Magna Carta (add this ID)
Who: King John of EnglandWhat: feudal barons forced John to sign the
Magna Carta When: 1215Where: RunnymedeWhy: created constitutional law and
Parliament for lords
Lasted from 500 – 1500Germanic groups invaded
Roman EmpireTrade was disruptedPeople returned to rural ways of lifePeople were less educatedMonasteries preserved
knowledge
1. What were the Middle Ages?
A Germanic tribe of nomads who lived in the Rhine River Valley.
In the 400s, the Franks began to invade Roman Gaul (France today)
2. Who were the Franks?
Merovingian King of the Franks from 481-511
He was Pagan, but In 496 his wife (Clothilde) convinced him to convert to Christianity
The rest of his people then converted
3. Who was Clovis I?
“Charles the Hammer”Carolingian who became Mayor
of the Palace in 714Defeated the Muslim Moors in
732 at the Battle of Tours
4. Who was Charles Martel?
Ended the Muslim advance into Europe (except for Spain)
Showed the effectiveness of cavalry (used by Muslims)
Led to the importance of knights
5. What was the significance of The Battle of Tours?
Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel) Convinced Pope Boniface to crown him
King of the Franks (751)Pepin created the Papal States when he
gave part of his territory to the PopeEnded all rule of the Merovingians and
began the Carolingian Dynasty
6. Who was the first King of the Franks?
“Charles the Great”Son of Pepin771 – King of the FranksCreated the largest
kingdom in Europe since ancient Rome
Pope Leo III crowned him King of the Romans
(Cont.)
7. Who was Charlemagne?
Paid for a revival of learning - the Carolingian Renaissance
Monks copied Roman manuscripts
Opened schools His empire was divided
between his three sons who fought each other until 843 – signed the Treaty of Verdun
7. Who was Charlemagne? (Cont.)
Treaty of Verdun
Increasing violence and lawlessVikings attacked from the northMagyars (Turkish nomads) attacked from
the eastMuslims attacked from the south
People had no central government to protect them
People turned to lords for protection
8. Why did Feudalism Rise?
KingVassals – Nobles and
Bishops who were wealthy land owners
Knights – defended Vassals’ land in exchange for fiefs (land)
Peasants – worked the Vassals’ fields; many were serfs who could not leave the land
Feudal System
Popes often crowned the Kings.All Christian Kings had to have the
Pope’s blessing.Excommunication – if the Pope
was unhappy with a King, they could be excommunicated and condemned to hell.
The Church could put anyone on trial who violated Canon (Church) law.
9. What political power did the Pope have?
The climate was warmer from 800 to 1200
Farmers used a new type of harness that fit across a horse’s chest – horses could pull plows
Farmers could grow more crops when they switched from a two-field system to a three-field system
10. How did farming change?
The Church forbade Christians from lending money at interest – Jews became the source for loans.
Trade increased and towns grew larger and more crowded.
11. What financial and trade changes took place?
Authors began writing in the vernacular – brought literature to many people
Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries
Many Greek writings were translated into Latin.
Ancient writings influenced Christian writers.
12. What changes took place in literature and learning?
The Church Wields Power
Church Reform and the Crusades
The Age of Faith
A new age of spiritual feeling arose in Europe in the 1000s
Ended marriage of Priests and Simony
Many problems troubled the Church so Popes made reforms
Towering cathedrals with stained-glass windows (ex. Notre Dame)
Huge churches were built in the Gothic style architecture.
The First Crusade
Needed to protect Constantinople.
1093 – the Byzantine emperor asked for help against the Muslim Turks
He wanted to take control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks
Pope Urban II urged leaders in Europe to begin a Crusade - 1095
Crusaders captured Jerusalem.
The First Crusade - 1096
The Second Crusade
Saladin recaptured Jerusalem.
The Second Crusade - 1187
Richard the Lion-Hearted fought Saladin
Came to a truce – Saladin opened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims
The Third Crusade - 1192
The Fourth Crusade
Knights attacked and looted the Christian cities of Zara and Constantinople
The Fourth Crusade – 1202-1204
Drove the Muslims out of Spain.
The Reconquista
People suspected of heresy were questioned, tortured, and executed.
The Inquisition
The Rack
The Wheel
The Stake
The Iron Maiden
The Pear of Anguish
Rat Torture
The Head Crusher
The Saw
The Knee Splitter
Toe Wedging
England & France Develop
England
William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) led a French Army and defeated Harold the Saxon for the English throne.
William became William I of England.
William the Conqueror &The Battle of Hastings - 1066
He declared all of England his personal property.
Granted fiefs to about 200 Norman lords
Laid the foundation for centralized government
William the Conqueror &The Battle of Hastings - 1066
Grandson of William I made major reforms to the royal power in England.
Consolidated courts – more crimes and civil cases would be tried by the Royal Courts
Henry II (Plantagenet)
Common Law developed – laws are created by decisions of the judges, earlier decisions are used as precedents.
Grand Jury System – a jury determines if there is enough evidence to justify a trial
Henry II (Plantagenet)
Attempted to bring the church courts under his control
Failed after his clash with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas à Becket
Henry II (Plantagenet)
Philip strengthened the central government in France by putting more land under his control.
1204 – Philip II of France Regains Normandy from the English
John and Richard the Lionhearted were both sons of Henry II, but Richard only spent 10 months of his reign in England
Ineffective ruler – lost territory to the French, taxed heavily and abandoned jury trials to punish his enemies
John &The Magna Carta - 1215
A large group of his vassal lords revolted against him in 1215 and forced him to sign the Magna Carta at Runnymede
The Magna Carta required the king to observe due process of law
John &The Magna Carta - 1215
Was intended to protect the lords, but it later protected merchants and peasants
Became the foundation of the English system of constitutional government
John &The Magna Carta - 1215
He set up courts where people could appeal their lord’s decision.
This strengthened the monarchy and weakened feudal ties.
1226 – Louis IX became King of France
War began when the French King died with no heirs.
The English King (who was a French-speaking descendant of William the Conqueror) claimed the French throne.
In 1429 Joan of Arc drove the English out of Orleans. She was captured by the English and burnt at the stake.
1337-1453 – The Hundred Years War
Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to a religious life
Established between 400 -700 communities called monasteries which became centres of education, literacy and learning
Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St. Benedict
Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with God
St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of Church
Monasticism and Saints
Byzantine Empire in 6th Century
New royal dynasty called Capetians in France
System of primogeniture= system where eldest son inherited everything (instead of dividing land / property / wealth)
Lords and knights however had little loyalty and began competing more fiercely for land, power, influence and control
Peace of God= a set of decrees issued in 989 CE that prohibited stealing church property, assaulting clerics, peasants and women with the threat of excommunication from Church
were set to protect the unarmed populace by limiting warfare in countryside
Truce of God= set in 1027 CE and outlawed all fighting from Thursday to Monday morning, on important feast days and during religious days
Truce encouraged idea that the only combat pleasing to God was in the defence of Christendom (idea of the righteousness of holy war)
1095 CE Pope Urban II referred to Truce of God when calling knights to the first Crusade in support of Christians
High Middle Ages
War of Investitures (Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV)
Norman Conquests & William the Conqueror (who was crowned King of England and ordered the Doomsday Book)
Magna Carta (king is subject to the law)
Crusades
Effects of Crusades (military failure but many positive effects (spreading of culture, goods, scientific knowledge, Arabic language and thought, economic growth in rural communities, and trade)
Wars and Conflicts
Effects of CrusadesGuild and communesTowns, cities and manorsNew thinkers (Thomas Aquinas) and writersCreation of universitiesNew art and architecture (gothic, castles)Knighthood and chivalryCourtly entertainment (fables, playwrights)
New Ideas and Culture
Late Middle AgesBlack Deatha devastating
worldwide pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid 14th century
killed about a third of Europe’s population, an estimated 34 million people.
Called “black death” because of striking symptom of the disease, in which sufferers' skin would blacken due to hemorrhages under the skin
Spread by fleas and rats painful lymph node swellings called buboes buboes in the groin and armpits, which ooze
pus and blood. damage to the skin and underlying tissue
until they were covered in dark blotches Most victims died within four to seven days
after infection
EFFECTS Caused massive depopulation and change
in social structure Weakened influence of Church Originated in Asia but was blamed on
Jews and lepers
The Bubonic Plague
Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411).
Roger Bacon (gunpowder)Luca Pacioli (Father of Accounting)Johannes Gutenberg (printing press)Christine de Pisan (writer); Geoffrey
Chaucer (writer)Joan of Arc (Hundred Year’s War)Pope Urban II (indulgences)Pope Innocent IV and Bernard Gui
(inquisitions)Parliamentary Government in England
Ideas, Inventions and Key Figures