Good Morning

ROLE OF WHO & HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS IN HEALTH CARE OF THE COMMUNITY

Seminar-8By

Dr.M.S.Bala VidyadharDt: 05-11-2015

Contents • Introduction• Brief History• Pre-WHO Bodies• WHO- In Detail• WHO Oral Health Programs, Strategies & Database• Other UN Agencies• Bilateral Agencies• Non-governmental & Other Agencies• Conclusion • References• Previous Year Questions

Introduction• "Nothing on earth is more international than disease“,

- Paul Russel.

• Health and disease have no political or geographical boundaries.

• Disease in any part of the world is a constant threat to other parts.

• In order to protect against the spread of disease from one country to

another, many attempts were made in the past by individual rulers and

States to place barriers against infection by detection and isolation of

incoming travellers

History • History is replete with examples of the spread of pestilences -

particularly of plague and cholera, along trade routes.

• In the 14th century, a procedure known as "Quarantine" was

introduced in Europe to protect against the importation of plague.

• Ships, crews, travellers and cargoes, suspected of harbouring

infection, were detained for a 40-day period.

• The underlying idea was that the passage of time would give

dormant disease to manifest itself or die out.

• Quarantine soon became an established practice in many countries.

• This was the origin of international health work.

Pre- WHO Health Bodies

International Sanitary Conference (1851)

• The origin of international health cooperation dates back to 1851,

when an international sanitary conference - the first of its kind - was

convened in Paris.

• The objective of this Conference was very limited i.e., to introduce

some order and uniformity into quarantine measures which varied

from country to country.

• The conference lasted six months with no lasting results. Some

members opposed quarantine, and some took an intermediate position.

International Sanitary Conference (1851)

• Despite the many difficulties involved, an international sanitary code was

prepared, comprising 137 articles dealing with cholera, plague and yellow

fever.

• But, the sanitary code never came into force as it was ratified by only three

countries - France, Portugal and Sardinia withdrew in 1865.

• Thus the conference was generally regarded as having ended in failure.

• The 1851 conference was followed in rapid succession by further

conferences - no less than 10 conferences took place between 1851 and

1902, but they were equally unable to reach an agreement on quarantine

measures

Pan American Sanitary Bureau(1902)

• The next important milestone in international health work was the

establishment of Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) in 1902 in

the Americas.

• It was primarily intended to coordinate quarantine procedures in the

American States.

• In 1924 an important document was signed by the American

Republic namely "The Pan American Sanitary Code" which is still

in force between the States.

Pan American Sanitary Bureau(1902)• In 1947, the Bureau was reorganized and the organization was called

the Pan American Sanitary Organization (PASO).

• In 1949, an agreement was reached whereby the PASO would serve

as the WHO Regional Office for the Americas.

• In 1958, the name was changed to Pan American Health

Organization (PAHO).

• Over the years, PAHO has grown from a small information centre to

a major health agency with its headquarters in Washington, D.C.

• The Pan American Sanitary Bureau was the World's First

International Health Agency.

Office International D'Hygiene Publique (1907)• In 1907, the "Office International d'Hygiene Publique" (OIHP),

generally known as the "Paris Office" was created to disseminate

information on communicable diseases and to supervise international

quarantine measures.

• At its inception, the OIHP was predominantly European, but later on a

considerable degree of cooperation grew up between OIHP and PASB.

• Sixty other countries, including British India, joined the OIHP, giving

the Office an international character.

• The OIHP continued to exist until 1950, by which time its

responsibilities had been taken over by the WHO.

The Health Organization of the League of Nations (1923)

• After the first World War (1914-18), the League of Nations was

established to build a better world. It included a 'Health

Organization' to "take steps in matters of international concern for

the prevention and control of disease".

• The Health Organization of the League branched out into such

matters as nutrition, housing and rural hygiene, the training of

public health workers and the standardization of certain biological

preparations.

The Health Organization of the League of Nations (1923)

• In 1939, the League of Nations was dissolved but its Health

Organization in Geneva continued to deal as best it could with

requests for information and the publication of the Weekly

Epidemiological Records was never suspended.

The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation

Administration (1943)

• The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)

was set up in 1943 with the general purpose of organizing recovery from

the effects of the Second World War.

• The UNRRA had a health division to care for the health of the millions of

displaced persons, to restore and help services and to revive the machinery

for international interchange of information on epidemic diseases.

• UNRRA did outstanding work of preventing the spread of typhus and other

diseases, so that they never reached serious epidemic levels anywhere.

The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (1943)

• Similarly, UNRRA'S assistance to malaria control in such countries

as Greece and Italy, where war had disrupted peace-time anti-

malaria services, was on an immense scale.

• The world renowned campaign for the eradication of malaria from

Sardinia was begun as a joint effort of UNRRA, the Rockefeller

Foundation and the Italian Government.

• At the end of 1946, UNRRA terminated its official existence and its

health activities and financial assets were taken over by the Interim

Commission on the WHO.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

• The World Health Organization is a specialized, non-political,

health agency of the United Nations, with headquarters at Geneva.

• In 1946, the Constitution was drafted by the "Technical

Preparatory Committee" under the chairmanship of Rene Sand,

and was approved in the same year by an International Health

Conference of 51 nations in New York.

• The constitution came into force on 7th April, 1948 which is

celebrated every year as "World Health Day".

Objectives• The objective of the WHO is "The Attainment By All People's Of

The Highest Level Of Health" which is set out in the preamble of

the Constitution.

• The current objective of WHO is the attainment by all people of the

world a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and

economically productive life - also known as Health for All.

• The WHO is unique among the UN Specialized Agencies in that it

has its own constitution, own governing bodies, own membership

and own budget.

• It is part of but not subordinate to the United Nations.

WHO (Contd.)

• In recent years, two major policy developments have influenced

the WHO.

• First, the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978 on primary health care

which provided both WHO and UNICEF with a common charter

for health, and secondly, the Global Strategy for Health for All.

• Both WHO and UNICEF are striving towards the goal of HFA

through health system based on primary health care.• The preamble of the Constitution of WHO states :

Preamble Of The Constitution Of WHO

Preamble Of The Constitution Of WHO(contd.)

Membership• Membership in WHO is open to all countries.

• While most countries are members of both the UN and of WHO,

there are some differences. Eg: Switzerland is a Member of WHO

but not of the United Nations.

• Associate Members participate without vote in the deliberations of

the WHO.

• Each Member State contributes yearly to the budget and each is

entitled to the services and aid the organization can provide.

• In 1948, the WHO had 56 Members. By 1996 WHO had 190

Member States and two Associate Members.

Work of WHO

• WHO's first Constitutional function is to act as the directing and

coordinating authority on all international health work.

• This function permits WHO's Member States

To identify collectively priority health problems throughout the

world,

To define collectively health policies and targets to cope with

them,

To devise collectively strategies, principles and programmes to

give effect to these policies and to attain the targets.

1.PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC DISEASES

• Almost all communicable diseases are or have been at sometime the

subject of WHO activities. The global eradication of smallpox is an

outstanding example of international health cooperation.

• With the same energy and commitment with which WHO eradicated

smallpox, it is now directing the global battle against AIDS.

• An important activity of WHO is epidemiological surveillance of

communicable diseases.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC DISEASES

• The WHO collects and disseminates epidemiological information

on diseases subject to International Health Regulations and

occasionally other communicable diseases of international

importance through an Automatic Telex Reply Service (ATRS) and

the "Weekly Epidemiological Record” (WER).

• Member States can also make use of the WHO Emergency Scheme

for Epidemics" whenever necessary.

• The aim of International Health Regulations is to ensure maximum

security against international spread of diseases with the minimum

interference with world traffic.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC DISEASES

• The WHO has also paid attention in its programme of work to

non-communicable disease problems such as cancer,

cardiovascular diseases, genetic disorders, mental disorders, drug

addiction and dental diseases.

• The activities of WHO have also branched out into the fields of

vector biology and control, immunology, quality control of drugs

and biological products, drug evaluation and monitoring and

health laboratory technology as these activities are relevant to the

control of both communicable and non-communicable diseases.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC DISEASES

• Immunization against common diseases of childhood

Expanded Programme on Immunization is now a priority

programme of the WHO.

• The 30th World Health Assembly adopted a resolution aimed

at ensuring immunization of all children by 1990

2. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH SERVICES

• WHO's most important single function is to promote and support

national health policy development and the development of

comprehensive national health programmes.

• This broad field of endeavour encompasses a wide variety of

activities such as organizing health systems based on primary

health care, the development of health manpower and utilization,

building of long-term national capability, particularly in the areas

of health infrastructure development, and managerial capabilities

(including monitoring and evaluation) and health services

research.

DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH SERVICES

• Appropriate Technology for Health (ATH) is another new

programme launched by the WHO to encourage self sufficiency in

solving health problems.

• The new programme is part of WHO's efforts to build up primary

health care.

• WHO‘s main activities in 1980 were towards promoting national,

regional and global strategies for the attainment of Health for All.

3. FAMILY HEALTH

• Family health is one of the major programme activities of WHO since

1970, and is broadly subdivided into:

Maternal and child health care,

Human reproduction,

Nutrition

Health education.

• The chief concern is improvement of the quality of life of the family

as a unit.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

• Promotion of environmental health has always been an important activity of

WHO. It advises governments on national programmes for the provision of

basic sanitary services.

• Recent activities are directed to protection of the quality of air, water and

food; health conditions of work, radiation protection and early identification

of new hazards originating from new technological developments.

• A number of programmes have been developed such as the 'WHO

Environmental Health Criteria Programme' and 'WHO Environmental

Health Monitoring Programme' towards improving environmental health.

• The WHO is committed to attain the target adopted by Habitat, the UN

Conference on Human Settlements, to have "Water for All by 1990"

5. HEALTH STATISTICS• From its earliest days in 1947, WHO has been concerned with the

dissemination of a wide variety of morbidity and mortality

statistics relating to health problems.

• The data is published in the

a) Weekly Epidemiological Record

b) World Health Statistics Quarterly

c) World Health Statistics Annual.

HEALTH STATISTICS (Contd.)

• In order that statistics from different countries may be comparable,

WHO publishes 'International Classification of Diseases' which is

updated every 10th year.

• The Tenth Revision of ICD came into effect from 1st January 1993.

• Assistance is also given to countries in the improvement of their

medical records, and in the planning and operating national health

information systems.

6. BIO-MEDICAL RESEARCH• The WHO does not itself do research, but stimulates and

coordinates research work.

• It has established a world-wide network of WHO collaborating

centres, besides awarding grants to research workers and research

institutions for promoting research.

• There are Regional Advisory Committees on health research

which define regional health research priorities and a Global

Advisory Committee, which in close collaboration with the regional

committee deals with policy issues of global import.

BIO-MEDICAL RESEARCH (Contd.)• Six tropical diseases are the target of the WHO Special

Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases to

develop new tools, strengthen research institutions and training

workers in the countries affected.

1. Malaria

2. Schistosomiasis

3. Trypanosomiasis

4. Filariasis

5. Leishmaniasis

6. Leprosy

7. HEALTH LITERATURE AND INFORMATION

• WHO acts as a clearing house for information on health problems.

• Its publications comprise hundreds of titles on a wide variety of

health subjects.

• The WHO library is one of the satellite centres of the Medical

Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) of the U.S.

National Library of Medicine.

• MEDLARS is the only fully computerised indexing system

covering the whole of medicine on an international basis.

• The WHO has also a public information service both at headquarters

and each of the six regional offices.

8. COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

• WHO collaborates with the UN and with the other specialized

agencies, and maintains various degrees of working

relationships.

• Besides, WHO has also established relations with a number of

International Governmental Organizations.

Structure Of WHO• The WHO consists of three principal organs : 1. World Health Assembly, 2. The Executive Board 3. The Secretariat.

World Health Assembly

• This is the "Health Parliament" of Nations and the supreme governing

body of the organization.

• It meets annually, usually in May, & in Geneva, but from time to time in

other countries. (The 14th World Health Assembly met in New Delhi in

1961).

• The Assembly is composed of delegates representing Member States, each

of which has one vote.

• The Health Assembly also appoints the Director General on the nomination

of the Executive Board. On the occasion of each Health Assembly,

"technical discussions" on some subjects of world interest are organised.

World Health Assembly

• The main functions of the Health Assembly are :

i. To determine international health policy and programmes

ii. To review the work of the past year

iii. To approve the budget needed for the following year and

iv. To elect Member States to designate a person to serve for

three years on the Executive Board, and to replace the

retiring members.

THE EXECUTIVE BOARD• The Board had originally 18 members, each designated by a

Member State. Subsequently, the number was raised to 24 and 30.

• The Health Assembly (1976) increased the membership from 30 to

31, providing that no fewer than three are to be elected from each

of the WHO regions.

• The members of the Board are to be "technically qualified in the

field of health"; they are designated by, but do not represent their

governments.

THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

• One-third of the membership is renewed every year.

• The Executive Board meets at least twice a year, generally in

January and shortly after the meeting of the World Health

Assembly in May.

• The main work of the Board is to give effect to the decisions and

policies of the Assembly.

• The Board also has power to take action itself in an emergency,

such as epidemics, earthquakes and floods where immediate

action is needed.

THE SECRETARIAT

• The secretariat is headed by the Director General who is the chief

technical and administrative officer of the Organization.

• The primary function of the WHO secretariat is to provide Member

States with technical and managerial support for their national

health development programmes.

• At WHO headquarters in Geneva, there are 5 Assistant Director

Generals each of whom is responsible for the work of such

divisions as may from time to time be assigned to him by the

Director General.

THE SECRETARIAT• On 31st December, 1985, the WHO Secretariat comprised of the

following divisions:

Regions• The regional organizations are an integral part of the WHO and have

under the constitution an important part in implementing the policies

and programmes of the WHO.

• The regional office is headed by the Regional Director, who is assisted

by technical and administrative officers, and members of the

secretariat.

• There is a regional committee composed of representatives of the

Member States in the region.

The South East Asia Region

• Headquarters : New Delhi

• Total members : 11 (as of 2010)Year of joining Member country SEARO Population (million)

1972 Bangladesh 148.69

1982 Bhutan 0.726

1948 India 1224.6

1950 Indonesia 239.8

1973 Korea (Dem.People's Rep.) 24.3

1965 Maldives Islands 0.316

1948 Myanmar 47.96

1953 Nepal 29.9

1948 Sri Lanka 20.86

1947 Thailand 69.12

2002 Timor-Letse 1.12

The South East Asia Region

• The WHO activities in South East Asia Region cover a wide range

of subjects:

• Malaria eradication,

• Tuberculosis control,

• Control of other communicable diseases,

• Health laboratory services

• Production of vaccines,

• Health statistics,

• Public health administration and rural health services,

The South East Asia Region

• Maternal and child health,

• Nursing,

• Environmental health and water supply,

• Health education,

• Nutrition,

• Mental health,

• Dental health,

• Medical rehabilitation,

• Quality control of drugs and medical education.

Recent research published by WHO• 27 April 2015

Finding a faster and more effective way to test Ebola treatments

• A new paper published in PLOS Medicine finds that the use of a

multi-stage approach to experimental drug evaluation can reach a

conclusion on drug safety and effectiveness faster than with the

traditional randomized control trial (RCT).

• The results provide valuable evidence for the fast-tracking of trials

for the Ebola outbreak in western Africa.

Recent research published by WHO

• 14 April 2015 | Geneva - 

• WHO issued a public statement calling for the disclosure of

results from clinical trials for medical products, whatever the

result.

• The move aims to ensure that decisions related to the safety

and efficacy of vaccines, drugs and medical devices for use by

populations are supported by the best available evidence.

Recent research published by WHO• 17 March 2015 ¦ Geneva

• At the WHO-hosted Ministerial Conference on Global Action Against

Dementia the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland today announced that over US$ 100 million will be

invested in a pioneering new global Dementia Discovery Fund.

• Major pharmaceutical companies have committed in principle to

investing in promising research efforts for dementia through the project,

along with the nongovernmental organization Alzheimer’s Research UK

and the United Kingdom Government.

• The announcement was welcomed as the type of innovative mechanism

that could bring about a breakthrough in treatment.

WHO Oral Health Programme

WHO Oral Health Programme• The threat of non-communicable diseases and the need to provide

urgent and effective public health responses led to the formulation

of a global strategy for prevention and control of these diseases,

endorsed in 2000 by the Fifty-third World Health Assembly

(resolution WHA 53.17).

• WHO's goals are to build healthy populations and communities

and to combat ill health.

• Four strategic directions provide the broad framework for focusing

WHO's technical work, which also have implications for the Oral

Health Programme.

WHO Oral Health Programme- Objectives• Reducing oral disease burden and disability, especially in poor and

marginalized populations.

• Promoting healthy lifestyles and reducing risk factors to oral health

that arise from environmental, economic, social and behavioural

causes.

• Developing oral health systems that equitably improve oral health

outcomes, respond to people's legitimate demands, and are financially

fair.

• Framing policies in oral health, based on integration of oral health

into national and community health programmes, and promoting oral

health as an effective dimension for development policy of society.

Global Oral Health Database • The global oral health database is currently being developed as part of

the WHO Global InfoBase and it provides for the outcome

evaluation of national and community oral health promotion and

disease prevention programmes.

• The data stimulate providers of oral health care in countries and health

authorities to implement preventive oral care programmes by sharing

experiences and ensures data for adjustment of ongoing programmes.

• Oral health status of target population groups is monitored

worldwide and linked with selected chronic diseases and common risk

factors.

Objective:

• To ensure outcome driven oral health systems and programmes.

Future development:

• The future database will incorporate systematic information on risk factors

for oral health and link oral health to general health data. Oral health systems

data and self-care practices are to be included.

Collaboration

• Key persons in Member States are trained for data collection by the Oral

Health Unit;

• Calibration trials for epidemiological recording and advice on sampling for

national surveys take place based on the WHO Oral Health Surveys Basic

Methods manual.

Priority area info:

• The information system addresses oral diseases as part of the

NCD burdens and it incorporates data on oral manifestations

of HIV/AIDS and oral cancer.

Target audience

• The information is targeted towards oral health planners and

decision-makers at country level (Ministries of Health) and

the WHO Oral Health instruments are used in health systems

research worldwide.

Recent Oral Health Initiatives By WHO• 2 April 2015 –

At the end of World Congress 2015, the Tokyo Declaration on

Dental care and oral health for healthy longevity was adopted to

call upon health policy-makers and professionals to significantly

reduce the global disease burden, promote greater equity, and

integrate oral health promotion into the NCD prevention and

control and development agenda.

Recent Oral Health Initiatives By WHO

• Spring 2016 –

The Global Oral Cancer Forum is an international assembly of

passionate professionals focused on building awareness of gaps

and innovations in prevention, patient care, technology, and

services across the oral cancer continuum by facilitating

partnerships that transcend cultural and economic diversity.

Other UN Agencies

UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)

• It was established in 1946 by the United Nations General Assembly to

deal with rehabilitation of children in war ravaged countries.

• In 1953, when the emergency functions were over, the General

Assembly gave it a new name "U.N. Children's Fund" but retained

the initials, UNICEF.

• UNICEF is governed by a thirty-nation Executive Board.

• The headquarters of the UNICEF is at United Nations, New York.

UNICEF: Content of services

a) Child health

b) Child nutrition

c) Family and child welfare

d) Education -formal and non-formal

UNICEF: Content of services

• Currently, UNICEF is promoting a campaign known as GOBI campaign

to encourage 4 strategies for a "Child Health Revolution“.

• G for Growth Charts to better monitor child development

• O for Oral Rehydration to treat all mild and moderate dehydration

• B for Breast feeding, and

• I for Immunization against measles, diphtheria, polio, pertussis, tetanus

and tuberculosis.

• As full partners in primary health care, UNICEF and WHO have been

developing joint strategies in support of its implementation at country

level.

UNICEF: Content of services

• In short, UNICEF activities cover programmes assisting in :

a) Child survival, protection and development;

b) Interventions like immunization, improved infant feeding practices;

c) Child growth monitoring, home based diarrhoea management, drinking

water,

d) Environmental sanitation,

e) Birth spacing,

f) Education of girls and income-generating activities for women.

UNDP(United Nations Development Programme)

• It was established in 1966. It is the main source of funds for

technical assistance.

• The member countries - rich and poor - of the United Nations

meet annually and pledge contributions to the UNDP.

• The basic objective of the UNDP is to help poorer nations

develop their human and natural resources more fully.

• The UNDP projects cover virtually every economic and social

sector - agriculture, industry, education and science, health, social

welfare, etc.

UN Fund for Population Activities

• The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) has been

providing assistance to India since 1974.

• The UNFPA inputs are designed to develop national capability for the

manufacture of contraceptives, to develop population education

programmes, to undertake organized sector projects, to strengthen

programme management as well as to improve output of grass-root

level health workers and introduction of innovative approaches to

family planning and M& C healthcare.

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Was formed in 1945 with headquarters in Rome. It was the first

UNO specialized agency created to look after several areas of world

cooperation.

• The chief aims of FAO are :

1. To help nations raise living standards

2. To improve nutrition of the people of all countries

3. To increase the efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries

4. To better the condition of rural people and, through all these means,

to widen the opportunity of all people for productive work.

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• The most important aspect of FAO's work is towards ensuring that the food

is consumed by the people who need it, in sufficient quantities and in right

proportions, to develop and maintain a better state of nutrition throughout

the world . In this context, the FAO has organized a world Freedom from

Hunger Campaign (FFHC) in 1960.

• The FAO is also collaborating with other international agencies in the

Applied Nutrition Programmes. The joint WHO/FAO expert committees

have provided the basis for many cooperative activities - nutritional

surveys, training courses, seminars and the coordination of research

programmes on brucellosis and other zoonoses

WORLD BANK• World bank is a specialized agency of United Nations. It was established with

the purpose of helping less developed countries raise their living standards.

• The powers of the Bank are vested in a Board of Governors. The Bank gives

loans for projects that will lead to economic growth. (e.g.. India's Population

Projects).

• The projects are usually concerned with electric power, roads, railways,

agriculture, water supply. education, family planning, etc.

• Health and environmental components have been added to many projects.

• Cooperative programmes exist between WHO and the Bank. e.g.. projects for

water supply, World Food Programme, Population Control, and the control of

onchocerciasis programme in West Africa

BILATERAL AGENCIES

USAID

• The US Government presently extends aid to India through three agencies :

1. United States Agency for International Development (USAID);

2. The Public Law 480 (Food for Peace) Programme

3. The US Export-Import Bank. • The USAID was created in 1961; it is in charge of activities

previously administered by the Technical Cooperation Mission (TCM).

• The US has been assisting in a number of projects designed to improve

the health of India's people. These are malaria eradication, medical

education, nursing education, health education, water supply and

sanitation, control of communicable diseases, nutrition and family

planning.

• The recent trend in assistance from the USA is increasingly in the

support of agricultural and family planning programmes, with some

reduction in aid in the general public health field.

THE COLOMBO PLAN

• At a meeting of the commonwealth Foreign Ministers at Colombo

in January 1950, a programme was drawn up for cooperative

economic development in South and South East Asia.

• Membership comprises 20 developing countries within the region

and 6 non-regional members - Australia. Canada, Japan, New

Zealand, UK and USA.

• The bulk of Colombo Plan assistance goes into industrial and

agricultural development, but some support has also been given to

health promotion, mostly through fellowships.

THE COLOMBO PLAN

• The All India Institute of medical sciences, New Delhi was

established with financial assistance from New Zealand.

• The Plan provides for visits to countries by experts who can offer

advice on local problems and train the local people.

• Colombo plan seeks to improve living standards of the people of

the area by reviewing developmental plans and coordinating

development assistance.

Swedish International Development Agency(SIDA)

• It is assisting the National Tuberculosis Control Programme since

1979. The SIDA assistance is usually spent on procurement of

supplies like X-ray unit, microscopes and anti-tuberculosis drugs.

• SIDA authorities are also supporting the Short Course

chemotherapy Drug Regimens under pilot study, which were

introduced in 18 districts of the country during 1983-84, and pilot

phase-I of the Revised strategy of NTP in 5 sites namely Delhi,

Bangalore, Mumbai, Kolkata and Mehsana (Gujarat) since 1993.

DANIDA• The Government of Denmark is providing assistance for the

development of services under National Blindness Control

Programme since 1978.

NON-GOVERNMENTAL AND OTHER AGENCIES

Rockefeller Foundation

• The Rockefeller Foundation is a philanthropic organization chartered

in 1913 and endowed by Mr. John D. Rockefeller.

• Its purpose is to promote the well-being of mankind throughout the

world. In its early years, the Foundation was active chiefly in public

health and medical education.

• Subsequently, its interest was expanded to include the advancement of

life sciences, the social sciences, the humanities and the agricultural

sciences.

Rockefeller Foundation

• The work of the Rockefeller Foundation in India began in 1920 with a

scheme for the control of hookworm disease in the then Madras Presidency.

• Since then, the Foundation has been associated with several medical and

public health programmes in India.

• The establishment of the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health

at Kolkata was in a large measure due to the cooperation of the Rockefeller

Foundation.

• At present the Foundation is directing its support to the improvement of

agriculture, family planning and rural training centres as well as to

medical education

Rockefeller Foundation• The Foundation‘s programme included :• The training of competent teachers and research workers; • Training abroad of candidates from India through fellowships and travel

grants; • The sponsoring of visits of a large number of medical specialists from the

USA; • Providing grants-in-aid to selected institutions; • Development of medical college libraries; • Population studies; • Assistance to research projects and institutions (eg: National Institute Of

Virology At Pune and more recently the Setting Up Of A Field Demonstration Area Ballabhgarh) in connection with a department of preventive and social medicine, as well as to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences.

Ford Foundation• The Ford Foundation has been active in the development of rural health

services and family planning.

• The Ford Foundation has helped India in the following projects :

1. Orientation training centres

2. Research-cum- action projects

3. Pilot project in rural health services, Gandhigram Tamil Nadu

4. Establishment of NIHAE (National Institute of Health Administration

and Education at Delhi).

5. Calcutta water supply and drainage scheme

6. Family planning programme

CARE (Co-operative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)• It was founded in North America in the wake of the

Second World War in the year 1945.

• It is one of the world's largest independent, non-profit, non-sectarian

international relief and development organization. CARE provides

emergency aid and long term development assistance.

• CARE began its operation in India in 1950. Till the end of 1980s, the primary

objective of CARE - India was to provide food for children in the age group

of 6-11 years.

• From mid 1980s, CARE-India focused its food support in the ICDS

programme and in development of programmes in the areas of health and

income supplementation.

CARE (Co-operative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere)

• It is helping in the following projects :1. Integrated Nutrition and Health Project; 2. Better Health and Nutrition Project; 3. Anaemia Control Project; 4. Improving Women‘s Health Project;5. Improved Health Care for Adolescent Girl‘s Project; 6. Child Survival Project; 7. Improving Women‘s Reproductive Health and Family Spacing Project; 8. Konkan Integrated Development Project etc.

• Currently it has projects in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,

Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

International Red Cross• The Red Cross is a non-political non-official

international humanitarian organization devoted

to the service of mankind in peace and war.

• Started by Henry Durant in 1859.

• In his book "Un Souvenir de Solferine" and in

countless interviews with eminent persons,

throughout Europe, Dunant urged that voluntary

national societies be founded "which in time of

war would render aid to the wounded without

distinction of nationality".

International Red Cross

• Dunant's plea met with success. The First Geneva Convention took place in

1864 and a treaty was signed for the relief of the wounded and the sick of the

armies in the field.

• Thus came into being the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC),

an independent, neutral institution, the founder organization of the Red Cross.

• It has since grown into a mighty mission with branches all over the world

symbolising the spirit of compassion and universal brotherhood.

• In 1919, the League of the Red Cross Society was created with headquarters

in Geneva to coordinate the work of the national societies, which now

number more than 90.

Role of Red Cross• In the beginning, the role of the Red Cross was largely confined to

humanitarian service on behalf of the victims of war.

• Later on the work of the Red Cross was extended to other

programmes which would prevent human suffering.

• These comprise service to armed forces, service to war veterans,

disaster service, first aid and nursing, health education and

maternity and child welfare services.

Indian Red Cross• The Red Cross Society of India was established by an Act of the Indian

Legislature in 1920 with the three objectives of the Improvement Of

Health, Prevention Of Disease And Mitigation Of Suffering.

• The Red Cross Home at Bangalore for disabled ex-servicemen is one of

the pioneer institutions of its kind in Asia.

• Disaster services comprise distribution of milk, medicines, Vitamin tablets,

cod liver oil and hundred other items to the famine stricken people and to

those who have been hit by the floods.

• In the development of maternity and child welfare services, the Society has

done pioneering work and has functioned as an auxiliary of the country's

health services.

Junior Red Cross• It is one of the most active sections of the Society.

• It gives an opportunity to lakhs of boys and girls all over India to

be associated with activities like the village uplift, first aid, anti-

epidemic work and building up of an international fraternity of

youth, thus promoting international friendliness, understanding

and cooperation.

Andaman and Nicobar Island (32)Andhra Pradesh (4447)Arunachal Pradesh (212)Assam (2088)Bihar (3434)Chandigarh (126)Chhattisgarh (630)Dadra and Nagar Haveli (10)Daman and Diu (11)Delhi (4151)Goa (87)Gujarat (3184)Haryana (1023)Himachal Pradesh (396)Jammu and Kashmir (780)Jharkhand (1423)Karnataka (3143)Kerala (1531)

State-wise list of VOs/NGOs signed up on the NGO-PSLakshadweep (12)

Madhya Pradesh (3302)Maharashtra (7779)Manipur (1706)Meghalaya (201)Mizoram (78)Nagaland (351)

Orissa (3486)

Puducherry (134)Punjab (681)Rajasthan (2405)Sikkim (88)Tamil Nadu (4228)Tripura (289)Uttar Pradesh (11243)Uttarkhand (912)West Bengal (6749)

Conclusion• Health and disease have no political or geographical

boundaries.

• Disease in any part of the world is a constant threat to other

parts.

• Hence bodies like WHO, Other UN & Governmental & Non-

Governmental Bodies provide a valuable resource in

promoting health care.

References • Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine: 22nd

Edition • Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine by Mahajan.• Public Health Dentistry by SobenPeter: 5th edition• http://www.who.int/topics/research/en/• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_NGOs• http://www.who.int/entity/en/• http://www.who.int• http://www.searo.who.int/mediacentre/en/• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Pan_Am

erican_Health_Organization_building• www.wikipedia.com

Previous year questions• Role Of WHO In Health Care Of Community: RGUHS (March

98, March 2002, May 2006, May 2009, May 2011, Nov. 2011) :

20 Mks.

• NGO’s & Other Agencies In Global Health: RGUHS- Nov.2013:

20 Mks

• WHO: Sumandeep University (April 2012): 20mks

• Role Of Voluntary Organizations In Improving Health Of

Population (March-2011): 20mks