The Whiteflies of the World and Their Host Plants and - Keys - Lucid
Whiteflies - University of Arizona · F. benjamina • Infested shade house; Soil and Foliar...
Transcript of Whiteflies - University of Arizona · F. benjamina • Infested shade house; Soil and Foliar...
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Whiteflies
Catharine Mannion, Ph.D.University of Florida/IFASTropical Res. and Edu. [email protected]
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Ficus Whitefly• Feeds only on ficus• Leaf yellowing• Leaf drop• Dieback Photo: H. Glenn,, UF/IFAS
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Ficus WhiteflySinghiella simplex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
• Only feeds on ficus species
Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS
Phot
o: H
. Gle
nn, U
F/IF
AS
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Ficus Whitefly Update• Some whitefly stages
difficult to see• Damage is most obvious in
late summer and fall• Typically populations go
down in the winter• Since last year, this whitefly
appears to be worse• Ongoing issues with ficus
recovery
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Photos: W. Schall, Palm Beach County Extension
Ficus Whitefly • Only feeds on ficus• Causes leaf yellowing,
leaf drop and branch dieback
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• Causes leaf yellowing• Leaf drop (severe)• Branch dieback
(highly variable)
Ficus Whitefly - Damage
Phot
o: H
. Gle
nn, a
nd C
. Man
nion
, UF/
IFAS
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Photo: A. Roda, USDA APHIS
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Ficus WhiteflyLife Cycle
Adult Whitefly(2-4 days)
Eggs(10 days)
1st instar – crawler(4.2 days)
2nd-3rd instars – nymphs2nd instar – 3.7 days; 3rd instar – 3. 3 days
4th instar – puparia(5.8 days)
*2nd
Constant temperature (80º F)
*3rd
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Ficus Whitefly Immature Stages
• The immature stages (typically found on the underside of leaves) tend to be flat, oval and can vary in color or transparent
• The pupal case is often one of the most visible stages
Phot
o: H
. Gle
nn, U
F/IF
AS
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Natural Enemies Observed in the Landscape
• Encarsia protransvena
• Amitus bennetti
• Harmonia axyridis
• Olla v-nigrum
• Exochomus
childreni
• Chilocorus nigritis
• Curinus coeruleus
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Natural Enemies Observed in the Landscape
• Encarsia protransvena
• Amitus bennetti
• Harmonia axyridis
• Olla v-nigrum• Exochomus
childreni• Chilocorus
nigritis• Curinus
coeruleus
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Ficus HostsPreviously Reported
(other countries)
• F. benjamina• F. microcarpa• F. aurea• F. altissima• F. bengalensis• F. maclellandii
Tested (Florida)
• F. benjamina• F. microcarpa• F. aurea (native)• F. citrifolia (native)• F. binnenjikii “Alii”
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Ficus Hosts Not Susceptible to the Whitefly
• F. microcarpa “Green Island”• F. religiosa• F. carica (edible fig)• F. lyrata• F. pumila (= F. repens)• F. elastica “Burgundy”
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Site
Damage rating (Average ± SE) every 2 weeks
Oct 22
Nov 7
Nov 20
Dec 4
Dec 18
Jan 3
Jan22
Feb 1
Feb 14
1 5.0 5.0 4.7 3.7 3.3 2.3 2.0 1.3 1.0
3 5.0 5.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
5 5.0 5.0 3.5 0.6 2.0 1.0 0.5 terminated terminated
7 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5
0 (no leaves) 1 (1 -20%) 2 (21 -40%) 3 (41- 60%) 4 (61- 80%) 5 (81 – 100%)
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Laboratory BioassayStandard petri plate with a small hole placed on a container of water; cutting or leaf placed in the plate with the stem or root placed in the hole
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Ficus WhiteflyLife Cycle
Phot
o: H
. Gle
nn, U
F/IF
AS
Adult Whitefly(2-4 days)
Eggs(10 days)
1st instar – crawler(4.2 days)
2nd-3rd instars – nymphs2nd instar – 3.7 days; 3rd instar – 3. 3 days
4th instar – puparia(5.8 days)
*2nd
Constant temperature (80º F)
*3rd
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Effect of Temperature on Length of Life Cycle
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
20ºC 27ºC 30º C
Mea
n Nu
mbe
r Day
s fro
m E
gg to
Ad
ult
(68ºF) (80.6ºF) (86ºF)
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Effect of Temperature on Egg Hatch
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
15 C 20 C 27 C 30 C
Mea
n N
umbe
r Day
s to
Hat
ch
(68ºF) (80.6ºF) (86ºF)(59ºF)
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Ficus Whitefly Trapping
• Ficus benjamina• Isolated area• Sticky traps for adult whiteflies• Defoliation
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August – approx. 600/trap
June – approx. 100/trap October – approx. 1600/trap
December – approx. 800/trap
Photo: H. Glenn, UF/IFAS
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Ficus Whitefly Adult Flight Study
(March 2009 – 2013)
90’
North
South
4
3
2
18
7
6
5
40 plants
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June 2009 June 2010
June 2011 March 2012 – pruned trees to 6 feetJune 2012
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November 2009
November 2011
November 2010
November 2012
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5 6 7 8
1234
West
East
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7 8
12
West
East
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Ficus WhiteflyMean Trap Catch
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
20003-
Mar
24-M
ar
14-A
pr
5-M
ay
26-M
ay
16-J
un
7-Ju
l
28-J
ul
18-A
ug
8-Se
p
29-S
ep
20-O
ct
10-N
ov
1-D
ec
22-D
ec
12-J
an
2-Fe
b
Mea
n N
umbe
r Adu
lt w
hite
flies
per
Tr
ap
UpEastWest
Trap DirectionFirst signs of defoliation
(8/28)
Freezing Temperatures
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Ficus Whitefly 2009-2013
2009 2010 2012 20132011
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2009
Percent Defoliation2010 2011 2012
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Ficus Whitefly
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Management with Insecticides
• Systemic versus contact
• Neonicotinoid insecticides
• Length of control• 3-gal container;
F. benjamina• Infested shade
house
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Soil and Foliar Application of Insecticides
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Pest Problems on Ficus• 2003 – Ficus thrips• 2003 – Leaf gall wasp• 2007 – Ficus whitefly• 2007 – Fig wax scale outbreaks• 2008 – Gall midge• 2011 – Bondar’s nesting
whitefly• Others (Lobate lac scale;
Croton scale)