F A L L / W I N T E R — 2019 Inside this issue

Letter from WMRC

Director

The Rare Brocken Spectre

UCSF Acute Mountain

Sickness Study

A Year of Botanical Bounty

From the Archives –

Bristlecones as Bait

Photo Essay

US Navy Map of WMRS

2018 Publications

Letter from Glen MacDonald, WMRC Director

Greetings from Scotland! This Fall I am on sabbatical as a Visiting Global Fellow at the University of St. An-

drews. I have had a chance to revisit the Highlands and enjoy the lovely mountain scenery. The highest

peak in Scotland is Ben Nevis, with a summit that is 4,409 feet above sea level. I have to tell you how

amazed people here are when I tell them that our White Mountain Summit Station is located at 14,246 feet

above sea level - more than three times the elevation of Ben Nevis. I do have to admit though that the

University of St Andrews has the bragging right in terms of age – it was established in 1413.

Things got off to a nail biting start at the WMRC for the 2019 season. Getting into the upper stations this

year was quite difficult due to late spring storms. Crooked Creek was not opened until June 17 and Barcroft

did not open until July 1. Needless to say, we unfortunately had to cancel several groups who were booked

in before June 17. Of course, we are all glad to have the precipitation of Winter 2019 to support our eco-

systems and the people of the Owens Valley.

Despite the bumpy start, 2019 turned out to be another extremely busy and rewarding season. I am happy

to report that preliminary numbers indicate that we had some 2,363 researchers, educators and students

make use of the WMRC facilities this year and recorded 14,496 user nights. We must be making records as

user demand continues to grow.

Some highlights of the 2019 season include several important human physiology studies at the Barcroft

Station. Aside from our long-term partnership with Loma Linda University, the human physiological re-

search included work by UC San Francisco to evaluate the safety and efficacy of T89 in prevention and

treatment of Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) during rapid ascent. Researchers from UC Riverside conducted

research on the effects of high altitude on inflammation and the immune system. Stanford University scien-

tists were at Barcroft studying the effects of a novel drug on the incidence of Acute Mountain Sickness. We

also had international teams working at the Barcroft Station. Research by the University of Calgary focused

on mechanisms and alternate indices of sympathetic activation at high altitude. In addition, the University

of British Columbia conducted a study on cardio-respiratory acclimatization to high altitude in children. This

is said to be the longest and most thorough investigation of high-altitude acclimatization in children to

date.

Of course, Barcroft hosted other types of research as well. As usual, the station was in high demand from

astronomers. One team was working to validate the existence of exo-planets. I had the chance to see some

of the optical astronomy in action this summer and it was incredible.

As usual, the Owens Valley Station was absolutely packed with researchers, educators, and students this

past summer. We hosted a number of geology classes from throughout California. These included UC Davis,

UC Riverside, CSU Sacramento, CSU San Bernardino, CSU Long Beach and Caltech. From further afield came

classes from the University of Hawaii-Hilo, Central Washington University, Oregon State University, Universi-

ty of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Dartmouth College and University of Durham, UK. Wow – what an in-

credible range of institutions making use of all that the WMRC has to offer.

This summer, before coming out to Scotland, I had the chance to do some fieldwork in the White Moun-

tains in collaboration with Dr. Connie Millar of the USFS. My graduate students, Jason Kindinger and Lisa

Martinez worked along with me. We are researching the long-term history of wet meadows and their po-

tential paleo-environmental records. Our work this past summer — continued on next page —

White Mountain Research Center

University of California Newsletter

MacAfee Meadow Research Team. Left to right: Lisa Martinez, Glen MacDonald, and Jason Kindinger

focused on the McAfee Meadow Research Natural Area near the Barcroft Station. What a beautiful area! It is really unlike anything else nearby.

Wet, lush and with a profusion of wildflowers. I share a picture of our field team at Barcroft.

I want to close by thanking permanent staff - Jeremiah, Denise, Elizabeth, Steven – and all our incredible seasonal staff, for their dedication and

excellent work this past year. They are all incredible people to whom we owe our thanks for the operations of the WMRC. I also thank all our

research and education users. Seeing how important your research and educational activities are – and how happy you are when visiting the

WMRC - gives us all a boost. Finally, I thank those of you who continue to support the WMRC though volunteering and your financial generos-

ity. Your help is so important and is greatly appreciated.

Support the UC White Mountain Research Center

The UC White Mountain Research Center sends thanks to all donors, past and present, for their generosity in support of the Center. These do-

nations help support research, education, and other public service events and activities at WMRC. Donations large and small to WMRC (in-kind

or monetary) are very much appreciated. If you would like your donation to be used at a specific site within WMRC (Owens Valley, Crooked

Creek, or Barcroft Stations), please indicate this information on the memo line of your check. All Donations are tax-deductible.

To donate online: https://giving.ucla.edu/Campaign/Donate.aspx?SiteNum=13

Be sure to SELECT WHITE MOUNTAIN RESEARCH CENTER for your gift

- OR -

Please make your check payable to “UC Regents” and

send to:

UC White Mountain Research Center

3000 East Line Street

Bishop, CA 93514

https://www.wmrc.edu

Director, Glen MacDonald with grad students; Lisa Martinez and Jason Kindinger at Barcroft.

The Rare Brocken Spectre

JG Holmquist, UCLA WMRC Research Scientist

*Reprinted with permission from Mountain Views Chronicle, Autumn 2019

A few last crunches of gravel underfoot, and there was finally no more earth above us. Jutta and I stood seemingly alone on the summit in the

misty dawn. But we were very much not alone.

We had risen early in an effort to avoid untoward weather and to have the peak to ourselves. The horizontal miles and vertical feet had magi-

cally melted away as they always do when traveling in the hills. We had started our climb with headlamps, then squinted our way through

wisps of mist in the half-light, and finally reached the summit simultaneously with the sun. But when we turned away from that first bright

light, we were met with two impossibly large, humanoid apparitions, their heads surrounded by rainbow-like rings of light. Their legs were

incredibly long, but indistinct, and their torsos, heads, and arms moved unpredictably and with a vertigo-inducing disregard for our depth per-

ception. We had encountered two Brocken spectres.

These infrequently observed creatures have been startling people for

centuries, no doubt millennia. Brian Dunning cites the poet James

Hogg (1791): “It was . . . at least thirty feet high . . . and very near me. I

was actually struck powerless with astonishment and terror.” Dunning

also quotes naturalist and mountaineer Alexander Tewnion, who de-

scribed the strangest experience of his life in The Scots magazine in

1958. “One afternoon, just as I reached the summit cairn of Ben Mac-

Dhui, mist swirled across the Lairig Ghru and enveloped the mountain.

The atmosphere became dark and oppressive, a fierce, bitter wind

whisked among the boulders. . . A strange shape loomed up, receded,

came charging at me! Without hesitation I whipped out the revolver

and fired three times at the figure. When it still came on I turned and

hared down the path, reaching Glen Derry in a time that I have never

bettered.” (Jutta and I stared down our antagonists with revolvers

holstered).

Brocken spectres (Brockengespenst) were formally described by Johann Silberschlag in 1780. A spectre is the typically towering shadow of a

person cast upon clouds or mist—when conditions are just right-- at the bearing opposite to that of the observer to the sun. The head is also

often surrounded by a “glory:” the rainbow-like rings that we observed. A glory is created by uniformly-sized water droplets that refract and

backscatter sunlight. The unpredictable spectre motions result from three-dimensional movements of the water droplets in the mist or clouds

against which the shadows have been cast. Sightings are usually at sunrise or sunset.

Brocken spectres are a relatively rare sight but have been observed sufficiently frequently

to spawn scary local legends, notably in the vicinity of The Brocken, a peak in the Harz

Mountains of Germany. The figures have been known variously as simply “the Spectre,”

“the Grey Man of Ben MacDhui,” or the “Brocken Witch.” But they are also more gener-

ously called “Buddha’s Light” in China and God Shadows in several regions, both of which

are far happier thoughts.

UCSF Medical Team Completes Phase 2 of

Acute Mountain Sickness Study at WMRC Barcroft Station

Story by Chongshan Caressi

Photos Courtesy of UCSF

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is

commonly seen when people ven-

ture over 2500 meters altitude.

This illness is mainly induced by an

acute exposure to the low partial

pressure of oxygen at high alti-

tude. It presents a syndrome char-

acterized by a collection of non-

specific symptoms, including

headaches, gastrointestinal symp-

toms, fatigue, weakness, dizziness,

and difficulty sleeping. Severity

and incidence of these symptoms

depend on the speed of ascent,

altitude, duration of altitude expo-

sure, physical exertion, and inher-

ent genetic susceptibility.

The Sall Lab at UCSF, is currently

completing a Phase 2 FDA clinical

drug trial to determine the effec-

tiveness of a new drug for AMS

currently called T89.

T89 capsule is a modernized form of a traditional Chinese

herbal medicine whose active substances are an extract of

Danshen (Radix Salivae Miltiorrhizae, RSM) and Sanqi (Radix

Notoginseng, RN).

Over the past two summers, we recruited 160 healthy subjects

who were randomized into either a placebo group or one of

the two dosage groups. At our lab at UCSF (sea level), we ob-

tain a subject’s baseline vitals, EKG, and bloodwork as well as

have them ride an exercise bike to exhaustion. Subjects then

take their assigned medication or placebo for a few days be-

fore we finally drive them to the WMRC Barcroft Station. Dur-

ing the 5 days we stay at Barcroft (altitude), the physiologic

studies and *Lake Louise scores are all completed again.

**NOTE: The Lake Louise AMS score for an individual is the

sum of the score for the four symptoms (headache, nausea/

vomiting, fatigue, and dizziness/light-headedness). For a posi-

tive AMS definition, it is mandatory to have a head-

ache score of at least one point, and a total score of at least

three points.

The primary purpose of these measurements is to determine if

T89 is effective in the treatment and prevention of AMS. A

secondary endpoint of this study is to determine if T89 has an

effect on exercise tolerance and recovery at sea level and at

altitude.

Getting prehistoric at the White Mountain Research Center

UCSF Staff Member after a run up White Mountain Peak

When study activities are complete, subject’s often plan hikes to Mt. Barcroft,

around Patriarch Grove, and to the summit of White Mountain Peak. For our

subjects, the greatest motivator to participate is the chance to summit one of

California’s tallest mountains at 14,246 feet elevation. Each cohort brings

about a different attitude and personality. Some cohorts have enjoyed climb-

ing the wall behind the station or the various rock piles. Others have enjoyed

late nights of Jeopardy reruns, binge sessions of The Office, and pool or ping-

pong tournaments.

Each trip to Barcroft has been exciting for the staff and subjects alike. Wheth-

er it’s getting closer to completing our study, meeting new subjects, or just

getting to spend another few days in the White Mountains.

The final cohort of the Tasly-T89-30 AMS study with UCSF staff in front of the WMRC Barcroft Research Lab

A celebration is never complete without a little self–care.

A Year of Botanical Bounty

Story and photos by Dylan Neubauer

With the ample and late precipitation, 2019 proved to be quite a boon to this botanist. Over the course of my eighth season as a volunteer at

WMRC Crooked Creek Station, I was able to make substantial progress on my ongoing project to update the vascular plant list for the area in

the vicinity of the station. Since 2015, with permission from the Inyo National Forest, I have made about 1000 collections of about 300 taxa (the

White Mountains flora consists of about 1100 taxa), which I have mounted to create voucher specimens. The specimens are housed at the Jep-

son Herbarium at UC Berkeley (JEPS), the University of Nevada Herbarium at Reno (RENO), the Robert F. Hoover Herbarium at Cal Poly San Luis

Obispo (OBI), and the UC Santa Cruz Herbarium (UCSC). Most specimens have been imaged and are available for viewing online through two

portals of the Consortium of California Herbaria—CCH1 http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/consortium/ & CCH2— http://cch2.org/portal/ and the

Symbiota Intermountain Region Herbarium Network http://intermountainbiota.org/portal/ . Now that my collecting is done, I plan to create a

photographically illustrated, annotated checklist that can be used by students and researchers visiting the station.

Several taxa collected this year had never been rec-

orded for the White Mountains, so I was able to

extend the known range of these plants—always a

thrill for a botanist. One of these, Sierra baby blue

eyes (Nemophila spatulata), is a spindly annual

with white to bluish flowers. It favors shady, moist

areas under granite boulders. Another was the tiny

annual Kellogg’s knotweed (Polygonum polygal-

oides subsp. kelloggii), which occurs in openings in

sagebrush scrub or moist meadows. Previously

recorded for the Crooked Creek area—but new for

me—were several annuals including harsh pop-

cornflower (Plagiobothrys hispidulus), clustered-

flower cryptantha (Cryptantha glomeriflora),

hedgehog cryptantha (C. echinella), toad rush

(Juncus bufonius), and Myosurus sp. (mouse-tail).

Also abundant was the elegant purple fritillary

(Fritillaria atropurpurea), a bulb-forming plant that

I had only seen as widely scattered individuals in

previous years.

Above: Vicinity of the Golden Siren Mine, White Mountains.

Below: Nemophila spatulata . Right: Fritillaria atropurpurea

Dealing with taxonomic conundrums is

a given for any project of this nature,

and I have these aplenty! One perplex-

ing plant is a low, mounding lupine that

is occasional along roadsides near the

station. It is intermediate in size be-

tween the tall silvery lupine (Lupinus

argenteus) and the matted lupine (L.

breweri var. bryoides [= L. tegeticula-

tus])—both common in sagebrush

scrub. These mystery plants may repre-

sent hybrids or possibly a new, un-

named variety of L. breweri. The expert

on the genus, Teresa Sholars (author of

the upcoming treatment for the Flora of

North America [FNA]), has weighed in

on these plants, stating that they—like

a number of other lupines—“fall in a

gray area.” Unfortunately, many individ-

uals were eliminated by road grading

this summer, though I remain hopeful

that there is enough of a seedbank pre-

sent to replenish the population.

Another taxonomic conundrum attracted the attention of two experts on paintbrushes (Castilleja spp.)—Mark Egger (who wrote the upcoming

treatment of the genus for FNA), and Sarah Jacobs, a postdoc at UCLA. Odd paintbrushes had been puzzling me for some time, so I decided to

organize a fieldtrip in July for the two experts, as well as esteemed Nevada botanists Jim Morefield (the expert on the White Mountains flora)

and Jan Nachlinger. It was a great success, and we tentatively concluded that these mystery plants are likely hybrids between Wyoming paint-

brush (C. linariifolia) and alpine paintbrush (C. nana). Next summer, Dena Grossenbacher, a professor at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, will study

speciation, hybridization, and adaptation in these plants and conduct a molecular analysis. For excellent photos of the paintbrushes, visit Mark

Egger’s Flickr site: https://flickr.com/photos/mark_egger_castilleja/albums/72157710743858102

As you can see, despite the fact that the Crooked Creek Station area has been extensively botanized for decades, there is still much to ponder

and learn! For those who are interested in participating in botanically related activities in the White Mountains, I recommend the annual GLO-

RIA Great Basin alpine monitoring project—https://www.gloriagreatbasin.org/ which solicits volunteers to collect data. In addition, Jim More-

field and I will be leading a Jepson White Mountains workshop—http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/ in July of 2021. I hope you can join

us!

A flower covered slope in Cottonwood Basin, White Mountains.

Dylan Neubauer,

collecting specimens in

the White Mountains.

FROM THE ARCHIVES

Bristlecones as Bait

By Daniel Pritchett, WMRS Historian

WMRS founder Nello Pace wrote that the establishment of WMRS “marked the evolution and convergence of two independent lines of scien-

tific interest.” The two lines of interests were those of physiologists and physicists. However, he might have added a third line of convergence:

interests of dendrochronologists.

The early history of WMRS is closely linked to bristlecone research. When UC took over administration of Crooked Creek Station in 1950 from

the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China Lake (NOTS), a series of three articles promoting the newly-public White Mountain Research Station

were printed in both the NOTS newspaper, The Rocketeer, and the Inyo Register. Four photos accompanied the three articles. Three of the

photos showed bristlecone pines (only one showed a physics experiment). The captions used descriptors for bristlecones such as, “centuries-

old,” “ancient,” “fabulous,” and “believed to be as old as the redwoods”.1 The birth of UC WMRS was literally celebrated with images of bristle-

cone pines.

The prominence of bristlecones in the photos was not a coincidence. “Ancient bristlecone” is now so frequently used as to be a

cliché, but in 1950 the phrase would have attracted attention because little was then known about the trees. Even more attention-getting

would have been “believed to be as old as the redwoods,” as redwoods were then thought to be the oldest trees in the world. The photos and

captions were conscious attempts to bring attention to White Mountain bristlecones, and thereby entice researchers to use WMRS facilities.

The newspaper articles did not succeed, but set the stage for another try.

In 1952, just after the construction of Barcoft Station, WMRS co-

founders Nello Pace and S.F. Cook published a short journal arti-

cle about WMRS.2 They accompanied the article with a photo

very similar to one of the photos from the 1950 newspaper arti-

cles. It showed Crooked Creek framed by two trees identified as

bristlecones,3 and the caption noted that bristlecones “are be-

lieved by some to be older than the redwoods”. Apparently bris-

tlecones had grown rapidly since 1950, when they were merely

“as old as the redwoods”!

The 1952 photo and caption worked -- Edmund Schulman took

the bait. He saw the photo and caption and promptly wrote Nello Pace to ask about staying at Crooked Creek. S.F. Cook replied on behalf of

Pace, and wrote that Schulman would be welcome. Cook also added two paragraphs describing a potential research agenda involving the use

of tree-rings to try to date tree-line fluctuations and associated climate changes.4 Schulman himself didn’t pursue this but one of his succes-

sors, Valmore LaMarche, did 21 years later.5

Although this narrative of WMRS’s photo and caption drawing Schulman to the Whites is well documented, there is currently no reference to

WMRS at the Schulman Grove Visitor Center at all. In fact, books frequently sold at the visitor center assert no less than two different, incor-

rect, stories regarding Schulman’s decision to sample White Mountain pines.

These photos/captions accompanied articles publicizing the start of

UC management of Crooked Creek Station in September 1950. They

were the first attempts to use bristlecone pines to lure researchers

to WMRS.

I am currently working with Inyo National Forest Staff to develop an exhibit for the visitor center displaying historical material regarding Schul-

man’s activities and the role WMRS played in supporting them. If all goes well, the exhibit will be on display next spring and WMRS will finally

get some of the recognition it deserves. I am currently working with Inyo National Forest Staff to develop an exhibit for the visitor center dis-

playing historical material regarding Schulman’s activities and the role WMRS played in supporting them. If all goes well, the exhibit will be on

display next spring and WMRS will finally get some of the recognition it deserves.

The full extent of WMRS’s support for bristlecone research went far be-

yond luring Schulman to the range. WMRS provided Schulman room and

board, as well as a credible research proposal, as noted above. WMRS

also maintained the White Mountain Road, which allowed Schulman to

drive within a quarter-mile of the oldest trees in the world. After his first

stay at the WMRS Crooked Creek Station, Schulman wrote Cook to thank

him for the “courteous and enthusiastic cooperation” of WMRS person-

nel,6 cooperation which included informing Schulman of Al Noren’s efforts

to set aside a natural area to protect bristlecones.7 Cook was also the first

person to whom Schulman communicated his preliminary results in 1953

regarding the age of White Mountain pines.8 In 1955, WMRS supplied

Schulman with transportation into the Whites because Schulman’s Stu-

debaker couldn’t handle the steep grades on the White Mountain Road.9

The same summer Schulman’s student, Wes Ferguson, spent his birthday

on White Mountain Peak assisting in the construction of the WMRS sum-

mit lab. By 1957 Schulman’s relationship with WMRS personnel was so

close that he named a tree after WMRS staffer Joe Wentworth. This tree

(#5543) is the only one documented to have been named by Schulman

after a person.10 Wentworth subsequently used Schulman as a reference

when Wentworth applied for a job with the Arizona state government.11

The close relationship to WMRS continued after Schulman’s death. In his

1969 publication of his extension of Schulman’s chronology to 7104 years,

Wes Ferguson referred to WMRS when he wrote, “we confined our re-

search primarily to the White Mountains because we knew old trees were

there, and such factors as accessibility, research facilities, and climate

were favorable.”12 [italics added]. In 1975, one of Schulman’s successors,

Valmore LaMarche contributed an essay about White Mountain geology

to WMRS’s 25th Anniversary commemorative publication.13

Although WMRS no longer maintains the White Mountain Road (it is now

maintained by Inyo County) WMRC continues to provide food and lodg-

ing to dendrochronology researchers. As Schulman noted, “Here [at

Crooked Creek Station] were good companions, bunks—and a well-

stocked freezer! – at over 10,000 feet.”14

1 “WMRS described as eerie other-world” Inyo Register (Bishop, CA) September 21, 1950; “WMRS not secret project valleyites think” Inyo Register (Bishop, CA)

September 28, 1950; “Deep snows, steep roads keep men snowed” Inyo Register (Bishop, CA) October 5, 1950. 2 Nello Pace and S.F. Cook, “California’s laboratory above the clouds” Research Reviews, March 1952. Office of Naval Research.

in fact, the trees are actually Pinus flexilis, limber pine. 3 S.F. Cook letter to E.P. Schulman, April 7, 1952. Archives of the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree Ring Research. 4 Valmore LaMarche, “Holocene climatic variation inferred from treeline fluctuation in the White Mountains, California” Quaternary Research 3 no. 4 (December

1973) 632-660. 5 E.P. Schulman letter to S.F. Cook, October 3, 1953. Archives of the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree Ring Research. 6 E.P. Shulman letter to Al Noren, October 3, 1953. Archives of the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree Ring Research. 7 E.P. Schulman Letter to S.F. Cook, November 4, 1953. Archives of the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree Ring Research. 8 E.P. Schulman Letter to Paul Manis, July 6, 1955. Archives of the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree Ring Research. 9 White Mountain Peak Summit Register, July 27, 1955. Bancroft Library. 10 Thomas Harlan. Bristlecone pine database, Microsoft Access. Version of June 17, 2005, Archive of the University of California White Mountain Research Center. 11 E.P. Schulman letter to Ann S. Bracken, November 30, 1957. Archives of the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree Ring Research. 12 C.W. Ferguson, “A 7104-year annual tree-ring chronology for bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata, from the White Mountains, California” Tree-Ring Bulletin 29(3-4):3

-29 pg. 4 13 Valmore LaMarche. “Geological Studies” In 25 Years of High Altitude Research, edited by R. Kellogg, A.H. Smith, P. Timiras, pg. 41. University of California

White Mountain Research Station. 14 Edmund Schulman, “Bristlecone Pine, Oldest Known Living Thing,” National Geographic 113 (1958): 354–372

This is the photo/caption which led Edmund Schulman to come to the

White Mountains. It accompanied an article by Nello Pace and S.F.

Cook entitled 'California's laboratory above the clouds' published in

the Office of Naval Research journal 'Research Reviews' in March 1952.

Photo Essay– Opening the White Mountain Road– Spring 2019

Clockwise from top left: Heading over the paved road toward Schulman Grove (February 26, 2019); First go over Sheep's Pass on June 14, 2019; Sheep's pass

after a week of plowing (June 21, 2019) with Mark Shelp (Barcroft Staff) overlooking. Plowing doesn't come easy...Jeremiah Eanes working on a broken snow-cat;

Steven DeVanzo (Barcroft Staff) behind the Barcroft Station, June 18, 2019, Whitney Heitzman (Barcroft Staff) setting the trailer hitch onto the snow-cat to haul

the generator out of storage.

MacAfee Meadow Research Team. Left to right: Lisa Martinez, Glen MacDonald, and Jason Kindinger

This map was created for the U.S. Navy and accompanied a press release on August 18, 1951. The press release announced that

"construction work is nearing completion on the nation's highest research station, in the White Mountains of central California near

Bishop."

2018 WMRC Publications

Clemens, P. W. (2018). Science in an Extreme Environment: The 1963 American Mount Everest Expedition. Pittsburgh, PA, University of Pitts-

burgh Press. Book

Longo, L. D. (2018). Fetal Growth Restriction at High Altitude: Basic Cellular and Subcellular Physiologic Considerations. The Rise of Fetal and

Neonatal Physiology. Perspectives in Physiology. L. Longo. New York, New York, Springer. Book Section

Blum-Johnston, C., R. B. Thorpe, et al. (2018). "Long-term hypoxia uncouples Ca2+ and eNOS in bradykinin-mediated pulmonary arterial relaxa-

tion." American Journal of Physiology -- Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 314(6). Journal Article

Brigham, L. M., E. H. Esch, et al. (2018). "Warming and shrub encroachment decrease decomposition in arid alpine and subalpine ecosystems."

Arctic, Antarctic, Alpine Research 50(1). Journal Article

Bunn, A. G., M. W. Salzer, et al. (2018). "Spatiotemporal Variability in the Climate Growth Response of High Elevation Bristlecone Pine in the

White Mountains of California." Geophysical Research Letters online version. Journal Article

Cavalheri, H. B., C. C. Symons, et al. (2018). "Rapid evolution of thermal plasticity in mountain lake Daphnia populations." Oikos. Journal Article

Choate, D. M., K. M. Longshore, et al. (2018). "Cougar Dispersal and Natal Homing in a Desert Environment." Western North American Natural-

ist 78(2): 221-236. Journal Article

Collins, C. G., J. E. Stajich, et al. (2018). "Shrub range expansion alters diversity and distribution of soil fungal communities across an alpine ele-

vation gradient." Molecular Ecology 27(10): 2461-2476. Journal Article

Dane, D. M., K. Cao, et al. (2018). "Acclimatization of low altitude-bred deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) to high altitude." Journal of Applied

Physiology 125(5): 1411-1423. Journal Article

Kopp, C. W. and E. E. Cleland (2018). "Plant community response to Artemisia rothrockii (sagebrush) encroachment and removal along an arid

elevational gradient." Journal of Vegetation Science. 29(5): 859-866. Journal Article

Lipman, G. S., D. Pomeranz, et al. (2018). "Budesonide Versus Acetazolamide for Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness." American Journal of

Medicine 131(2): 200.e9-200.e16. Journal Article

Lundeberg, J., J. R. Feiner, et al. (2018). "Increased Cytokines at High Altitude: Lack of Effect of Ibuprofen on Acute Mountain Sickness, Physio-

logical Variables, or Cytokine Levels." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 19(3). Journal Article

Maeder, M. B., H. Brugger, et al. (2018). "The STAR Data Reporting Guidelines for Clinical High Altitude Research." High Altitude Medicine and

Biology Volume 19 (1). Journal Article

Oldfather, M. F. and D. D. Ackerly (2018). "Microclimate and demography interact to shape stable population dynamics across the range of an

alpine plant." New Phytologist. Journal Article

Oldfather, M. F. (2018) Population and Community Dynamics of Alpine Plants in a Changing Climate Across Topographically Heterogeneous

Landscapes University of California Berkeley PhD. Thesis

Orr, J. E., E. C. Heinrich, et al. (2018). "Adaptive Servo ventilation as Treatment for Central Sleep Apnea Due to High-Altitude Periodic Breathing

in Non-acclimatized Healthy Individuals." High Altitude Medicine & Biology 19 (2). Journal Article

Qun Hu, X., C. Dasgupta, et al. (2018). "Long-term high altitude hypoxia during gestation suppresses large conductance Ca2+-activated K+

channel function in uterine arteries: a causal role for microRNA-210." The Journal of Physiology 596(23): 5891-5906. Journal Article

Sarkar, S., W. H. Fan, et al. (2018). "A quantitative assessment of distributions and sources of tropospheric halocarbons measured in Singapore."

Science of The Total Environment 619-620: 528-544. Journal Article

Stembridge, M., P. N. Ainslie, et al. (2018). "The independent effects of hypovolemia and pulmonary vasoconstriction on ventricular function

and exercise capacity during acclimatization to 3800 m." The Journal of Physiology. Journal Article

Toon, G. C., J.-F. L. Blavier, et al. (2018). "Atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) measured remotely by FTIR solar absorption spectrometry."

Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics 18: 1923-1944. Journal Article