10/4/2016

1

What are the first four letters in a soil

profile from top to bottom??

• O, A, B, C

Which soil horizon has the

decomposed organic material?Which soil horizon is topsoil?

• A

What is decomposed organic matter

called in soil?

What is the name for the rock below

the soil?

10/4/2016

2

What are the three main sizes of soil

particles in order from smallest to

largest.

• Clay, Silt, Sand

If you wanted a well drained soil which

soil particle would you add to your

soil?

• Sand

What are the percentages of sand, silt,

and clay at X?

What are the percentages of sand, silt,

and clay at X?

What are the percentages of sand, silt,

and clay at X? Name three of the major inputs in

industrialized agriculture.

• Inorganic Fertilizer

• Pesticides

• Machines (tractors, combines, etc.)

10/4/2016

3

What are two benefits of genetically

modified organisms?

• Resist cold

• Produce their own pesticides

• Grow faster

• Resist herbicides

What are three ways foreign DNA can

be introduced into cells?

• Gene gun – dna on gold shot into cell

• Bacteria – invade host cell and introduce dna

• Electricity – create tears in cell that allow dna

to enter.

What are two concerns with GMO’s?• Breeding Superweeds (GMO’s

breeding with wild plants)

• Seeds growing in unwanted places

(like an organic farmers field).

• Consumer Distrust

What are two negatives of aquaculture?

• Add antibiotics to reduce risk of disease.

• Need high calorie fish food to feed fish(Net

energy loser)

• Predators can get stuck in nets trying to eat

fish.

• Fish waste creates a problem

What does annual mean?

• Once a year.

• Perennial means they are always there.

Give an example of an annual plant.

• Dandelions, wildflowers, etc.

• Any plant that blooms, flowers, and dies in a

short life cycle.

10/4/2016

4

Give an example of a perennial plant.

• Roses, blueberry bushes, shrubs, etc.

• Any plant that lives year round.

Give an example of a chlorinated

hydrocarbon.

• DDT, Dieldrin, PCB’s

What were the big negatives of

chlorinated hydrocarbons?

• They persist for a long time

• They bioaccumulate (because

they are fat soluble)

Are organophosphates and

carbamates more or less toxic than

chlorinated hydrocarbons

• More toxic

What are two benefits from

organophosphates and carbamates?

• They are less persistent

• They do not bioaccumulate or biomagnify

Bioaccumulate or Biomagnify? Which

one happens in an individual?

•Bioaccumulate

10/4/2016

5

I just sprayed an herbicide on my

garden and everything died… I

mistakenly used a

• Broad spectrum herbicide instead of a narrow

spectrum herbicide.

What is the pesticide treadmill?.

• Farmer uses pesticide and it works great.

• Farmer uses again and it doesn’t work as well.

• Pests breed resistance.

• More pesticides are needed and/or a new pesticide is needed.

Give an example of biological control

of pests?

• Ladybugs eating aphids

• Cane toads eating cane grub (well… they

didn’t actually eat it)

Explain how you could use Integrated Pest

Management to control mites in a strawberry field.

• Biological - Bring in a predatory species (predatory mites)

• Chemical - Spray small amounts of miticide (insecticide)

• Cultural controls – keeping down the dust

• Mechanical – vacuuming up the pests.

What type of agriculture is slash and

burn? Explain why.

• Shifting cultivation – they have to

move every 5 years or so because

the soil becomes nutrient depleted.

What is subsistence farming?

• Growing enough food to feed your family and

maybe sell a little to make money.

10/4/2016

6

Plantation agriculture is focused on

___________ their food for ________.

• Exporting their food for sale.

Sustainable Agriculture means…..

• Using methods that will not degrade

What were two components of the

first green revolution?

• High Yield Varieties

• Inorganic Fertilizer Use

• Pesticide Use

What are two components of the

second green revolution?

• Happened in developing countries

• Focused on tropical and subtropical areas

• Focused on Rice and Wheat (High yield

varieties)

How does soil become more saline?

• Water has a natural amount of salt in it.

• As water evaporates from the top of the soil

the salt gets left behind.

• Salt builds up over time.

Explain Waterlogging

• A crop is overwatered.

• The water table moves up and covers the

roots.

• The roots become immersed in water and the

plant cannot function properly.

10/4/2016

7

What is alley cropping?

• Crops planted in between rows of trees.

What is contour plowing?

• Plowing perpendicular to the slope of a hill to

reduce soil erosion.

What are two causes of soil erosion?

• Moving water (this Is the major cause)

• Wind

What is strip cropping

• Planting rows of different crops in strips next

to each other.

Terracing?

• On a steep hill cutting in flat areas for growing

crops.

What is larger: A rill or a gully?

• A gully.

10/4/2016

8

What is sheet erosion?

• A large amount of topsoil moves off the land

at once.

What is polyculture?

• Growing many types of crops on one area of

land.

How many species supply the meat

products for all humans?

• 8

What are the characteristics of

sustainable agriculture?

• Perennial plants

• Nontraditional crops

• Diversity in plantings

• Reduced errosion

What do botanical pesticides come

from?

• Plants

Compared to chlorinated

hydrocarbons, organophosphates

are….• Less persistent and less magnified.

10/4/2016

9

How could broad spectrum pesticides

actually increase pests

• By killing off beneficial predators of pests and

creating the chance for resistance to develop.

In a aquatic food chain, which

organism is likely to have the lowest

DDT concentrations?• producers

What is biological control?

• Use of other living things ie potentially

invasive species to control pests

What is a potential pit fall of biological

control?

• Control agent may negatively effect other

species

What did the genetic research of the

green revolution produce?

• Rice and wheat bread for tropical and

subtropical climates

What is the biggest cause of soil

erosion world wide?

• Moving water

10/4/2016

10

What practice(s) is most responsible

for desertification?

• Overgrazing

• Soil compaction

• Irrigation

• Surface mining

Why is animal manure normally not

used as crop fertilizer?

• It’s slow to release nutrients

What kind of soil is most likely to get

water logged?

• clay

What soil type is 12% sand, 52% silt

and 36% clay?

• Silt clay loam

Atrazine and paraquat are

• Contact herbicides

Define Power

• Work done per second

10/4/2016

11

How is a polyculture better at

controlling pests than a monoculture?

• A polyculture will have a variety of predatory

insects living there.

• A pest will not be able to decimate and entire

farm on a polyculture (on a monoculture they

could eat the entire crop since its all the same)

Why did coal replace wood as an

energy source in the 19th century?

• Wood supplies were disappearing.

The application of force over distance

is?

• work

What is the current state of our world

coal supplies?

• Wide spread and extensive

What is the main pollutant released by

burning coal?

• Sulfur dioxide

What is the most rapidly growing

energy source?

• Natural gas

10/4/2016

12

Contrast

Renewable

and

Nonrenewable

energy

sources

• Renewable – can be naturally

replenished within a human

lifetime.

• Nonrenewable – cannot be

naturally replenished within

a human lifetime.

List 4

Nonrenewable

energy

sources.

• Coal

• Oil

• Natural Gas

• Nuclear

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Wind

• Pro-

• No GHG emissions

• Multiple use of land (etc.

can graze cattle beneath)

• Con-

• Kills Birds

• Habitat Fragmentation

• Noise

List 4

Renewable

Energy

Sources

• Solar

• Biomass

• Hydroelectric

• Wind

Explain Acid

Mine

Drainage.

• If water flows into the coal

spoil/tailings left at mine

sites it will pick up sulfur,

make sulfuric acid, and

drastically lower the pH of

the water killing organisms

living in the stream.

Contrast a

high grade

ore with a low

grade ore.

• High Grade ore will have a

larger % of desired mineral.

• Low Grade ore will have a

lower % of the desired

mineral.

10/4/2016

13

What are the

4 colors from

the wedge

game that

each can

reduce 1

billion tons of

carbon?

• Efficiency

• Carbon Capture

• Nuclear

• Sun (solar, wind, etc.)

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Solar

• Pro-

• No greenhouse gas

emissions

• Renewable

• Con-

• Expensive

• Only works when its

sunny

• Requires lots of land area

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Geothermal

• Pro-

• Limited greenhouse gas

emissions

• High/Moderate net

energy

• Con-

• Limited areas with

geologic conditions

necessary.

• Noisy

What are the

4 colors from

the wedge

game that

each can

reduce 1

billion tons of

carbon?

• Efficiency

• Carbon Capture

• Nuclear

• Sun (solar, wind, etc.)

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Coal

• Pro-

• High Net energy

• Large deposit of Coal in

the USA

• Con-

• GHG emissions

• Acid Mine Drainage

• Health Issues for Miners

• Needs to be transported

to power plant.

Give an

example of

how efficiency

can save a

large amount

of energy.

• Led Lightbulb – same amount

of light but uses less energy.

• Efficient Washing Machine –

washes the clothes using less

energy.

10/4/2016

14

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Oil

• Pro-

• High Net energy

• Used for lots of different

applications

• Con-

• Possibilities of oil spills

• Greenhouse Gas

production

Contrast

Passive Solar

and Active

Solar.

• Passive Solar is designing the

house to shade the windows

during the summer and allow

in sunlight during the winter.

• Active solar uses a pump

(needing electricity) to move

water heated from a solar

collector on the roof within

the house to add heat.

Explain Net

Energy?• Net Energy is the amount of

energy available from a

resources.

• Net energy is the total energy

minus the costs for making,

mining, searching for, etc the

power.

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Nuclear

• Pro-

• No GHG emissions

• Long lifetime of power

plant.

• Con-

• Radioactivity Leak

possibility

• What to do with the

waste?

List two high

net energy

sources

• Coal, Hydroelectric List two low

net energy

sources

• Hydrogen Fuel Cells, Nuclear

10/4/2016

15

Contrast Solar

Thermal with

Solar

Photovoltaic.

• Solar Thermal – using the sun

to heat water

• Solar Photovoltaic – turns

sunlight directly into

electricity

What were the

main

provisions of

the Mining

Law of 1872?

• Encouraged settlers to lay

claim to land and mine it.

• Very low cost to the settlers.

• Government only got $5/acre

and did not get any of the

profit from the minerals that

were extracted.

Give 2 pros

and 2 cons of

electric

vehicles

• Pro –

• No harmful emissions

• Uses no fossil fuels.

• Con –

• Limited Range

• The electricity is most

likely produced from a

power plant that runs off

of coal, natural gas, or oil.

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Natural Gas

• Pro-

• Moderate/High Net

energy

• Low GHG emissions

• Con-

• Possibilities

leaks/explosion.

• Pipelines to transport it

can cause habitat

destruction.

Give 2 pros

and 2 cons of

electric

vehicles

• Pro –

• No harmful emissions

• Uses no fossil fuels.

• Con –

• Limited Range

• The electricity is most

likely produced from a

power plant that runs off

of coal, natural gas, or oil.

How does a

hybrid vehicle

work?

• Has a small fuel tank and a

small combustion (gas)

engine it uses for high

speeds.

• Has a battery and an electric

motor it uses for low speeds.

10/4/2016

16

What are the

different

types of coal

listed in order

of low to high

heat

production.

• Peat (not coal yet)

• Lignite

• Bituminous

• AnthraciteList 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Biomass

• Pro-

• Uses waste products (corn

husks, organic garbage)

• Potentially renewable

(wood)

• Con-

• Can cause habitat

destruction (more farms

for corn, switchgrass, etc)

• Potentially nonrenewable.

Give two

reasons why

anthracite is

the most

desirable type

of coal.

• Anthracite has the highest

heat content and the lowest

amount of sulfur.

What were the

main

provisions of

SMCRA?

• Surface Mine Control and

Reclamation Act

• Set up regulations for

mining

• Required reclamation

• Created the Abandoned

Mine Fund to clean up old

abandoned sites.

What is a

Synfuel?

• Synfuels are synthetic fuels

that are manmade.

• Ex: Using biomass to make

gasoline, jet fuel.

• Drawback is that they are

expensive.

List 2 Pros

and 2 Cons of

Hydroelectric

• Pro-

• No greenhouse gas

emissions

• Renewable

• High net energy

• Con-

• Expensive

• Floods areas upstream

• Buildup of sediment in

reservoir behind dam.

10/4/2016

17

Why is

hydroelectric

the highest

efficiency and

net energy

• To get the electricity the

water doesn’t have to be

mined, transported, refined,

burned, etc.

What is

Carbon

Capture and

Sequestration

• The carbon emissions from a

power plant are captured

and then injected deep into

the earth (sequestered)