Where the Land Meets the Water - King Conservation District...7/8/2019 1 Where the Land Meets the...
Transcript of Where the Land Meets the Water - King Conservation District...7/8/2019 1 Where the Land Meets the...
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Where the Land Meets the
Water
KCD SHORELINE LANDOWNERS
WORKSHOP
Vashon Island
July 13, 2019
Geologic History Of
Puget Sound Shorelines
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The Maximum Extent
of the last glaciation,
approximately
15,000 years BCE.
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Puget
Lobe, (Ice)
OutwashProglacial Lake
Lake Sediments
Pre-glacial Sediments
Glacial Till
Mastodon
North
(Bellingham)
South
(Olympia)
Direction of Glacial Advance
Glacial Till
Typical Puget Sound Bluff Stratigraphy
Advance
Outwash
Lake
Sediments
Pre-glacial
Sediments
Recessional Outwash
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Photo by Shari Maria Silverman
Pre-Glacial
Sediments
Lake
Sediments
Outwash Glacial Till
Unmodified
Glacial Upland
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Troughs Scoured
by Subglacial
Meltwater Flow
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Glaciated Upland
Puget Sound
Earth
Post-Glacial Ground Surface
Wave-cut Bench
Current Bluff
Upland
Bluff
Wave-cut Bench
Deep Water
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MacLennan et al., (2018) Long-Term Bluff Recession Rates
in Puget Sound: Implications for the Prioritization and
Design of Restoration Projects. Prepared for Wash. St.
Dept. of Fish and Wildlife by Coastal Geologic Services
185 sites
Average Rate = 0.29 ft/yr
COASTAL BLUFF PROCESSES
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Glaciated Upland
Puget Sound
Earth
Post-Glacial Ground Surface
Wave-cut Bench
Current Bluff
Bluff Retreat by Single-Grain Erosion
Bluffs south of Kayak Point in Snohomish County, Photo by Hugh Shipman
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Failing culvert
Erosion by Flowing Water
Shallow Landslides
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Surface Water Draining
Over Bluff Face
2020
Burlington
Northern-Santa
Fe Freight
Train, Everett to
Seattle,
December 2018
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Deep-Seated Landslides
Figure Curtesy Don Tubbs
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Deep-Seated Landslides
Ground Water
Emerging as Seepage
from the Bluff Face
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Perkins Ln, Seattle, 1996.
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Carlyon Beach\Hunter Point Landslide, 1999
Photo by Hugh Shipman
Beach Formation and
Longshore Drift
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Glaciated Upland
Puget Sound
Earth
Post-Glacial Ground Surface
Wave-cut Bench
Current Bluff
Beaches
MLLW
MHHW
Low tide terrace
(Fine sand and silt)
Beach face
(Sand and gravel)
Backshore
Dune and Strand
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CGS field photo, 2004
Marine View Park,
City of Normandy Park
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Naset Beach, Cape Cod MA
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Marrowstone Island, WA
. Photo: Kris Symer
Beach Sediment Composed of Lag from Bluff
Erosion
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Sea Level Rise is already occurring
39
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 2110
Feet
Rel
ativ
e to
19
91
-20
09
ave
rage
99 90 83 50 17 10 1 0.1
0.1%
1%
10%
90%
99%
50%
17%
83%
Projected Sea Level Rise (Seattle)
Pro
ba
bili
ty o
f E
xce
ed
an
ce
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Glaciers/land ice melting
= 35%
Thermal Expansion
= 40-50%
A 1 foot rise in sea level =
100-year flood event occuring every 2 years
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Bluff erosion rates are predicted to
double by 2100
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Questions?
Nearshore
Ecology
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Nearshore Ecosystem
Riparian
Forest
Bluffs
Eelgrass
Estuary
Beach Kelp
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Salish Sea
Semi-Enclosed Coastal Sea
• Steep coastline with narrow
nearshore zone
• Mixed sand/gravel beaches
• Strong regional gradients
• Tides-Twice a day
• Ecology strongly linked to
geology and physical
processes
• Rich biological resources
Puget Sound Nearshore Ecosystem
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Chesapeake BayPuget Sound
Puget Sound Supports
Over 200 spp. of fishes
100’s of spp. of aquatic
invertebrates
10+ spp. of marine
mammals
100’s of spp. of wildlife
Photo: Jen Vanderhoof
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Ratfish
Photo: Jen Vanderhoof
Photo: Jen Vanderhoof
Photo: Jen Vanderhoof
Grunt SculpinSpeckled
Sanddab
Gunnels
Photo: Jen Vanderhoof
Spiny Lumpsucker
Photo: Robyn Ricks
Photo: Robyn RicksPhoto: Kim Stark
Photo: Jen Vanderhoof
Wildlife
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From Pew Charitable Trust
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What size gravel do they spawn in?
Adapted from Phil Dionne
Surf Smelt
Sand Lance
30 to 40% of beaches in King County are
known spawning beaches
Spawning surf smelt
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Eelgrass
Kelp/Algae
Mego Huang / UW
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Photo by Hans Berge
Pink Coho
Chum
Sockeye
Chinook cutthroat
Steelhead
Photo by Vali Eberhardt
Photo by Hans Berge
Photo by Geoff ClaytonPhotos by Phil Simpson Photo by Rodney Hsu
PACIFIC SALMON ARE MARINE FISHES
NEARSHORE
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General Functions of Shallow
Nearshore Habitats for Juvenile
Salmon• Feeding
• Migration
• Refuge from predators
• Physiological transition from
freshwater to saltwater.
• CWT Chinook
were caught
from 22
different
hatcheries
representing
13 different
Watersheds
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Diet
Overall diet composition based on prey
ecology for juvenile Puget Sound Chinook
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Numerical Gravimetric Numerical Gravimetric
% C
om
positi
on
supralittoral/marshterrestrial riparian
marine benthic/epibenthic
marine planktonic/neritic
other
plant matter
2001
n=410
22 empty
70-320mm
mean 112.0
2002
n-409
9 empty
72-354mm
mean 107.2
Leaf Hopper
Polychaete
Crab Larvae
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From the Daily Olympian
BREAK
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Switching Gears
69
• Overwater Structures
• Clearing and Grading
• Non-native species
•Armoring
•Filling
•Dredging
•Pollution
Human Influences
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Adapted from Collins
and Sheikh 2005
Currently, King County has less than 2% of
its historic estuarine wetlands left
KVI or Point Heyer, Vashon Island,
photo from WADOE
Historic Elliot Bay Shoreline
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1977
2000
Filling• Loss of
shallow
water habitat
• Loss of
riparian
functions
• Changes in
hydrology
• Elimination
of spawning,
rearing and
refuge
habitat
Overwater Structures
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75
MedicineReturn.org
What is Shoreline Armoring?
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Shoreline Armoring
in the Green-
Duwamish
Watershed
• 92 miles shoreline
• Total=63% is armored
– Mainland is 80%
– Islands are 50%
Why do we
care?
85
Blocks feeder bluffs from feeding beaches
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Trees Overhanging the Shoreline in Relation to
Shoreline Armoring
0
5
10
15
20
25
Overhanging Not Overhanging
Mil
es Unarmored
Armored
41%
6%
10%
43%
From Higgins et al. 2005
Sand Lance &
Surf Smelt Spawning Area
No Spawning Area
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Wood Distribution in Relation to Shoreline Armoring
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
None LWD Drift Logs
Mil
es Unarmored
Armored
64%
15%
21%
8%
56%
14%
0.5%
15%6.5%
Wood Distribution Along WRIA 9's
Marine Shorelines
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
None LWD DRIFT
Mile
sUnarmored-LWD
Unarmored-Drift logs
64%
15%
21%
Marine View Park
SW Vashon Island
Marine
Shorelines of King County
From Higgins et al. 2005
Recent UW Study
89
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Recent UW Study
From recent UW Study
91
=
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92
=
From recent UW Study
93
≠
From recent UW Study
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Armored-is lighter
Natural is bold
Adapted from Rice 2006
Armored-is lighter
Natural is bold
Adapted from Rice 2006
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Armored-is lighter
Natural is bold
Adapted from Rice 2006
Armored-is lighter
Natural is bold
Adapted from Rice 2006
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Armored-is lighter
Natural is bold
Adapted from Rice 2006
Armored-is lighter
Natural is bold
Adapted from Rice 2006
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ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES
FOR HARD SHORELINE
ARMORING?
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Marine Shoreline
Design Guidelines
Includes lots of useful info
• Basic Puget Sound Geology
• Site assessment
• Risk assessment
• Coastal Processes Assessment
• Alternatives to bulkheads
User Friendly Version in Back
Bulkhead Alternatives?
From the Marine Shoreline Design Guidelines
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Relocate-back
From the Marine Shoreline Design Guidelines
Relocate--up
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Wood Placement
Photos from Coastal Geologic Services
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Upper Beach Nourishment
Maury Island
Before wood sill and
Beach Nourishment
Weaverling Spit
Photo from Coastal Geologic Services
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AFTER wood sill and
Beach Nourishment
Photo from Hugh Shipman
Pre-Project
From Josh Latterell
Year 1
Removal & Partial Nourishment
Dockton Park, Maury Island
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Samish Beach- before nourishment
From Jim Johannessen
Samish Beach- after nourishmentFrom Jim Johannessen
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Beach Nourishment with sill
Seahurst Park, Burien
Pocket beach
Olympic Sculpture Park
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QUESTIONS?
Living On, Above, or
Below Coastal Bluffs
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Shannon and Wilson
Landslide Study for the
City of Seattle, 2000
Landslides
in Seattle
Most common human contributions to landslides:
• Inappropriate vegetation management
• Inappropriate water management
• Inappropriate fill/debris placement
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Surface Water
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Dolphin Pt. Vicinity
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Ground Water
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Interceptor
Trenches
Horizontal/Directional Drilling
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Rain garden, an Element of “Low Impact
Development” (LID). Photo curtesy WA DOE
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A FEW WORDS ABOUT FILL
AND DEBRIS PLACEMENT
Fill placement on slopes.
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Typical backyard fill failure
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Shallow Landslide resulting from
disposal of yard waste on a steep
slope. Photo by Dan McShane
Lawn
Landslide path
Wad of soil and yard waste
A FEW WORDS ABOUT
BULKHEADS AND SLOPE
STABILITY
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Homes destroyed in 1997 Perkins Lane
landslide on Magnolia Bluff in Seattle. Photo
Hugh shipman WA DOE
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Great Northern Seawall
Construction, 1906
19671929
Present
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2011
20101997
2013
Bluffs and erosion
• Bluffs are inherently unstable
• Humans can reduce or increase that
instability:
– Surface and groundwater
– Adding fill/debris
– Shoreline armoring
– Changes to vegetation