Where our Food Crops Come from: A new estimation of countries’ interdependence in plant genetic...
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Transcript of Where our Food Crops Come from: A new estimation of countries’ interdependence in plant genetic...
Where our Food Crops Come from: A new estimation of countries’ interdependence
in plant genetic resources
Colin K. Khoury, Harold A. Achicanoy, Anne D. Bjorkman, Carlos Navarro-Racines, Luigi Guarino, Ximena Flores-Palacios, Johannes M.M. Engels, John H. Wiersema,
Hannes Dempewolf, Julian Ramírez-Villegas, Nora P. Castañeda-Álvarez, Cary Fowler, Andy Jarvis, Loren H. Rieseberg, and Paul C. Struik
ITPGRFA GB6 Side Event7 October 2015
FAO, Rome, Italy
Estimating Interdependence – Flores-Palacios 1998
“Primary regions of diversity” of crops
International Potato Center (CIP)
High diversity in primary regions
David Cavagnaro
Importance of crops outside their primary regions
Estimating interdependence in plant genetic resources
• Flores-Palacios (1998) useful in early Plant Treaty negotiations, but limited
• New study prepared for Ad-Hoc Working Group to Enhance the Functioning of the MLS
• What’s new: – Current years– Calories, protein, fat, and total food weight in national
food supplies, analyzing 177 countries covering 98.5% of the world’s population
– Production quantity, harvested area, and production value in national production systems
– Change in the past 50 years in countries’ interdependence
– Analyses of the relationship between interdependence, diversity, and GDP
– Improved methods
The “primary regions of diversity” of crops
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Calories
Global web of interdependence in
primary regions of diversity of crops in food supplies
Protein
Global web of interdependence in
primary regions of diversity of crops in food supplies
Fat
Global web of interdependence in
primary regions of diversity of crops in food supplies
Food weight
Global web of interdependence in
primary regions of diversity of crops in food supplies
Production quantity
Production quantity
Production quantity
Production quantity
Production quantity
Production quantity
Global web of interdependence in
primary regions of diversity of crops in production
systems
Harvestedarea
Global web of interdependence in
primary regions of diversity of crops in production
systems
Production value
Global web of interdependence in
primary regions of diversity of crops in production
systems
Degree of dependence per country on “foreign” crops
Calories
Degree of dependence per country on “foreign” crops
Production quantity
Degree of dependence per country on “foreign” crops
• 65.8% dependence for calories, 66.6% for protein, 73.7% for fat, and 68.7% for food weight
• 71.0% for production quantity, 64.0% for harvested area, and 72.9% for production value
• 68.7% across food supply variables, 69.3% across production variables, and 69.0% across all variables for all countries
• Acknowledging variation in regions and metrics, extensive interdependence worldwide, in all regions and on all continents, including in countries located in areas of high indigenous crop diversity
Degree of dependence per country on “foreign” crops
Dependence on “foreign” crops has increased over time
Production systemsFood supplies
Change in dependence on “foreign” crops over time
• From 1961 to 2009/2011, averaged across countries,– Calories increased from 62.7% 67.4% – Protein from 63.1% 68.1% – Fat from 63.4% 73.2%– Food weight from 65.2% 69.7%– Production quantity increased from 63.9% 68.6% – Harvested area from 59.0% 62.1%– Production value from 64.6% 70.7%
• Greatest increases in Africa; West, South, Southeast, and East Asia; Central America; and Andean and tropical South America
• Among countries with largest increases in dependence in food supplies were those with major transitions in their production systems (e.g., the growth of oil palm cultivation in Malaysia and Indonesia; and soybean in Brazil)
• Dependence in fat increased the greatest degree
Dependence on “foreign” crops is associated with diversity
Production systemsFood supplies
David Cavagnaro
Dependence on “foreign” crops is associated with GDP
Production systemsFood supplies
Key results• All countries utilize crops whose genetic diversity
originates outside their borders, and therefore potentially benefit from international collaboration to access plant genetic resources
• Countries are highly interdependent, as 68.7% of their diets and 69.3% of their national agricultural production systems are comprised of crops whose genetic diversity largely originates outside their borders
• Countries’ dependence has increased over the past 50 years in concert with economic and agricultural development and the globalization of food systems. Increased utilization of these ‘foreign’ crops is correlated with greater dietary diversity and higher GDP
The global food system and the MLS
• Present MLS focuses on cereal, pulse, starchy root, and forage crops. Oil crops, vegetables and fruits not well covered
• 28.7% of calories in global aggregate food supplies, 19.0% of protein, 61.0% of fat, and 43.4% of food weight are comprised of crops not currently covered by the MLS
• 41.0% of total global production quantity, 27.0% of harvested area, and 41.2% of global production value are comprised of crops not currently covered by the MLS
Where our Food Crops Come from: A new estimation of countries’ interdependence in plant genetic resources. CIAT Policy Brief No. 25.
Estimation of Countries’ Interdependence in Plant Genetic Resources Provisioning National Food Supplies and Production Systems. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Research Study 8. http://www.planttreaty.org/content/research-paper-8
Thank you!Further information: