Where Did The Denominations Come From? session 4

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Session 3 – Pillars of Reform Denominational Family Tree: How Did We Get Here?

description

This is session 4 of a class I presented regarding the history of denominations. This session pertains to the German Reformation and the Swiss Reformation - along with the Anabaptist influence.

Transcript of Where Did The Denominations Come From? session 4

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Session 3 – Pillars of Reform

Denominational Family Tree: How Did We Get

Here?

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Europe of the Reformation – Germany, Switzerland

German Reformation

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Martin Luther 1483 - 1546

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Became a monk in 1515

Attempted to fulfill the law of God and CanonC.f. Apostle Paul, John Bunyan (years later)

Attempted to pacify an angry GodSlept on the hard floor without cover in dead of winterStarved and beat himself as punishment for his own

sin

The abbot of Luther’s monastery tried to help Luther“Go away and don’t come back until you have

significant sins to confess!”“Love God” – to which Luther replied, “I hate Him”

Martin Luther 1483 - 1546

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Experienced Conversion in 1515

Discovered the true Gospel in Romans 1:17C.f. Apostle Paul, John Bunyan (years later)

“I felt myself to be reborn” – Martin LutherSlept on the hard floor without cover in dead of winterStarved and beat himself as punishment for his own

sin

Salvation by grace through faith was revolutionaryRoman Catholic Church emphasized 7 sacraments,

pilgrimage to holy relics, Church canon lawEastern Orthodox emphasized church liturgy

Martin Luther 1483 - 1546

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Chair of Biblical Studies – Wittenberg University

Wittenberg – Chair, Priest, & Pastor

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Priest and Pastor – Castle Church in Wittenberg

Wittenberg – Chair, Priest, & Pastor

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Command to Build St Peter’s Basilica in RomeMonks sent out to “fundraise” using indulgences

Meritorious works of Jesus and Saints were applied for a fee

Purgatory (purge of sins) lessened or removed

Indulgences began as method of funding Crusades

Johann Tetzel sent to Wittenberg to “fundraise”Tetzel extended indulgences even to dead relatives“A coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory

springs!”Luther began to preach against Tetzel from the pulpit.

The Great Spark - 1517

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95 Thesis nailed to Wittenberg Door - Oct 1517

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Penance/ True Repentance – 19 theses

Purgatory – 38 theses

Remission of Sins – 21 theses

Indulgences – 35 theses

Clergy Indiscretion – 13 theses

Treasures of the Church – 12 theses

True Christian Virtue – 25 theses

95 Thesis – 7 Major Issues

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Great Debate with John Eck 1519

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Great Debate with John Eck 1519

Luther asserts that Popes and Councils are subject to the authority of Scripture

Eck likened Luther to John Hus as his primary attack

Luther afterward appealed to German authorities to consider a “German” state church

Eck afterward traveled to Rome to have Luther formally declared a heretic.

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Luther Excommunicated 1521

Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull to Luther condemning his teachings and commanding him to recant in 1520.

Luther threw the Bull on a bonfire upon which other Catholic books and paraphernalia were being burned.

Pope Leo X declared Luther a heretic and had him booted out of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church

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Diet of Worms, Germany 1521

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Diet of Worms, Germany 1521

Luther summoned to give an account of his beliefs by Emperor Charles V who was loyal to the Pope.Spanish son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the MadGrandson of Maximilian I (1459-1519)

Luther’s safety guaranteed by Duke Frederick III of SaxonyNecessary now as Hus’ fate still echoed in recent historyFrederick III helped to get Charles V crowned EmperorFrederick founded University of WittenbergFrederick III pressed Maximilian I for Chruch Reform

decades before Luther.

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Diet of Worms, Great Debate II

Yet again Luther debated Eck and yet again, destroyed him.Luther asserted his views based on Scripture and

called for their refutation from Scripture. They were not.

Luther won new minds and hearts among the royalty present at the Diet.

Luther’s famous quote recorded at the Diet:“My conscience is captive to the Word of God, I will

not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither honest nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen.”

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Edict of Worms

Charles V called Luther “swine” and pedaling “filth” and heresy of heretics passed, adding his own.

Luther declared an outlaw and gave Luther 2 weeks to leave to return home to Wittenburg

Frederick III staged a fake kidnapping and took Luther to his Wartburg CastleLuther went by pseudo name “Junker George”Here Luther began to translate the Bible into

German

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Edict of Worms

Charles V declared it illegal for anyone to help Luther. Anyone could kill him without cause or recourse.

Frederick III – rescinded the Edict in his lands of Saxony – but it would be reinstated some years later.

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Departures From Catholicism

1. How is a person saved?Not by works but by faith alone.

2. Where does religious authority lie?Not in clergy or councils but in Scripture.

3. What is the Church?Community of Christian Believers – all are

priests

4. What is the essence of Christian living?Serving God in any useful calling, ordained or

lay

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Departures From CatholicismOnly 2 of the 7 Sacraments are Scriptural:

Baptism and Eucharist (Lord’s Supper)Unscriptural Sacraments:

Penance – confession to an ordained priestConfirmation – mature deepened commitment to ChurchMarriage – Must be in Catholic Church by ordained

PriestHoly Orders – Ordination into the Catholic priesthood

Extreme Unction (Last Rites) – at death by ordained Priest

Celibacy of Priesthood is not ScripturalPriests are permitted to marryLuther married an ex-nun himself

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Diet of Augsburg, 1530

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Diet of Augsburg, 1530Called by Charles V – who was backpedaling

amidst the rising popularity of the Reformation.

Luther did not attend due to threat of arrestPhilip Melancthon a friend and colleague of

Luthers, acted as representative.He presented the Augsburg Confession

Ulrich Zwingli arrived with his Fidei Ratio“Account of Faith” 12 articles providing an early

“statement of faith” for the Reformed ChurchBased on the Apostles CreedOutlined differences between Reformed, Catholic, &

Lutheran

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Augsburg Confession, 1530

Written by Philip Melancthon and submitted to Luther for approval.

28 Articles 21 comprise an early Lutheran “statement of

faith”, approved ecclesiology, and Christian living7 outlined corrected abuses: 7 sacraments,

ecclesiology, and asceticism.

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Swiss Reformation – 1516-1523

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Ulrich Zwingli – 1484-1531

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Ulrich Zwingli – 1484-1531

Ordained a Priest in Constance

First duties – Priest in Glarus as “chaplain” to mercenaries

Spoke out against the lucrative trade & lost his post.“We are trading blood for gold”

Moved on to church in Einsiedeln & met ErasmusBegan learning Greek

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Ulrich Zwingli – 1484-15311519 – was promoted to “Grand Cathedral” in Zurich

Began arrive, independently, at many of Luther’s conclusions regarding the Catholic Church

Preached Matthew verse by verse – first expository preaching of its kind.

Plague hit Zurich killing one third of its populationZwingli contracted the disease but survivedHis heart toward “reform” took on a whole new vigor

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Departures/Issues with Catholicism

Indulgences

Purgatory

Veneration of Mary

Celibacy of Priests – He took a wife himself

Refused his church wages from the Pope

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The Anabaptists – 1525

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The Anabaptists – 1525 Founded by students of Ulrich Zwingli:

Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz

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The Anabaptists – 1525 Radicals Reformation Movement

Zwingli reformed too slow or not enoughSeparation of church and stateBaptism by choice and not as an infant

Same council that condemned ‘unscriptural’ teaching: condemned the movement.George Blaurock baptised in defiance of council 1525

Declared Illegal in 1527 and practices banned.Anabaptists continued in spite of this ruling

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The Anabaptists – 1525 Zwingli threw his students under the bus

Gave “unofficial” approval for executionCondemned their views as heretical

Zurich City Council made example of Felix Manz“You have sinned against the waters of

baptism so by the waters you shall die”Common method of martyrdom for

them.Manz was first protestant martyred by

another protestant group.

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The Anabaptists – 1525 Heavily persecuted by both Protestant

& Catholic alike.

Fled Zurich to religiously tolerant Moravia, but were expelled in 1535 and dispersed throughout Europe.Jakob Hutter – joined movement 1529

His death in 1535 started the Hutterite movement, later to be the Hutterite denomination.

Menno Simons – joined movement 1536His movement was called “Mennonite”Amish are a branch of “Mennonites”

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The Anabaptists – Diaspora

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Called by Philip of Hesse to unify Reformation between Luther and Zwingli

Luther and Zwingli agreed on 14 of 15 articles of faithDisagreed on 1 article: The Lord’s SupperLuther “Denying transubstantiation is like denying the

incarnation itself” – thereby elevating a “non-essential” to an “essential”

Zwingli – “Saved by Grace through Faith” not “Grace + Bread.

Luther writes “est” – this bread IS my body.

Both movements remain divided over a practice designed to bring unity.

Marburg Colloquy – 1529

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Death of Zwingli – 1531 – Kappel Wars

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Death of Zwingli – 1531 – Kappel Wars

Civil war among Swiss “Cantons” (states)5 holdout Catholic states remained

5 Catholic states staged a surprise attackTo break a food embargo/blockade

Zwingli, the pacifist, was among the fighting pastorsGiven chance to recant, refused, was given death

blow

Zwingli’s body was quartered, burned, and ashes cast to the wind.

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John Calvin – French Humanist b 1509

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Left Catholic Church in 1530 and became a French refugee in Switzerland

William Farel – common friend with Zwingli – convinced Calvin to remain in Geneva.Calvin returned to Geneva in 1541 to remain

permanently

Wrote Institutes of the Christian ReligionAn apologetic for Christian theology and

positions of the Swiss ReformationEnlarged from 6 chapters to 17 by 1539

John Calvin – Pastor & Theologian

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Submitted articles for reform to the Geneva City Council and all were accepted:Pastors to preach and administer the

sacramentsDoctors to instruct believers in the faithElders to provide disciplineDeacons to care for the poor and needyCreated a special council for religious affairs

Preached over 2000 sermons – twice on Sunday and thrice throughout the week.

John Calvin – Geneva Reformer

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Condemned “Libertines”Group that believed that the Gospel excused

them from civic and ecclesiastic obedience

Condemned “Servetus”Heretic stalker of Calvin – condemned the

Trinity and infant baptismSent 30 copies of “Institutes” with

annotated “errors” foundWas an outlaw on the run but showed up

at Calvin’s services – Calvin had him arrested

John Calvin – Defender of the Faith

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Marian (Catholic Queen) exiles from England“Bloody Mary” for her persecution of

protestantsExiles found safe haven in Geneva with Calvin

John Knox – student and protégé of Calvin Returned to England and Founded Church of

Scotland, 1560 – mainline denomination todayAlso called “Scottish Presbyterians”

William Whittingham returned to England and brought Reformed theology with him.

John Calvin – Protector of Persecuted

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John Knox – Church of Scotland Founder

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Human Wisdom in 2 partsKnowledge of God; Knowledge of Self

Trinitarian and Deity of Jesus

Against Icons (c.f. Zwingli)

Process of Conversion (book 2 of Institutes)Faith = firm knowledge of God in ChristLeads to true repentance & remission of sinLeads to regeneration = pre-fall Adam statusPerfection in this life impossible – lifelong

struggle with sin is to be expected

John Calvin – Beliefs – (from Institutues)

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T-otal Depravity of ManGod makes one alive without any help from that person

U-nconditional ElectionGod makes one alive without looking for “good” in

them

L-imited AtonementGod laid his life down for His sheep and no one else Jn 10:11

I-rresistable Grace God makes one to “want” His grace – not kicking and

screaming

P-reservation of the SaintsGod preserves His people so they can never be lost.

John Calvin – Beliefs – (from Institutues)