CROP MAXIMIZATION PROJECT – II

RAHIM YAR KHAN

WELCOMETO ALL PARTICIPANTS

WHEAT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

By:

Irfan ArshadCredit & VO Help Officer

Crop Maximization Project-II,

(DISU) Rahim Yar Khan

Introduction

Technical Name; Triticum aestivum

Origin and History; First grew in the Middle East, One of the first plants cultivated about 11,000

years ago. 4,000 B.C. wheat farming spread to Asia, Europe and

North Africa In 1834, Cyrus McCormick, an American

invented a reaping machine. In 1834, a threshing machine was also invented

Importance of Wheat

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 360 kcal 1510 kJ

Carbohydrates 51.8 g

Dietary fiber 13.2 g

Fat 9.72 g

Protein 23.15 g

Thiamine (Vit. B1) 1.882 mg 145%

Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.499 mg 33%

Niacin (Vit. B3) 6.813 mg 45%

Pantothenic acid(B5) 0.05 mg 1%

Vitamin B6 1.3 mg 100%

Folate (Vit. B9) 281 μg 70%

Calcium 39 mg 4%

Iron 6.26 mg 50%

Magnesium 239 mg 65%

Phosphorus 842 mg 120%

Potassium 892 mg 19%

Zinc 12.29 mg 123%

Manganese 13.301 mg

Staple food for more than one third of the world population. An important edible crop of Pakistan

Country* 2008 est. 2009 forecast million tonnes

European Union 150.0 138.6

China (Mainland) 112.5 111.0

India 78.4 77.6

United States of America 68.0 55.1

Russian Federation 63.8 55.0

Canada 28.6 25.9

Pakistan 21.8 23.8

Ukraine 25.9 19.1

Australia 21.4 22.0

Wheat leading producers (2008-09)

Wheat import by countries Wheat export by countries

733000780000

33000

682000

750000

33000

697000746000

70000

718832

810000

00

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

2006 2007 2008 2009

Cotton

Wheat

Rice

Area of Major Crops RYKhan

Year

Acres

23.4

27.3

16.75

21.08

32.07

18.59

22.99

26.2

20.58

0

30.5

21.51

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2006 2007 2008 2009

Cotton

Wheat

Rice

Yield of Major Crops RYKhan

Year

Maunds

16021

797

28.0

5

27.6

4

15896

750

30.0

9

32.7

15820

746

26.4

3

26.0

2

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Area PunjabArea RYKhanYield PunjabYield RYKhan

Area and Yield of Wheat RYKhan as Compared to Punjab

Area (000 Acres)Yield (in maunds)

Sowing Time

Early Sowing 25 Oct – 10 Nov

Mid Sowing 10 Nov – 30 No

Late Sowing Upto 15 December

Time of Sowing for Different Varieties

Variety Time of Sowing

Faisal Abad 2008 Nov 1st – Dec 10Lasani 2008 Nov 1st – Dec 10

Sahar 2006 Nov 1st – Dec 15 Aqqab 2000 Nov 1st – Dec 10Panjnand 1 Nov 1st – Dec 15Ufaq 2002 Nov 1st – Nov 25Manthar 2003 Nov 1st – Dec 15

*Inqilab 91 Nov 1st – Dec 15Shafaq 2006 Nov 10 – Dec 15 Fareed 2006 Nov 10 – Dec 15 Miraj 2008 Nov 10 – Dec 15*Bhakkar 2002 Nov 10 – Dec 10

* Sowing should be made on minimum areas as the varieties are affected with rust disease.

VarietyHeight

(cm)Leaf Structure

Leaf Epansion

Mature Spike Color

Av. No. of Grains/spike

Av. Weight/000

grains

Potential Yield (Maunds/Acre)

Faisal Abad 2008 98-110 Partial Straight 1.7 - 1.8Yellowish Brown

45 40 61

Lasani 2008 90-110 Partial Straight 1.7 - 1.9Yellowish Brown

45 40 61

Sahar 2006 105-110 Straight 2 - 2.5 White 42 46 64

Uqqab 2000 100-110 Partial Straight 1 - 1.5 White 68 36.2 69

Panjnand 1 88 - 98 Straight 1.9 - 2.4 White 53 35 70

Ufaq 2002 98 - 108 Partial Straight 2.3Yellowish Brown

44 41.7 70

Manthar 2003 85 - 98 Partial Straight 1.8 - 2.8 White 55 37 68

*Inqilab 91 105 - 110 Partial Straight 3.6 Reddish Brown 45 40.9 72

Shafaq 2006 90 -100 Partial Straight 1.5 - 2 Reddish Brown 58 46 60

Fareed 2006 75 - 90 Partial Straight 1.8 - 2.8 Reddish Brown 48 45 46

Miraj 2008 90 - 95 Straight 1.8 Red 55 42 65

*Bhakkar 2002 100 - 105 Partial Straight 1.9Light Reddish Brown

62 45 73

Characteristics of Recommended Varieties

* Sowing should be made on minimum areas as the varieties are affected with rust disease.

Soil Type & Land Preparation

• Soil Type Wheat can be grown sandy loam to clay soil but

best grown on loamy soil.

• Land Preparation Cultivate the fallow land 4-5 times before sowing Use land leveler if required Split the field into small portions before rouni water After rouni water at wattar conditions, use planker

to preserve moisture Use “Dab method” in early and mid season

cultivation of wheat to control weeds.

Seed Rate & Treatment

Use of Quality Seed Certified seed. (Punjab Seed Corporation) Graded Seed (Through seed graders.)

Through 24 seed graders in District Rahim Yar Khan.

Seed Rate50 Kg. – 15th November.60 Kg. – 16th to 30th November.70 Kg. – 1st December to 15th December.

Seed Treatment Seed dressing Fungicide (2 grams/ Kg.)

Sowing Methods

Sowing of Wheat after Cotton/ Sugarcane

Sowing of Wheat after Rice Sowing of Wheat on Beds

Sowing of Wheat after Cotton/ Sugarcane

1. Wattar Method Apply irrigation water 20 days before the

harvesting of cotton sticks. After final picking and harvesting of cotton

sticks, cultivate the land 2 times by cultivator followed by the use of rotavator.

Then drill the seed with the help of Rabi Drill to get maximum germination.

Sowing of Wheat after Cotton/ Sugarcane……….

2. Dry Method After harvesting of sugarcane or removal

of cotton sticks cultivate the land two times with the help of cultivator

Then one time with the help of rotavator or disk harrow.

Then drill the seed in dry condition and apply irrigation water immediately.

This method saves time and ensures good germination.

Sowing of Wheat after Cotton/ Sugarcane……….

3. Gup Chut Method After removal of cotton sticks cultivate the

land 2 times with the help of cultivator followed by heavy planking.

Then irrigate the field and broadcast the wheat seed which should be soaked 8-10 hours before broadcasting.

This method is very useful in salt affected soils.

Sowing of Wheat after Rice

Stop irrigation water 15 days before the harvesting of rice.

Then immediately after harvesting use one time rotavator and two-time cultivator/disk harrow and the two cultivations followed by planking.

Then drill the seed with the help of Rabi drill.

Sowing of Wheat on Beds

Where there is shortage of irrigation water, wheat can be sown on beds.

Sugarcane and rape seed/ mustard can also be sown as intercropping.

Fertilizer Management

Balanced Use of Fertilizer

Analyze the status of Soil fertility & salts

The ratio of N: P should be 1.5: 1

Potash fertilizer should be applied for wheat sowing after Rice, Sugarcane and cotton

Apply irrigation water immediately after the use of urea fertilizer

Use Gypsum in salt affected soils before monsoon

Use all Nitrogen fertilizer upto 31st January, late usage of nitrogen will cause logging.

Use all phosphatic & potash fertilizer at sowing if not applied then use at 1st irrigation

Fertilizer Recommendations

Poor 52 46 25 2 DAP + 1/2 Uea + 1 SOP1 Urea or1.5 Amonium Nitrate

Average 42 34 25 1.5 DAP + 1/2 Urea + 1 SOP1 Urea or1.5 Amonium Nitrate

Fertile 32 23 25 1 DAP + 1/2 Urea + 1 SOP1/2 Urea or 1 Amonium Nitrate

Recommended Fertilizer Doses. (Kg)

Soil Type N P K At Sowing (Bags)At 1st/2nd Irrigation

(Bags)

Judicious Use of Irrigation

For wheat sowing after Cotton/Sugarcane

1st Irrigation: After 20-25 days of sowing At Tillering stage2nd Irrigation: After 80-90 days of sowing At boot formation3rd Irrigation: After 125 - 130 days of sowing At grain formation

For wheat sowing after Rice

1st Irrigation: After 30-40 days of sowing 2nd Irrigation: After 80-90 days of sowing 3rd Irrigation: After 125 - 130 days of sowing

For late sown wheat

1st Irrigation: After 20-25 days of sowing 2nd Irrigation: After 70-80 days of sowing 3rd Irrigation: After 110-115 days of sowing

Weed Management

• Weeds cause a loss of 14 – 42 % in yield.• Two type of weeds

– Broad leave weeds ( Batho, Jungly Palik, Jangli Sarsoon, Karund, Leh, Chatri, Dhodak, Shahtra, Sengi, Maina, Pohli, Rewari, etc)

– Narrow leave weeds (Dumbi Sitti, Wild oat, Javi,etc)

• Weed Control Measures– Use of Clean/weed free seed– Hand pulling (if manual labor available)– Use of Daab method ( in early & mid sowing)– Mechanical Methods i.e Hoeing, bar harrow etc– Chemical Control

Weed Management

Weeds of wheat

Weeds of wheat

Chemical Control for broad leave weeds

# Common Name Trade name Dose/Acre Target weeds

1 Bromoxynil

+MCFA

Buctril-M 40EC 500 Ml Broad Leave Weeds, Bathu

2 Bromoxynil

+MCPA

Brominal-M40 EC 500 Ml Karund, Lahli

3 Terbutryn+

Trisalfuron

Logran Extra

64 WG

100 gm Chatri, Dhodak, Shahtra, Sengi, Maina

4 Penimethalin Stomp 330 EC 1500-

2000 ml

Pohli, Rewari, Billi Booti, Laih

Chemical Control for narrow leave weeds

# Common Name Trade Name

Dose/Acre Target weeds

1 Fenoxaprop-

P Ethyl

Pumma Supper

500 ml Narrow leave Weeds

Wild oat, Dumbi Sitti

Weedicide for broad & narrow leave weeds

# Common Name Trade name Dose/Acre Target weeds

1Isoproturon +Diflufenican

Panther 52 S.C 800 Ml

Narrow & Broad leave

Weeds2 Isoproturon

Arelan 500 FW Graminon 50 FWTolkan

800-900 Ml800-900 gm800-900 gm

3 Metribuzin Sencor 70 WP 100 gm

Total Market Rs 2.0 Billion

Wheat

Cotton

Sugarcane

Rice

Potato

Use of weedicides

Types of nozzleType of nozzle

Insect Pest & Their Control

i. Black ant

ii. Termite

iii. Grasshopper

iv. Shoot fly

v. Wheat weevil

vi. Cut worm

vii. Aphid

viii. Jassid

ix. Armyworm

x. Helicoverpa spp.

xi. Rats

Control Measures for insect pests

Use minimum pesticides.

Grow few lines of sarson crops around the wheat field for the biological control of aphids on wheat.

Use dust pesticides around the field to prevent the armyworm to move from infected field to unaffected field.

Irrigate the field to control the cutworm.

Use the catching traps and also use the Phostoxin (Two tablets/ burrow) for control of rats

Diseases of wheat

• Loose smut caused by Ustilago tritici

Ear cockle Disease caused by Anguina tritici

Flag smut caused by Urocystis tritici

Rust caused by Puccinia spp.i ii

• Kernal bunt caused by Tilletia indica

• Powdary mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis

Control measures

Use the resistance varieties of wheat

Seed treatments with fungicides (2g/kg of seeds)

Use healthy seeds

Uproot the effected plants with disease

Harvesting

Harvest the wheat crop at perfect maturity.

Manage labor, treasures, reapers, tractors, and plastic sheets before harvesting.

Do not harvest the crop during rains

Harvesting

Special Initiatives for Targeting Food Security

through Productivity Enhancement of Wheat

Provision of subsidized implements to the farmers

Wheat Demonstration Plots

Wheat Yield Competition

Sr.NoName of Implements.

Allocation Alloted booked. Delivered Per Unit Price

1 Seed Graders 13 13 8 8 70000

2Bnad Placement Drill 54 54 53 53 70000

3 Rabi Drill 23 23 21 21 35000

4 Hand Sprayers 1320 813 741 741 3500

Targeting Food Security Through Productivity Enhancement of Wheat (Implements)2008-09

Allocation Utilized % Utilized.

5057500 3540250 70%

Financial Utilization. (in Rs)

PROVISION OF SUBSIDIZED IMPLEMENTS TO THE FARMERS

Sr.No

Name of Demonstration Plots.

1 Wheat

Utilized%

Utilized.

829440 80%

Financial utilization.(In Rs)

Allocation

Layout of Wheat Demonstration Plots " Targeting Food Security Through Productivity Enhancement of Wheat " 2008-09

Allocation

122

Sowing of D.Plots.

122

1037000

WHEAT YIELD COMPETITION 2008-09

Name of Tehsil

No. of application

received

No.of Wheat plots

where visually

inspected

Total No. of plots to be harvested

No. of Plots finalized by the Markaz committee

for harvesting

No. of wheat plots harvested

Rahim Yar Khan

276 276 70 70 16

Sadiq Abad 276 276 70 44 17 Khan Pur 264 264 50 50 21 Liaquat Pur

242 242 50 44 10

District Total

1058 1058 240 208 64

Implements to be provided underWheat Yield Competition 2008-09

Reaper

Tractor Diesel Engine

Fertilizer Band placement Drill

Sr. No.

Name of Implement

Number to be provided

1 Fiat Tractor, 55HP

05

2 Diesel Engine 04 3 Reaper 05 4 Band placement

Drill 01

Thank You