Whats Your Name-MA Thesis

8/3/2019 Whats Your Name-MA Thesis

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Zei{~ Poqs Gima? Ko Poq êoo{ Ksqj~?4Xozas, S`~f, igk Nog~{sqn{`gj {ea Nlàg{ `g i

Eism Sakqn{òg Xsojsim `g Oka~~i, Qfsi`ga

Dagg`bas D' Nissoll

^qcm`{{ak {oNag{sil Aqsoxaig Qg`ras~`{p

Kaxis{mag{ ob ônòlojp igk ônìl Ig{esoxolojp

@g xis{ìl bqlb`llmag{ ob {ea sayq`samag{~ bos {ea kajsaa ob Mi~{as ob Is{~

^qxasr`~os~4Kigàl Mog{asa~nq

Ilauigksi Fozil~f`

Cqkixa~{, Eqgjisp

Dqga, 388:


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`{ `~ go{ {ea eis~ega~~ ob i ~`{qi{`og os {ea ~qbbas`gj~ `{ `mxo~a~ {ei{ laik xaoxla {o nogna`ra ob igo{eas ~{i{a ob

ibbi`s~, `g ze`ne {e`gj~ zoqlk ca ca{{as bos araspcokp' @{ `~ og {ea kip {ei{ za isa icla {o nogna`ra ob igo{eas ~{i{a ob

ibbi`s~, {ei{ i gaz l`je{ `~ ni~{ og oqs ozg {soqcla igk oqs ~qbbas`gj igk za kan`ka {ei{ {eap isa qgcaisicla'

w^is{sa


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Nog{ag{~

Ic~{sin{ ___________________________________________________________ `r L`~{ o b Insogpm~ _____________________________________________________rJlo~~isp ___________________________________________________________ r`@g{sokqn{òg _________________________________________________________9 [eaosa{`nil Bsimazosf ________________________________________________;

Eism Sakqn{òg `g {ea Xo~{-ônìl`~{ ^{i{a___________________________________ ;

Ka~`jg`gj igk Kab`g`gj S`~f _____________________________________________ 5

[ea Nsai{òg ob {ea ^qcdan{4 Xsokqn{òg ob Fgozlakja, Lical`gj, igk Xozas______ 93

Ma{eok~____________________________________________________________95 Igilp~`~ igk K`~nq~~òg ______________________________________________33

Ko Poq êoo{ Ksqj~?@R Ksqj Q~a i~ i ônìl Lical ______________________ 33

Nog~{sqn{`gj Lonil S`~f~ `g Oka~~i________________________________________ 30

Nsai{`gj Nlàg{~ _______________________________________________________ >;

Bsom Nlàg{~ {o Xi{àg{~4 Jsai{as Ijagnp Nog{sol__________________________ ;9

Nognlq~òg__________________________________________________________;1


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Ic~{sin{

[e`~ xixas `gra~{`ji{a~ {ea ~onìl xsona~~a~ igk maneig`~m~ {esoqje ze`ne

`g{siragoq~ ksqj q~as~ isa nogna`rak igk nog~{sqn{ak i~ ~xan`b`n ~qcdan{~, os {pxa~, cp

L`je{eoq~a, i gog-xsob`{ eism sakqn{òg osjig`ti{òg g Oka~~i, Qfsi`ga' [ea

nog{au{qil`ti{òg ob {e`~ ijagnp z`{e`g co{e {ea jlocil k`~noqs~a ob eism sakqn{òg igk

{ea lonil bàlk, nolosak cp {ea sanag{ xo~{-~onìl`~{ {sig~`{òg, sarail~ {e`~ osjig`ti{òg~

abbos{~ {o nog~{sqn{ lonil ksqj q~as~ i~ migijaicla ~qcdan{~ `g i zip {ei{ miu`m`ta~

ijagnp `gblqagna oras ~xan`b`n, lonil s`~f agr`sogmag{~' [e`~ igilp~`~ nogna`ra~ ob {ea

sali{òg~e`x ca{zaag {e`~ eism sakqn{òg ijagnp igk {ea ksqj q~as~ `{ ~asra~ i~ i sali{òg

ob xozas ca{zaag {zo ijag{`ra ~onìl ag{`{à~, bolloz`gj M`neal Boqniql{~ {eaosà~ ob

xozas igk {ea ~qcdan{' @{ il~o amxlop~ Csqgo Li{oqs~ bsimazosf ob {ea ~nàg{`b`n

xsokqn{òg ob fgozlakja, igk {eaosà~ ob ~onìl lical`gj, i~ karaloxak cp Eozisk

Canfas, Asr`gj Jobbmig, igk Jaosja ^`mmal, `g oskas {o `llqm`gi{a {ea ~onìl igk

nql{qsil xsokqn{~ ob lonil igk `g{asgi{ògil k`~noqs~a~ ob eail{e, s`~f, igk xsarag{òg, `g

sali{òg {o {ea `gk`r`kqil ksqj q~as~ xo~`{ògak z`{e`g {ea~a k`~noqs~a~'

A{egojsixe`n ki{i bos {e`~ xsodan{ zi~ nollan{ak kqs`gj {ea mog{e ob Ixs`l 388:,

i{ L`je{eoq~a `g Oka~~i Qfsi`ga' Bàlkzosf zi~ nogkqn{ak oras ~arasil zaaf~, ze`ne

`gnlqkak au{agkak oc~asri{òg~ ob ijagnp bqgn{òg~ igk mql{`xla `g{asràz~ z`{e

mamcas~ ob {ea ijagnp~ ~{ibb, oq{saine {aim, igk nlàg{ ci~a'


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L`~{ ob Insogpm~

NAQ Nag{sil Aqsoxaig Qg`ras~`{p

ESZ Eqmig S`je{~ Zi{ne

@KQ @g{siragoq~ Ksqj Q~as

GJO Gog-Jorasgmag{il Osjig`ti{òg

O^@ Oxag ônà{p @g~{`{q{a

QESI Qfsi`gìg Eism Sakqn{òg Ga{zosfQGI@K^ [ea Do`g{ Qg`{ak Gi{òg~ Xsojsim og E@R/I@K^

ZEO Zoslk Eail{e Osjig`ti{òg


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Jlo~~isp

Cqxsagosxe`ga I ~pg{ea{`n oxì{a nommoglp q~ak `g ~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp xsojsim~'

Eism Sakqn{òg I xe`lo~oxep `g xqcl`n eail{e abbos{~ {ei{ bonq~a~ og ealx`gj i{-s`~f xoxqli{òg~ iro`k {ea eism~ {ei{ nig sa~ql{ bsom e`je s`~f caeiròs~,xis{`nqlislp {eo~a sali{`gj {o `ll`n`{ ksqj q~a'

Ma{eikoga I ~pg{ea{`n oxì{a nommoglp q~ak `g ~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp xsojsim~'

M`l`{~pi [ea ~{i{a xol`na bosna `g Qfsi`ga'Gisnomig I {aneg`nil {asm q~ak `g Sq~~ì igk Qfsi`ga {o sabas {o xas~og~ ikk`n{ak {o

gisno{`n~'

^qc~{`{q{òg[easixp I {sai{mag{ xsojsim bos xas~og~ ikk`n{ak {o gisno{`n~, ze`ne`~ ka~`jgak {o saxlina {ea q~a ob `llajil gisno{`n~ z`{e i e`jelp-sajqli{ak saj`magob igo{eas, lajillp xsa~ns`cak gisno{`n'


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@g{sokqn{òg

Pqs`p9 ei~ cajqg zir`gj e`~ ism~ z`lklp' Zeag @ ig~zas e`~ ~`jgil~ z`{e i

nogbq~ak loof, ea xoq{~ e`~ bqll neaaf~ igk xo`g{~ {o i xli~{`n nqx ob ~zaa{ {ai {ei{ @

nisala~~lp lab{ ~`{{`gj cp ig oxag z`gkoz' Pqs`p niggo{ xsokqna {ea zosk~ gaakak {o {all

ma {o mora mp ks`gf, caniq~a ea `~ zi`{`gj bos cqxsagosxe`ga {icla{~ {o k`~~olra qgkas

e`~ {ogjqa'

Igo{eas poqgj mig `g {ea lonil k`~xag~isp loof~ og, {ea {all{ila ze`{a sa~`kqa

bsom e`~ ozg oxì{a {sai{mag{ nl`gj`gj {o {ea nosgas~ ob e`~ l`x~' Ea xi~~a~ oras igo{eas

nqx ob `g~{ig{ {ai, igk Pqs`p nlais~ e`~ xili{a z`{e i lisja ~z`j' I~ i gqs~a ~{ax~ oq{ ob

{ea cinf obb`na `g {ea nl`g`n, co{e mag {qsg {o eas igk ~qssagkas {ea`s moq{e~ bos

`g~xan{òg' Z`{e i ~m`la igk i yq`nf ~xi~`co, ~ea neanf~ {ei{ goga ob {ea`s x`ll~, ze`ne

xqll `g i xsa{{p xs`na og {ea ~{saa{~ ob Oka~~i, sami`g qgk`~~olrak'

Pqs`p `~ nli`mak i~ ig i~{oqgk`gj ~qnna~~ cp L`je{eoq~a, {ea osjig`ti{òg {ei{

sqg~ {e`~ ~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp xsojsim' Ea ikeasa~ {o e`~ {sai{mag{ saj`mag, ei~

~{oxxak q~`gj `ll`n`{ ksqj~ nomxla{alp, igk ei~ sa{qsgak {o sajqlis zosf, xsor`gj e`m~alb

{o ca i nixicla, bqgn{ògil n`{`tag' @{ `~ L`je{eoq~a, `g bin{, {ei{ ei~ amxlopak Pqs`p i~ ig

oq{saine zosfas' Ea noma~ {o {ea cqxsagosxe`ga k`~xag~isp {o ca ko~ak arasp mosg`gj

cabosa mif`gj e`~ soqgk~, r`~`{`gj z`{e igk ~qxxlp`gj ~{as`la `gdan{òg mi{asìl~ {o

`g{siragoq~ ksqj q~as~ %@KQ~ `g {ea ga`jecoseook~ og e`~ cai{'

L`je{eoq~a `~ ig E@R-xsarag{òg osjig`ti{òg `g Oka~~i, Qfsi`ga~ lisja~{ xos{

n`{p' Oka~~i `~ nog~`kasak, ax`kamòloj`nillp, {o ca co{e {ea os`j`g igk {ea ax`nag{as ob

{ea noqg{sp~ E@R/I@K^ ax`kam`n %Gici{or a{' il4 3883' Gi{ògz`ka, saxos{ak ni~a~ ob

gaz `gban{òg~ `g Qfsi`ga sami`gak rasp lozi~ baz i~ 18 xas pais qg{`l 9001' [eag, `g

{ea b`s~{ baz mog{e~ ob {ei{ pais, 9188 gaz `gban{òg~ zasa saxos{ak' Cp {ea agk ob 9002,

9[ea gima~ ob `gk`r`kqil~ eira caag neigjak {o xso{an{ {ea`s xs`rinp'


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{ea gqmcas eik saineak 93,335 ni~a~, i{ lai~{ eilb ob ze`ne zasa fgozg {o eira caag

{sig~m`{{ak {esoqje @R ksqj q~a %Cill, 9005' I~ ob Dqlp ob 3881, ~{qkà~ `g Qfsi`ga zasa

saxos{`gj {ei{ 9';! ob {ea gi{òg~ xoxqli{òg zi~ `gban{ak z`{e E@Rilsaikp {ea

e`jea~{ si{a xas nix`{i `g Aqsoxa %QGI@K^, 388;' ôma eira isjqak {ei{ {ea

ns`m`gil`ti{òg ob ksqj q~a i~ zall i~ {ea linf ob ~onìl oq{saine igk eism sakqn{òg

~asr`na~ bos @KQ~ `g Qfsi`ga ealx {o mifa `gdan{òg xsin{`na~ i midos neiggal bos {ea

~xsaik ob nommqg`nicla k`~ai~a %KaCall igk Nis{as, 38816 Eimas~ a{' il4 900:' @g

sa~xog~a {o {e`~, migp gog-jorasgmag{il osjig`ti{òg~, l`fa L`je{eoq~a, eira bosmak g

Qfsi`ga `g {ea xi~{ kanika, {o `mxlamag{ xsarag{òg abbos{~ imogj ksqj q~as~

~xan`b`nillp'

Mo~{ eism sakqn{òg osjig`ti{òg~ g Qfsi`ga, gnlqk`gj L`je{eoq~a, sana`ra {ea

ri~{ midos`{p ob {ea`s bqgk`gj bsom za~{asg cagabin{os~ loni{ak `g noqg{sà~ ~qne i~ {ea

Qg`{ak ^{i{a~ igk Nigiki' Qg`yqalp xo~`{ògak i{ {e`~ dqgn{òg ob za~{asg xsojsimm`gj

igk lonil k`~noqs~a~, ~qne osjig`ti{òg~ caj bos {ea auim`gi{òg ob {ea~a oraslixx`gj

k`~noqs~a~' I~ i xsarag{òg ~{si{ajp, {ea xsa~ns`cak alamag{~ ob eism sakqn{òg abbos{~

isa cq`l{ qxog xis{`nqlis nognax{òg~ ob s`~f igk ijagnp, igk salp qxog lonil agjijamag{

z`{e {ea~a nognax{~ `g oskas {o xsak`n{ {ea abban{`ra migijamag{ ob ksqj sali{ak eism'

[ea~a xsa~ns`cak `kai~ z`ll go{ gana~~is`lp ca m`ssosak cp lonil qgkas~{igk`gj~ ob eail{e,

s`~f, igk ~onìl migijamag{, eozaras, lair`gj lonil ijagnà~, l`fa L`je{eoq~a, {o xsokqna

{ea`s ozg qgkas~{igk`gj~ ob s`~f igk eail{e-gissi{`ra~ {ei{ isa i{ ogna is{`nqli{ak `g {ea

j`rag {asm~ ob {ea eism sakqn{òg xe`lo~oxep, ze`la il~o `g{as{z`gak z`{e lonil

maig`gj~ igk k`~noqs~a~'

[ea nag{sil yqa~{òg ob {e`~ xixas `~ eoz L`je{eoq~a ~`{qi{a~ `{~ eism sakqn{òg

abbos{~ lonillp, z`{e`g i ~onòxol`{`nil agr`sogmag{ nolosak cp xo~{-ôrà{ {sig~`{òg~ i~

zall i~ Oka~~i~ ozg nql{qsil xis{`nqlis`{à~, igk, mosa ~xan`b`nillp, eoz {e`~ gajo{ì{òg

ca{zaag lonil igk bosa`jg k`~noqs~a~ ~eixa~ {ea sali{òg~e`x~ igk ~qcdan{`r`{a~


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nog~{sqn{ak ca{zaag ijagnp ~{ibb igk lonil ksqj q~as~' Cp agjij`gj ~onìl {eaosà~ ob

xozas, ijagnp, igk {ea nsai{òg ob {ea ~qcdan{, @ q~a a{egojsixe`n ki{i {o auxlosa {e`~

ijagnp~ xsodan{òg ob eail{e s`~f~, igk abbos{~ {o sakqna ~qne eail{e s`~f cp nog~{sqn{`gj

igk i~~`jg`gj lonil ksqj q~as~ `g{o sola~ i~ ~xan`b`n ~qcdan{~ zeo isa abban{`ralp

migijaicla i~ ~qne' [o ko ~o, @ igilpta ~xan`b`n xsin{`na~ z`{e`g L`je{eoq~a~ xsojsim~,

`g~{`{q{ògil`tak maneig`~m~ ob fgozlakja xsokqn{òg, ~onìl k`r`~òg, igk ~onìl

lical`gj, ze`ne sa~ql{ bsom {e`~ mql{`xl`n`{p ob k`~noqs~a~, igk ze`ne karalox igk kab`ga

L`je{eoq~a~ nognax{òg ob `{~ ozg nlàg{ ci~a'

Xsojsim~ ka~`jgak {o m`{`ji{a {ea eism~ i~~onì{ak z`{e ksqj q~a mq~{ {saik

kal`ni{alp ca{zaag i{{amx{~ {o ~{aas `gk`r`kqil ijagnp igk abbos{~ {o mi`g{i`g

agr`sogmag{il nog{sol `g oskas {o xsokqna xo~`{`ra neigja' @llqm`gi{`gj {ea zip~ `g

ze`ne i lonil `g~{`{q{òg ~qne i~ L`je{eoq~a migija~ {e`~ {i~f `~ salarig{ go{ oglp {o {ea

{eaosa{`nil qgkas~{igk`gj ob mak`nil k`~noqs~a igk ~onìl nog{sol, cq{ il~o {o {ea

xsin{`nil i`m ob eil{`gj {ea ~xsaik ob E@R igk xsor`k`gj abban{`ra ~qxxos{~ bos {eo~a

~q~nax{`cla {o gban{òg {esoqjeoq{ Qfsi`ga igk Ai~{asg Aqsoxa'


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[eaosa{`nil Bsimazosf

Eism Sakqn{ òg `g {ea Xo~{ -ôn ìl `~ { ^{i{aQgkas ôrà{ sqla, eail{e nisa zi~ c`llak i~ i ci~`n s`je{ {o ze`ne ill n`{`tag~ zasa

ag{`{lak' Misf Bàlk ei~ ka~ns`cak {ea ôrà{ ~p~{am i~ [e`sk Xis{p mak`n`ga %si{eas

{eig Baa-Bos-âsr`na mak`n`ga ob{ag boqgk g kamonsi{`n noqg{sà~' [e`~ [e`sk

Xis{p mak`n`ga `~ neisin{as`tak cp {ea ~{i{a~ sola i~ {ea b`gignìl `g{asmakìsp ca{zaag

{ea eail{enisa ~p~{am igk {ea xi{àg{ %90294 31>' @g {ea ôrà{ Qgòg, {ea mak`nil

~p~{am zi~ `gbosmak cp jorasgmag{ nog{sol i~ zall i~ {ea qgkas-{ea-{icla

nommasnìl`ti{òg ob eail{e nisa' Mak`nil ~asr`na~ zasa k`~xag~ak csoiklp i~ i

bqgkimag{il n`{`tag~ s`je{, cq{ {ea yqil`{p igk au{ag{ ob mak`nil nisa zi~ jsai{lp

ka{asm`gak cp {ea imoqg{ i xi{àg{ zi~ z`ll`gj os icla {o xip %Bàlk, 90556 ^nean{as,

9003' [ea sa~xog~`c`l`{p ob n`{`tag eail{e jagasillp lip `g {ea eigk~ ob {ea ~{i{a, pa{ {ei{

sa~xog~`c`l`{p zi~ ~oma{e`gj ze`ne n`{`tag~ ob{ag gajo{ì{ak bos {eam~alra~ `g {ea`s

`gk`r`kqil `g{asin{òg~ z`{e {ea mak`nil `gkq~{sp igk eail{e nisa xsoba~~ògil~'

Gog-xsob`{ osjig`ti{òg~, l`fa L`je{eoq~a, isa go{ qgkas {ea Qfsi`gìg ~{i{a*~

dqs`~k`n{òg i~ ig ag{`{p `g {ea eail{enisa ~p~{am, xas ~a' [ea ~{i{a ei~ go b`gignìl {à~ {o

~qne osjig`ti{òg~, igk ei~ l`{{la k`san{ nog{sol oras kan`~òg~ nognasg`gj xsojsimm`gj,

b`gigna~, os ~asr`na~ sagkasak' Pa{ {ea oxag iri`lic`l`{p ob `{~ rolqg{isp ~asr`na~ xo~`{òg~

L`je{eoq~a i~ i nag{sil, ~`gjqlis ~oqsna ob eail{enisa' [ea qgkaslp`gj i~~qmx{òg {ei{

{ea`s nlàg{ ci~a ei~ gozeasa al~a {o {qsg `~, `g lisja xis{, zei{ faax~ ~qne gog-xsob`{

osjig`ti{òg~ sqgg`gj' [e`~ xq{~ i eqja imoqg{ ob sa~xog~`c`l`{p bos xas~ogil

eail{enisaze`ne eik billag {o {ea `gk`r`kqil ib{as {ea nollix~a ob {ea ôrà{ ~{i{a

k`san{lp og{o {e`~ osjig`ti{òg `{~alb'


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[e`~ jsikqil {sig~`{òg ob xas~ogil sa~xog~`c`l`{p bsom {ea eigk~ ob {ea ~{i{a {o

{ea `gk`r`kqil `~ neisin{as`~{`n ob zei{ Qls`ne Canf nill~ S`~f ônà{p, %9003' Canf

kab`ga~ {e`~ i~ i ~{ija `g {ea karaloxmag{ ob {ea mokasg ~{i{a `g ze`ne s`~f~ igk kigjas~

a~nixa {ea `g~{`{q{òg~ bos mog`{os`gj igk xso{an{òg `g `gkq~{sìl ~onà{p, %900;4 1'

@gk`r`kqil~ ji`g neisja ob {ea`s ozg xso{an{òg~, jimcla~, igk oxxos{qg`{à~, ob {ea

ka{asm`gi{òg ob {ea`s ozg nas{i`g{à~ `g {ea`s ag{`sa{p %`c`k4 9;' Canf ksiz~ i l`gf

ca{zaag {e`~ gaz bina ob mokasg ~onà{p igk {ea xo~{-~onìl`~{ ~xeasa, ~xan`b`nillp' Ea

e`jel`je{~ {ea sanag{ z`{eksizil ob {ea ôrà{ ~{i{a bsom abbos{~ ob n`r`l xso{an{òg igk

nisa, oxaglp yqa~{òg`gj zea{eas za~{asg nog~{sqn{~ ob nix`{il`~{ kamonsinp nig ca

jagasil`tak og i jlocil ~nila `g oskas {o b`ll {e`~ ka{asm`g`~{`n ro`k %`c`k4 1'

îsie K' Xe`ll`x~ %3881 ei~ isjqak {ei{ {ea kab`g`{òg ob n`r`l ~onà{p i~ i ~onìl

sailm aunlq~`ra bsom {ea ~{i{a %Eajal4 9539, zeo~a ~{sagj{e igk jsoz{e isa nag{sil {o

{ea eail{e ob i kamonsi{`n ~onà{p %Xq{gim4 3888, `~ `gikayqi{a zeag xlinak `g {ea xo~{-

~onìl`~{ nog{au{' êa `llq~{si{a~ {e`~ xo`g{ {esoqje eas zosf e`jel`je{`gj {ea ri~{ oras-

saxsa~ag{i{òg ob zomag laik`gj gog-xsob`{ jsoqx~ g xo~{-~onìl`~{ Qfsi`ga %388;'

Qfsi`gìg jagkas sola~ nommoglp i~~onì{a {ea bamila z`{e {ea Casaeagpi, {ea eais{e

mo{eas' [ea `kail zomig xsoqklp l`ra~ oq{ eas ~onìl bqgn{òg i~ mo{eas ob {ea gi{òg

igk xso{an{os ob {ea eoma igk bim`lp %Xirlpnefo, 90026 Sqcneinf, 9002' Xe`ll`x~ ~eoz~

{ei{ Qfsi`gig zomag gajo{ì{a {ea`s xlina z`{e`g {ea gog-xsob`{ ~an{os {esoqje nli`m~

ob i xs`r`lajak ic`l`{p {o sa~olra ~onìl `ll~, jsig{ak {o {eam i~ zomag cp {ea`s gi{qsil sola

i~ mo{eas~ igk xso{an{os~' êa il~o `kag{`bà~ {e`~ ~xeasa i~ i eail`gj ~xina bos zomag,

zeasa {eap mip ~aaf sabqja bsom igk nox`gj ~{si{ajà~ bos {ea`s ~onìl igk anogom`n

{sìl~i sa~xog~`c`l`{p ze`ne qg{`l sanag{lp lip z`{e {ea ~{i{a %3881' êa sanogna`ra~ ob

Qfsi`gìg n`r`l ~onà{p i~ i ~axisi{a ~onìl ~xeasa zeasa zomag mip noma i~

misj`gil`tak n`{`tag~ {o makì{a ~olq{òg~ {o auxasàgnak ~onìl `ll~ ze`ne zasa bosmaslp

sa~olrak cp {ea ~{i{a'


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2

^`m`lis {ag~òg~ ca{zaag {ea gaak {o sa~olra nog{amxosisp ~onìl `ll~ igk {ea

sanag{ ic~agna ob ~{i{a sa~xog~`c`l`{p bos ~qne xsoclam~ bsima {ea ~onìl igk xol`{`nil

ligk~nixa ob Qfsi`gìg eism sakqn{òg igk E@R-xsarag{òg GJO~ i~ zall' @R ksqj q~a,

igk {ea i~~onì{ak eail{e `mxin{~, isa nogkamgak igk ns`m`gil`tak cp {ea Qfsi`gìg

~{i{a, pa{ l`{{la {o go jorasgmag{ ~asr`na~ au`~{ {o imalòsi{a {ea eism~ ~qbbasak cp @KQ~

os {ea caeiròs~ %igk qgkaslp`gj ~onònql{qsil agr`sogmag{~ {ei{ niq~a {eam %ESZ,

3882' @g xis{, {e`~ {ag~òg `~ xlipak oq{ `g {ea xol`{`nil os`j`g~ ob {ea eism sakqn{òg

xe`lo~oxepgimalp, `{~ xasna`rak bi`lqsa ob {ea ~onìl igk lajil nogkamgi{òg ob `ll`n`{

ksqj q~a {o nqsc a`{eas {ea q~a ob {ea~a ksqj~ os {ea eail{e nog~ayqagna~ nommoglp

sa~ql{`gj bsom {ea`s q~a %`c`k' @{ il~o mig`ba~{~ `g {ea ~e`b{ ob sa~xog~`c`l`{p bos @KQ~

xsarag{i{`ra igk {easixaq{`n eail{enisa bsom {ea `gk`r`kqil {o {ea osjig`ti{òg'

L`je{eoq~a koa~ go{ oras{lp i{{amx{ {o k`san{ os `gbosm xs`ri{a caeiròs~ {ei{ ko go{

sali{a {o ksqj q~a os k`~ai~a {sig~m`~~òg, igk koa~ go{ nog~{`{q{a i {o{il `g~{`{q{òg `g

{e`~ ~ag~a %Boqniql{, 90::' @{ koa~, eozaras, xi`s {ea iq{eos`{p `{ i~~as{~ i~ i xis{p

sa~xog~`cla bos migij`gj {ea eail{e igk eail{e-s`~f~ ob @KQ~ z`{e i go{òg ob s`~f-

migijamag{ {ei{ j`ra~ ~orasa`jg{p oras xs`ri{a caeiròs~ {o {ea `gk`r`kqilsaxsokqnak

bsom ob {ea ci~`n ~onòloj`nil i~~qmx{òg~ qgkaslp`gj {ea eism sakqn{òg xe`lo~oxep'

Osjig`ti{òg~ ~qne i~ {ea Zoslk Eail{e Osjig`ti{òg %ZEO igk QGI@K^

agkos~a eism sakqn{òg i~ i xsarag{i{`ra ~{si{ajp bos nomci{`gj E@R igk o{eas `ll~

i~~onì{ak z`{e @R ksqj q~a' [ea ZEO lip~ oq{ `{~ ozg ~{si{ajp `g b`ra xis{~4 %9 xqcl`n

akqni{òg igk {ea k`~~am`gi{òg ob `gbosmi{òg sali{`gj {o {ea ~xsaik ob k`~ai~a, %3 {ea

xsor`~òg ob ai~p inna~~ {o co{e eail{e nisa igk ~onìl ~asr`na~, %> xsoin{`ra oq{saine {o

@KQ xoxqli{òg~, %; {ea xsor`~òg ob ~iba igk ~{as`la `gdan{òg mi{asìl~, igk %1 {ea q~a

ob ~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp z`{e ~pg{ea{`n ksqj~ ~qne i~ ma{eikoga igk cqxsagosxe`ga


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%90054 ;' [ea Qfsi`gìg Eism Sakqn{òg I~~onì{òg3 %QESI agkos~a~ i gaislp

`kag{`nil xsojsim' @{ kab`ga~ eism sakqn{òg i~ i ~{si{ajp {ei{ xso{an{~ `gdan{òg ksqj

q~as~, zeo niggo{ os z`ll go{ ~{ox q~`gj ksqj~, bsom {ea gaji{`ra mak`nil, ~onìl, igk

anogom`n nog~ayqagna~, ~{s`r`gj {o sa~olra {ea~a xs`misp xsoclam~ bos {ea sakqn{òg ob

s`~f, `g i~~onì{òg z`{e `gdan{òg ksqj q~as~' [ea QESI e`jel`je{~ {ea loj`~{`nil

cinfcoga ob eism sakqn{òg xsojsim~ i~ zall, ~xan`b`nillp mag{òg`gj gaakla auneigja

~asr`na~, {ea a~{icl`~emag{ ob akqni{ògil ~{ibb, oq{saine zosfas~, nommqg`{p ~qxxos{

jsoqx~, igk {ea xsor`~òg ob ~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp %3882>' [ea alamag{~ ob {e`~ gi{ògil

xsojsim nlo~alp m`ssos {ea nosa nomxogag{~ ob eism sakqn{òg agkos~ak cp {ea ZEO'

[ea ~{sogj `gblqagna ob ~qne jsoqx~ og lonil xsojsim~ `~ kqa xs`mis`lp {o {ea

bin{ {ei{ za~{asg gog-xsob`{ osjig`ti{òg~ igk xe`lig{esox`n boqgki{òg~ xsor`ka mo~{

ob {ea bqgk`gj sana`rak cp {ea~a xsojsim~ `g Ai~{asg Aqsoxa' Oga ob {ea qgkaslp`gj

i~~qmx{òg~ ob {ea~a eism sakqn{òg xs`gn`xla~ xsomo{ak cp jsoqx~ l`fa {ea ZEO igk

QGI@K^ `~ {ei{ inna~~ {o co{e {ea nossan{ mak`nil `gbosmi{òg igk xsoxas, ~{as`la

`gdan{òg mi{asìl~ `~ ~qbb`nàg{ {o ag~qsa {ei{ `gk`r`kqil @KQ~ z`ll `gdan{ ~ibalp' [e`~

xsam`~a ei~ caag ~{sogjlp ns`{`n`tak bos `{~ bi`lqsa {o {ifa lonil ~onìl ~{sqn{qsa igk xozas

sali{òg~ `g{o innoqg{, kagp`gj {ea xol`{`nil anogomp {ei{ mip `gblqagna os ks`ra nas{i`g

caeiròs~ i~~onì{ak z`{e co{e `gdan{òg igk gog-`gdan{òg ksqj q~a %Nisl~og, 90026

Bsigfagcasj, 900>6 Ze`{abosk, 9002' @g~{aik ob nog{au{qil`t`gj s`~fp caeiròs z`{e`g

{ea lonil agr`sogmag{, {ea cqskag ob neo`na `~ xlinak ag{`salp og {ea ~qxxo~aklp `~oli{ak

`gk`r`kqil'

Ismak z`{e {ea~a i~~qmx{òg~ {ifag bsom o{eas ijagnà~, eism sakqn{òg

osjig`ti{òg~ `g {ea xo~{-~onìl`~{ agr`sogmag{ go{ oglp bina nas{i`g s`~f~ z`{e ig

`gk`r`kqil`tak nognax{òg ob s`~f caeiròs, ~qne i~ lonil kab`g`{òg~ ob s`~fp `gdan{òg

3@g Sq~~ìg,' @g Qfsi`gìg,'>[sig~li{òg~ ob {e`~ zac~`{a~ {au{ bsom {ea os`j`gil Qfsi`gìg isa mp ozg'


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5

xsin{`na~, cq{ il~o mi`g{i`g sa~xog~`c`l`{p i~ ig osjig`ti{òg bos s`~f agr`sogmag{~,

`gnlqk`gj nlàg{~ inna~~ {o mi{asìl~, akqni{òg, igk, xsoxas eail{enisa' [e`~ `g{as{z`gak

go{òg ob s`~f igk sa~xog~`c`l`{p `~, `g xis{, {ea sa~ql{ ob {ea `g{sokqn{òg ob e`jelp

`gk`r`kqil`tak s`~f gissi{`ra~ {o i xo~{-~onìl`~{ ~onà{p {ei{ oglp sanag{lp {sig~`{ògak

izip bsom ~{i{a-~ign{ògak eail{e migijamag{' @{ il~o k`san{lp ibban{~ {ea ~onìl

sali{òg~e`x~ a~{icl`~eak ca{zaag ~{ibb igk nlàg{~ i~ zall i~ ksqj q~as~ igk gog-ksqj

q~as~ igk {ea ~xan`b`n ~qcdan{`r`{à~ bosmak ca{zaag {eam' Cabosa auxlos`gj bqs{eas `g{o

{ea xsokqn{òg ob {ea~a ~qcdan{`r`{à~ igk sali{òg~, @ z`ll b`s~{ qgxinf {ea nognax{ ob

s`~f igk {ea sola `{ xlip~ `g mak`nil igk eism sakqn{òg gissi{`ra~'

Ka~`jg`gj igk Kab `g`gj S`~f[ea nognax{ ob s`~f nognasg~ {ea yqig{`b`ni{òg ob {ea ka~`sic`l`{p ob xsodan{ak

oq{noma~' @{ nog{si~{~ i xasnax{òg ob {ea xsa~ag{ z`{e i xsodan{òg ob {ea bq{qsa' S`~f

il~o, `g~{aik ob obbas`gj xsa~ns`x{`ra `g~{sqn{òg~, kamigk~ iro`kigna' I~ Qls`ne Canf

ka~ns`cak `{, s`~f~ {all q~ zei{ ~eoqlk go{ ca koga, cq{ go{ zei{ ~eoqlk ca koga, %900;4

0' [o iro`k nas{i`g s`~f~, oga mq~{ go{ orasai{, ~{ox ks`r`gj ~xos{ q{`l`{p rae`nla~, igk

sabq~a {o cqp i eoma cq`l{ `g i blookxli`g' Zea{eas za bolloz {ea~a `g~{sqn{òg~ ob

ic~{`gagna os go{, s`~f ai~`lp xisika~ `{~alb i~ i mi{{as ob xsin{`nil nilnqli{òg, `g ze`ne

{ea ca~{ neo`na bos {ea xsa~ag{ nig ca ka{asm`gak {esoqje {ea nomxis`~og ob `mij`gak

bq{qsa~'

Zei{ mifa~ s`~f i ~l`xxasp `kai, eozaras, `~ {e`~ noggan{òg ca{zaag xsa~ag{ igk

bq{qsa, ca{zaag goz igk {eag, ze`ne nig ga`{eas ca {sqlp nas{i`g gos nognsa{a' [ea fap

{o xo~~`cla bq{qsa~ `~ {ei{ {eap isa dq~{ {ei{xo~~`cla' Ze`la {ea yqig{`{i{`ra nomxis`~og

ca{zaag bq{qsa oq{noma~ mip ~aam ig qgcì~ak, ocdan{`ra kar`na, {eo~a nomxis`~og~

zoqlk go{ ca xo~~`cla qgla~~ ~onìl igk nql{qsil rilqa~ zasa xlinak qxog {eam' Z`{e`g


15/56

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{ea aras `gk`r`kqil`t`gj S`~f ônà{p, ka~ns`cak cp Canf, {ea ~alb-ns`{`nil gi{qsa ob

mokasg ~onà{p illoz~ bos mql{`xla, nomxa{`gj s`~f gissi{`ra~ {o au`~{, `g ze`ne ~onìl

iq{eos`{p `~ nli`mak {esoqje iq{eos`{p oras {eo~a s`~f~ igk kigjas~ %900;4 99' S`~f, {eag,

niggo{ ca nog~{sqn{ak bsaa ob ~pmcol`n rilqa, igk `{~ masa xsa~agna caj~ {ea yqa~{òg ob

zei{ {eo~a rilqa~, xsodan{ak i~ iq{eos`{i{`ra sai~og, in{qillp isa'

[ea go{òg ob xsarag{òg bolloz~ i~ {ea nilnqli{ak in{òg {ei{ s`~f dq~{`bà~' Co{e

nognax{~ isa cq`l{ isoqgk {ea ~ima kìnesog`n gissi{`ra~, igk {ea ~`mxla ka~`jg ob

xsarag{òg abbos{~ `mxlà~ {ei{ oga ei~ i nlais qgkas~{igk`gj ob {ea niq~il`{p {ei{ l`gf~

{ea nqssag{ ~{i{q~ yqo z`{e {ea `gn`kagna ob bq{qsa eism' S`neisk Bsaamig %9003

k`~{`gjq`~ea~ ca{zaag k`bbasag{ bosm~ ob xsarag{òg{eo~a g{agkak {o xsarag{ s`~f

nomxla{alp, igk {eo~a `g{agkak {o makì{a igk migija s`~f ogna `{ `~ nog~`kasak

`gar`{icla' [ea b`s~{ ob {ea~a bosm~ ob xsarag{òg nog~`~{~ ob ikix{`gj n`snqm~{igna~ {o

`gk`r`kqil gaak~, zeasai~ {ea ~anogk `grolra~ ikix{`gj {ea `gk`r`kqil `g oskas {o migija

{ea n`snqm~{igna~ %`c`k4 >0' Bsaamig~ nog~{sqn{ `~ q~abql bos `llq~{si{`gj i nas{i`g ~onìl

xozas {ei{ s`~f gissi{`ra~ nig xsokqna' Xis{`nqlislp `g {ea ni~a ob eail{e igk k`~ai~a, `{ `~

~`jg`b`nig{ zea{eas i noqs~a ob in{òg `~ bonq~ak og asik`ni{`gj ig `llga~~, os ~`mxlp

migij`gj `{~ nog~ayqagna~' Bos `b oglp {ea li{{as `~ {ea ni~a, {eag za isa lab{ {o i~f

zeo~a iq{eos`{p `~ nli`mak oras {ei{ s`~f, igk eoz {ei{ iq{eos`{p, xsa~ag{ak i~

fgozlakja ob {ea gi{qsa ob s`~f, `~ {sig~li{ak `g{o xozas ca{zaag in{os~'

Sogilk Bsigfagcqsj %900> ei~ isjqak {ei{ {ea nognax{ ob s`~f, xis{`nqlislp `g

mak`nil igk ax`kamòloj`nil gissi{`ra~, `~ fap {o {ea migijamag{ igk sajqli{òg ob

karìg{ xas~og~ igk caeiròs~' Xe`l`xxa Coqsjo`~, bos auimxla, ei~ mika i ~{sogj ni~a

bos {ea neisin{as`ti{òg ob ma{eimxea{im`ga xsojsim~ `g {ea Qg`{ak ^{i{a~ i~ i {ool ob

~{i{a nog{sol oras karìg{ cokà~, si{eas {eig ig abban{`ra xsojsim bos {ea xsomo{òg ob

`gk`r`kqil eail{e %3888' Nag{sil {o ~qne abbos{~ ob ~onìl migijamag{ `~ {ea abban{`ra

nog~{sqn{òg ob s`~f-jsoqx~xoxqli{òg~ illajaklp eomojagoq~ g zip~ sali{ak {o


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~xan`b`n xsodan{òg~ ob kigjas os eism' [e`~ jsoqx`gj nig eira eitiskoq~ ibban{~ og {ea

xasna`rak nql{qsil nomxlau`{p ob {eo~a kab`gak cp ~qne k`~noqs~a~' [eoqje ~qcnql{qsa~

isa, cp kab`g`{òg, go{ jagasil`ticla inso~~ i lisja xoxqli{òg, Gignp ^ne`llas isjqa~ {ei{

{e`~ `~ xsan`~alp zei{ onnqs~ zeag s`~f-jsoqx~ isa nognax{qil`tak' êa q~a~ @KQ~ i~ ig

auimxla, `kag{`bp`gj ~arasil zip~ `g ze`ne {e`~ ~qcxoxqli{òg `~ nql{qsillp bli{{agak z`{e

{ea bsayqag{ i~~qmx{òg~ {ei{ {eap isa xoos, isa sinìl m`gos`{à~, igk isa `gk`r`kqil~

icigkogak cp bsàgk~ igk bim`lp %90034 3;>' ^ne`llas oc~asra~ {ei{ ~onìl {eaos`~{~

q~qillp i{{amx{ {o iro`k {e`~ cp e`jelp nog{au{qil`t`gj s`~fp caeiròs %`c`k4 3>0' Pa{,

nsai{`gj ~qne ~onìllp nogna`rak k`r`~òg~ `~ ~oma{e`gj {ei{ arag m`gkbql ~onìl {eaos`~{~

niggo{ bqllp a~nixa'

Bos auimxla, So{eagcasj, Cilkz`g, [so{{as, igk Mq{e %3889, qgkas{oof i

nomxis`~og ~{qkp ca{zaag {zo jsoqx~ ob @R ksqj q~as~oga `g I{lig{i, {ea o{eas `g

Blij~{ibb' Cp nomc`g`gj mix~ ob ~onìl ga{zosf~ z`{e ax`kamòloj`nil ki{i `g aine

loni{òg, {ea`s ~{qkp `gk`ni{a~ {ei{ k`~ai~a {sig~m`~~òg `gnsai~a~ z`{e {ea nomxlau`{p ob

lonil ~onìl ~{sqn{qsa~ %`c`k4 35' Eozaras, caniq~a {easa `~ l`{{la {o ze`ne oga nig igneos

{e`~ k`bbasagna `g ~{sqn{qsil nomxlau`{p aunax{ {ea sqsil os qscig gi{qsa ob {ea ~onìl

agr`sogmag{, {e`~ ~{qkp `gk`ni{a~ {ei{ k`bbasagna~ `kag{`bàk ca{zaag @KQ~ `g Blij~{ibb

igk I{lig{i isa ~omaeoz saxsa~ag{i{`ra ob k`bbasagna~ boqgk ca{zaag @KQ~ `g sqsil igk

qscig agr`sogmag{~, `g jagasil' Coqsjo`~, Xs`gna, igk Mo~~ %388;, nogkqn{ak ig

a{egojsixe`n igilp~`~, ze`ne k`~norasak {ea ~onìl igk nql{qsil niq~a~ ob ig `gnsai~ak

neigna ob eaxi{`{`~ N `gban{òg imogj zomag `g îg Bsign`~no' [eap `kag{`bàk ki`lp

~{sqjjla~ z`{e anogom`n igk xep~`nil ~anqs`{p, ze`ne lak bamila mamcas~ ob {e`~

nommqg`{p {o sal`gyq`~e nog{sol oras {ea`s ozg `gdan{òg xsin{`na~ `g auneigja bos {ea

~iba{p igk ~{ic`l`{p boqgk `g auxlo`{i{`ra %igk ob{ag ròlag{ mogojimoq~ ~auqil {à~ z`{e

mag' Arag i~ {e`~ ~{qkp qgnorasak e`{eas{o-qg~aag lonil xis{`nqlis`{à~, i kal`gai{òg ob

gaz s`~f-jsoqx~ z`{e`g {e`~ xoxqli{òg zi~ ~{`ll `gar`{icla' Zomag zasa sanli~~`bàk i~ i{


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s`~f bos `gban{òg `g i zip go{ mi{neak cp {ea mila xoxqli{òg, igk zasa ~a{ ixis{,

k`r`kak igk kab`gak pa{ iji`g, ~o {ei{ {ea~a ~onìl xsoclam~ nig ca ca{{as migijak' @g

aine ob {ea~a ni~a~, arag zeag {ea~a s`~f-jsoqx~ isa go{ ig oras{ ~qcdan{ ob {e`~

sa~aisne, {eap canoma, goga{eala~~, sab`gak `g {ea sa~aisne xsona~~'

ônìl ga{zosf {eaosp ixxaisak {o obbas i ~olq{òg {o {e`~ nql{qsil bli{{ag`gj'

Ga{zosf igilp~`~ bonq~a~ og {ea `gk`r`kqil, igk {ea noggan{òg~ {ei{ {ea `gk`r`kqil ei~

{o s`~f-xo{ag{ìl~ `g e`~ os eas au{asgil agr`sogmag{' @g {ea ni~a ob @R ksqj q~as~, s`~f-

xo{ag{ìl~ m`je{ nog~`~{ ob o{eas `gban{ak xas~og~ z`{e zeom i moka ob {sig~m`~~òg

%~qne i~ ~auqil `g{asnoqs~a os gaakla ~eis`gj mip is`~a, i~ zall i~ {ea ~onìl, anogom`n,

igk xol`{`nil ~`{qi{òg~, ze`ne xsak`~xo~a `gk`r`kqil~ {o ~qne caeiròs~' Bsàkmig igk

Isil %3889 isjqa {ei{ {e`~ lonil ~xan`b`n`{p `~ `mxos{ig{ caniq~a ~onìl ga{zosf~ nig ca

~eixak cp noqg{la~~ au{asgil bin{os~ ~qne i~ sina, jagkas, igk ~onòanogom`n ~{i{q~ {ei{

nig niq~a risì{òg~ `g `gban{òg si{a~ imogj {ea~a kamojsixe`n~ og i lisjas ~nila'

Eozaras, `g oskas {o jsoqgk {ea igilp~`~ ob i xis{`nqlis ~onìl ga{zosf `g mosa jagasil

xi{{asg~, ze`ne mifa `{ ixxl`nicla {o o{eas ~`{qi{òg~, Bsàkmig igk Isil jagasil`ta cp

{p`gj ~xan`b`n ~onìl ga{zosf neisin{as`~{`n~ {o {ea~a csoikas nql{qsil ni{ajosà~' Seoka~

a{' il' noma i ~{ax nlo~as {o xsor`k`gj ig au`{' [ea`s ~{qkp ob E@R s`~f imogj @KQ~

~{sa~~a~ {ea k`ras~a nomxlau`{p ob `gk`r`kqil lonil`{à~ {o isjqa {ei{ ill `g{asrag{òg~ mq~{

ca lonillpxsokqnak `g oskas {o ca ~qnna~~bql %38814 9835' Ka~x`{a {e`~, {ea nognax{ ob

s`~f-agr`sogmag{ `~ ~{`ll `kag{`bàk i~ nag{sil {o {ea ka{asm`gi{òg ob k`~ai~a

{sig~m`~~òg %`c`k4 9832' Nog~ayqag{lp, E@R `~ ~{`ll neisin{as`tak i~ i caeiròsil k`~ai~a

inyq`sak cp nas{i`g {pxa~ ob xaoxla %`c`k4 983:' Co{e auimxla~ e`jel`je{ {ea l`falèook

ob {e`~ ixxsoine {o {ifa {ea logj soq{a cinf {o {ea ~ima xsoclami{`n xi{{asg ob ~qc-

k`r`k`gj xoxqli{òg~ g{o s`~f-jsoqx~ ci~ak og oraslp jagasil`tak, ~onìllp nog~{sqn{ak

neisin{as`~{`n~'


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Ze`la {ea~a nognax{~ mip eolk ~{aikp `g {ea bina ob ns`{`n`~m~, igk mip `gkaak

i~~`~{ `g {ea abb`ninp ob E@R-xsarag{òg abbos{~i cagab`{ {ei{ `~ go{{o ca qgkas~{i{ak

{eap ~{`ll laira {ea koos oxag {o jsoqx`gj~ igk ~qck`r`~òg~ `g ~onà{p, ze`ne ~asra {o

migija karìg{ jsoqx~ igk caeiròs~ i~ mqne i~ {o arofa sail neigja `g xi{{asg~ ob

k`~ai~a {sig~m`~~òg' [ea ~onìl nog~{sqn{òg ob i eomojagoq~ ~qc-nql{qsa ob @R ksqj

q~a nig ~`mql{igaoq~lp bin`l`{i{a {ea nsai{òg ob xsojsim~ {ei{ ~qnna~~bqllp sakqna {ea

gqmcas ob gaz E@R `gban{òg~ ze`la ~{`llmi`g{i`g`gj igk baak`gj in{~ ob xozas {ei{ isa

ka~`jgak {o migija igk nog{i`g xas~og~ igk caeiròs~, sajiskla~~ ob {ea`s noggan{òg {o

k`~ai~a {sig~m`~~òg'

Lonil eism sakqn{òg osjig`ti{òg~ xo~a go aunax{òg' @b {ea joil ob ig ijagnp `~

{o xsor`ka abban{`ra ~asr`na~ {o i xis{`nqlis xoxqli{òg, {eag {ei{ xoxqli{òg mq~{ ca

kab`gak cabosa {ea abb`ninp ob xsojsim ~{si{ajà~ nig ca ka{asm`gak' Zea{eas {ea

qgkaslp`gj joil ob i eism sakqn{òg ijagnp `~ {sqlp eqmig`{isìg os ag{`salp k`~n`xl`gisp,

zea{eas {ea~a in{~ ob ~onìl k`r`~òg isa i kal`casi{a {in{`n ob ~onìl migijamag{ os ig

isjqiclp gana~~isp cpxsokqn{ ob i{{amx{~ {o cq`lk E@R-xsarag{òg ~{si{ajà~ {ei{ zosf,

ga`{eas ob {ea~a abban{~ nig ca bqllp al`m`gi{ak os k`~m`~~ak bsom oqs qgkas~{igk`gj ob

{ea~a {pxa~ ob xsojsim~' @g migp zip~, {ea~a {zo abban{~ isa mq{qillp nog~{`{q{ak' @g {ea

bolloz`gj orasràz ob ~onìl {eaosà~ nognasg`gj ~qcdan{`r`{p, lical`gj, igk {ea

xsokqn{òg ob fgozlakja, @ z`ll alicosi{a bqs{eas og eoz {ea~a xsona~~a~ xlip oq{ {ea

xozas sali{òg~ {ei{ nog~{`{q{a eism sakqn{òg abbos{~ g xo~{-ôrà{ ~onà{p'

[ea Nsai{ òg o b {ea ^qcdan { 4 Xsokqn{ òg o b Fgozlakja , Lical `gj, igkXozas

[ea nog~{sqn{òg ob i {isja{ *nlàg{* xoxqli{òg i~ i ~onìl ni{ajosp bosna~ {ea

nql{qsil bli{{ag`gj ob {eo~a xas~og~ i~~`jgak mamcas~e`x `g {ei{ jsoqx' [esoqje {ea


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9>

xsin{`na~ igk k`~noqs~a~ ob {ea ijagnp `g yqa~{òg, i cokp ob fgozlakja icoq{ {e`~ nlàg{

xoxqli{òg mq~{ ca xsokqnak, igk nlaislp kab`gak ~qcdan{`r`{à~ a~{icl`~eak, bos {ea ~ifa

ob sagkas`gj ijagnp xsin{`na~ igk {ea `gk`r`kqil~ `grolrak `g {eo~a `g{asin{òg~

nomxsaeag~`cla' @g o{eas zosk~, {ea *s`~f-jsoqx* mq~{ ~omaeoz ca jagasil`tak `g oskas

{o ca migijak' @g {ea ni~a obL`je{eoq~a, ~`{qi{ak g xo~{-ôrà{ Qfsi`ga, {e`~

ni{ajos`ti{òg `~ fap {o {ea migijamag{ ob s`~f~ igk s`~f-caeiròs~, i~ {eap bill

~`mql{igaoq~lp {o {ea `gk`r`kqil igk {o {ea osjig`ti{òg `{~alb' Gimalp, {eo~a xas~og~

zeo canoma L`je{eoq~a nlàg{~ mq~{ ca migijaicla `g i zip {ei{ bin`l`{i{a~ ijagnp

`gblqagna oras {ea s`~f agr`sogmag{~ ~qssoqgk`gj {eam'

[ea noggan{òg~ {ei{ M`neal Boqniql{ ei~ ksizg ca{zaag xozas igk {ea ~qcdan{

ealx `llqm`gi{a {ea~a xsona~~a~ %90::6 9053' [eoqje mqne ob Boqniql{~ zosf ei~

`grolrak {ea xeagomagi ob xozas igk sa~`~{igna, ea nli`m~ {ei{ {ea~a alamag{~ isa

salarig{ {o e`~ `g{asa~{~ oglp `g~obis i~ {eap isa `g{`mi{alp {àk {o {ea xsona~~a~ {ei{

xsokqna ~qcdan{~' ^xan`b`nillp, ea isjqa~ {ei{ i ~qcdan{ au`~{~ oglp `g~obis i~ `{ `~

nog~{`{q{ak z`{e`g i xis{`nqlis xozas sali{òg %9053' @g xis{, {ei{ ~qcdan{ `~ nsai{ak i~ i

ni{ajos`nil o{eas, nlaislp kab`gak igk mi`g{i`gak cp {ea k`bbasag{ ag{`{à~ z`{e ze`ne `{

au`~{~ `g {eo~a sali{òg~ ob xozas %`c`k4 338' Boqniql{ bqs{eas nlis`bà~ {ei{ xozas `~ go{ i

mi{{as ob ic~olq{a nog{sol, cq{ {ei{ {ea ~qcdan{, `b `{ `~ {o ca i ~qcdan{ i~ ~qne, mq~{ sa{i`g

`{~ ijagnp' Ea isjqa~ {ei{ {ea o{eas %{ea oga oras zeom xozas `~ auasn`~ak Vmq~{] ca

{eosoqjelp sanojg`tak i~ igk mi`g{i`gak {o {ea rasp agk i~ i xas~og zeo in{~, %90534

338' Xozas, {eag, ~eoqlk go{ ca nogna`rak i~ in{òg~ qxog o{eas~ cq{ i~ in{ògV~] qxog

{ea in{ògob o{eas~, %xx' 3386 amxei~`~ m`ga' Ci~ak og {e`~, {ea ~qcdan{ `~ gana~~is`lp

nixicla ob co{e sa~`~{`gj {ea xozas auasn`~ak qxog `{, i~ zall i~ xis{`n`xi{`gj `g igk

ril`ki{`gj `{~ ozg ~qcdan{`b`ni{òg, i~ zeag i ~qcdan{ in{~ `g nogbosm`{p z`{e {ea

kal`m`{ak sola~ xsa~ns`cak {o `{'


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9;

[e`~ sayq`~`{a ijagnp ob in{os~ `g sali{òg~ ob xozas `~ is{`nqli{ak {esoqje

{amxosil gissi{`ra~, i~ isa {ea nognax{~ ob s`~f igk xsarag{òg' As`mcipas igk M`~nea

isjqa {ei{ ijagnp niggo{ ca l`m`{ak {o zei{ {eap sabas {o i~ {ea `{asi{ògil xsona~~, {ea

~alan{`ra saagin{mag{ ob xi~{ xi{{asg~ ob ~{sqn{qsa igk caeiròs %90054 0:9' [o ko ~o

zoqlk ca {o l`m`{ eqmig ijagnp {o i ~`mxla xsona~~ ob sanill igk `m`{i{òg, xsa-amx{`gj

igp igk ill xo~~`c`l`{p ob ~onìl neigja os eqmig nsai{`r`{pi nlaislp `g~qbb`nàg{

nognax{qil`ti{òg' @g~{aik, As`mcipas igk M`~nea i~~as{ {ei{ in{os~ isa il~o nixicla ob

xsodan{`ra ijagnp, `g ze`ne {ea bonq~ ob in{òg `~ og bq{qsa `mij`g`gj~ igk xo~~`c`l`{à~

%90054 05;' @{ `~ {e`~ {pxa ob ijagnp {ei{ `gbosm~ mqne ob {ea k`~noqs~a ~qssoqgk`gj s`~f

igk xsarag{òg' Xsodan{`ra ijagnp `~ ig `g{asin{`ra xsona~~ `g ze`ne ig in{os i{{amx{~ {o

gajo{ì{a i bq{qsa oq{noma os ~`{qi{òg, zea{eas {ei{ gajo{ì{`gj in{òg `~ sanillak igk

saxai{ak os `ggori{ak igk `mxsor`~ak' Ikk`{ògillp, {eap ibbosk eqmig ijag{~ {ea ic`l`{p

{o nog{au{qil`ta ~onìl auxasàgna~ z`{e`g {e`~ bàlk kab`gak cp xi~{ alamag{~ igk bq{qsa

`mij`g`gj~ %90054 00;' @g {ea ni~a ob L`je{eoq~a, {e`~ nomc`gi{òg ob sa-agin{`gj

a~{icl`~eak ~{sqn{qsa~ %gimalp, eism sakqn{òg~ ci~`n i~~`jgmag{ ob sa~xog~`c`l`{p bos

{ea ~iba{p ob xs`ri{a xsin{`na~ {o {ea `gk`r`kqil igk `mij`g`gj xo~~`cla bq{qsa~ igk

in{òg~ %gimalp, lonil s`~f gissi{`ra~ igk i bi`{e `g xsoxaslp nog{sollak s`~f agr`sogmag{~

{o `gkqna ~ibas `gdan{òg caeiròs~ mifa~ i kab`g`{`ra alamag{ ob eism sakqn{òg

xsin{`na~ og {ea lonil laral' @{ `~ bsom {e`~ nog{au{qil`ti{òg z`{e xi~{ igk bq{qsa {ei{

L`je{eoq~a `~ icla {o xsokqna {ea nognax{ ob {ea`s `kail nlàg{ cokp, igk caj`g {o

xsokqna ~qne @KQ~ i~ ~xan`b`n ~qcdan{~'

[ea bsimazosf ob {e`~ xsona~~ nig ca `llq~{si{ak z`{e Boqniql{~ `kag{`b`ni{òg ob

{esaa k`~{`gn{ maneig`~m~ ob ~qcdan{`b`ni{òg4 %9 ~xan`b`n moka~ ob `gyq`sp, ze`ne {sp {o

ocdan{`bp {esoqje {ea q~a ob ~nàgna, %3 xsin{`na~ ob k`r`~òg, ze`ne ~axisi{a jsoqx~

ci~ak og {ea nog~{sqn{òg ob maig`gjbql k`bbasagna~, ~qne i~ {ea mik igk {ea ~iga, os

{ea eail{ep igk {ea ~`nf, igk %> {ea {sig~bosmi{òg ob {ea ~alb `g{o i ~qcdan{, ~aag `g


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Boqniql{~ zosf og ~auqil`{p %90534 385' Aine ob {ea~a {aneg`yqa~ nog~{`{q{a a`{eas ~onìl

lical`gj os {ea xsokqn{òg ob fgozlakja, co{e ob ze`ne isa nag{sil {o {ea nsai{òg ob

~qcdan{~, `g ~o bis i~ {eap kab`ga, kal`gai{a, os nli~~`bp k`bbasag{ {pxa~ z`{e`g i jsai{as

~onìl nog{au{' [esoqje aine ob {ea~a xsona~~a~, {ea ~qcdan{ `~ coqgkak igk

a~{icl`~eak`{ `~ gimak igk `{ `~ kab`gak'

Csqgo Li{oqs~ {eaosp ob {ea ~nàg{`b`n xsokqn{òg ob fgozlakja `llq~{si{a~ oga

ob {ea~a maneig`~m~' Ea `kag{`bà~ eoz {ea ocdan{ ob ~nàg{`b`n `gyq`sp `~ xsokqnak

{esoqje {ea k`r`~òg igk ~qck`r`~òg ob xep~`nil os ~pmcol`n mi{asìl `g{o k`~nsa{a

ni{ajosà~' Innosk`gj {o Li{oqs %3888, ~nàg{`b`n fgozlakja noma~ go{ bsom

oc~asri{òg~ mika {esoqje bina-{o-bina `g{asin{òg~ z`{e {ea zoslk, cq{ si{eas {esoqje i

k`san{ {sig~li{òg ca{zaag nognsa{a mi{asìl igk ic~{sin{ ~`jg~' Ea ka~ns`ca~ {ea

xsokqn{òg ob fgozlakja i~ i {sinaicla nei`g ob {ea~a {sig~li{òg~, `g ze`ne aine gaz

l`gf `~ jsoqgkak `g {ea ic~{sin{òg ob i nognsa{a alamag{ {ei{ `~ `{~alb i xsòs ic~{sin{òg

%`c`k4 20-:8' Bos auimxla, ksqj q~as~ noqlk ca k`~{`gjq`~eak cp yqig{`{i{`ra k`bbasagna~,

~qne i~ ija' [eap noqlk {eag ca ixxsoxsì{alp k`r`kak `g{o ic~{sin{ jsoqx~ ~qne i~

poqgj @KQ~ igk olk @KQ~, ze`ne isa k`~{`gjq`~eak i~ {zo aunlq~`ra {pxa~ caniq~a

{ea nognsa{a k`bbasagna~ ca{zaag {eam isa xasna`rak i~ ~omaeoz maig`gjbql' Li{oqs

nill~ {e`~ i momag{ ob ~qc~{`{q{òg, {ea rasp `g~{ig{ zeag {ea bq{qsa ~`jg `~ ic~{sin{ak

bsom {ea Vnognsa{a], %`c`k4 ;0' [esoqje {e`~ ~qc~{`{q{òg, `g ze`ne k`~{`gn{ ocdan{~ isa

nog~{sqn{ak {esoqje ~pmcol`n k`r`~òg~, i ~p~{am ob fgozlakja `~ xsokqnak'

[e`~ xsona~~ ob xsokqn`gj fgozlakja {esoqje k`r`~òg igk ic~{sin{òg `~ ~`m`lis

{o ~onìl lical`gj, {eoqje {easa isa ~oma go{azos{ep k`bbasagna~' Nog{sisp {o {ea

maneig`~m ka~ns`cak cp Li{oqs, {ea in{ ob lical`gj koa~ go{ gana~~is`lp bosna {ea

sanojg`{òg ob `{~ xsona~~a~ ob xsokqn{òg, os {ea xis{`nqlis zip~ `g ze`ne {ei{

fgozlakja `~ ~`{qi{ak oq{~`ka ob {ea ocdan{' [ea iq{eos~ ob ~onìl lical~ isa go{, `g {e`~

zip, innoqg{icla %Eissizip4 9050' Lical`gj koa~, eozaras, {ifa i~ `{~ bonq~ {ea


22/56

92

`g{asin{òg ca{zaag {ea ocdan{ ob i k`~noqs~a igk `{~ `mmakì{a ~qssoqgk`gj~, si{eas {eig

{ea ocdan{ `{~alb' @{ `~ {ea ma{eok cp ze`ne ig ocdan{ `~ coqgkak igk gimak cp a`{eas

{eo~a og {ea oq{~`ka os, `g {ea ni~a ob ig ijag{`ra ~qcdan{, cp {eo~a z`{e`g i~ zall, aine

xsokqn`gj igk saxsokqn`gj fgozlakja igk i~~onì{òg~ cp ze`ne {ea ocdan{ `~ bqs{eas

kab`gak'

Asr`gj Jobbmig igk Eozisk Canfas eira co{e `llq~{si{ak {ea ic~{sin{ igk

xis{`n`xi{osp os`j`g~ ob ~onìl lical`gj' Canfas~ zosf ei~ auxlosak {ea gi{qsa ob ~onìl

karìgna, igk {ea lical`gj ob `gk`r`kqil~ igk caeiròs~ i~ ~qne' Ea go{a~ {ei{ i karìg{

in{ `~ go{ kab`gak i~ ~qne ~`mxlp caniq~a `{ ròli{a~ sqla~ os gosm~' Si{eas, {ea

ixxl`ni{òg ob ~qne i lical `~ ka{asm`gak cp eoz o{eas~ sa~xogk {o {ea caeiròs `g

yqa~{òg %90:> V902>]4 99' @g {ea ni~a ob ig `gk`r`kqil, i xas~og nig oglp ca i karìg{

`g~obis i~ o{eas~ eira ~qnna~~bqllp ixxlàk {e`~ lical %`c`k4 0' Ikk`{ògillp, Jobbmig~

zosf nognasg`gj ~{`jmi, igo{eas nog~{sqn{ bos auxli`g`gj {ea i{{inemag{ ob gaji{`ra

lical~ {o ~onìl in{os~, ei~ e`jel`je{ak {ea innax{igna ob {ea lical i~ fap {o oga~

~{`jmi{`ti{òg %9008 V902>]4 90' @g co{e ni~a~, ~onìl lical~ isa go{ gana~~is`lp kas`rak

bsom nognsa{a in{òg~ os neisin{as`~{`n~' @g~{aik, {eap au`~{ ~`mxlp caniq~a mosa

xozasbql in{os~ eira illozak {eam {o au`~{' Go{`gj {ea sali{òg~e`x ca{zaag ~qnna~~bql

lical`gj in{~ igk sali{ògil xozas %i~ ~aag `g Boqniql{~ nognax{qil`ti{òg ob {ea ~qcdan{

igk xozas, Canfas oc~asra~ {ei{ k`bbasagna~ `g {ea ic`l`{p {o mifa sqla~ igk ixxlp {eam

{o o{eas xaoxla isa a~~ag{ìllp xozas k`bbasag{ìl~, %90:> V902>]4 9:' Lical`gj, {eag,

sayq`sa~ nas{i`g ~onìl in{os~ {o b`s~{ calàra {ei{ i lical `~ ixxsoxsì{alp ixxlàk igk {eag

{o mi`g{i`g {ea ic`l`{p {o agbosna {ei{ calàb `g o{eas~'

B`gillp, Jaosja ^`mmal~ nognax{ ob {ea ~ansa{ `llqm`gi{a~ zip~ `g ze`ne

lical`gj in{~ nig ca {àk {o aine o{eas' Innosk`gj {o ^`mmal, {ea xo~~a~~òg ob i ~ansa{

ealx~ kab`ga i ~onìl jsoqx bsom z`{e`g i~ zall i~ z`{eoq{, i~ ~ansanp amxei~`ta~ co{e

{ea aunlq~òg ob oq{~`kas~ igk {ea qg`yqa xo~~a~~òg ob {ei{ ~ansanp imogj {eo~a zeo


23/56

9:

calogj %90184 >>3' [ea xsodan{òg ob {ea fgozlakja ob i ~ansa{ i~ i k`~{`gjq`~e`gj

neisin{as`~{`n `~ zei{ ^`mmal nill~, ikosgmag{, ig in{ ob lical`gj, `g ze`ne xas~og~ isa

misfak i~ k`~{`gn{ {pxa~ caniq~a {eap xo~~a~~ ~ansa{ fgozlakja {ei{ o{eas~ ko go{ %`c`k4

>>0' [eo~a ~o misfak isa {eag nog~`kasak mamcas~ ob i ~ansa{ ~onà{p, zeo~a ~ansa{

~qssoqgk~ `{ l`fa i coqgkisp, igk kab`ga~ `{ i~ i ~axisi{a ag{`{p, i ~onìl jsoqx

nomxo~ak ~olalp ob `gk`r`kqil~ zeo xo~~a~~ {e`~ yqil`{i{`ra k`bbasagna %`c`k4 >23' Ze`la

`{ `~ nlais {ei{ ikosgmag{, i~ ^`mmal ka~ns`ca~ `{, ealx~ kab`ga igk nog{i`g {ea jsoqx `g

yqa~{òg, fgozlakja igk lical~ ixxlàk {o mamcas~ ob {ea ~ansa{ ~onà{p nig claak `g{o

{ea ~onìl qgkas~{igk`gj ob {ea ~ansa{ `{~alb, igk r`na ras~i, sarail`gj {ea ~oqsna~ ob

k`bbasag{ì{òg igk kab`g`{òg bos ~qne jsoqx {o ca xo{ag{ìllp nomxlau'

[ea ~eaas csaik{e ob xo~~`cla i~~onì{òg~ nig mifa qg{igjl`gj {ea maneig`~m~

{ei{ xsokqna i xis{`nqlis ~qcdan{ i nomxl`ni{ak, cqskag~oma xsona~~, ka~x`{a {ea bin{

{ei{ {ea ~{sqn{qsa ob xozas sali{òg~ {ei{ ~`{qi{a {eam nig ca i~ ~`mxla i~ i ~`gjla xi`s ob

in{os~' Ikk`{ògillp, go{ ill ob {ea~a maneig`~m~ sali{ak {o {ea xsokqn{òg ob ~qcdan{~ isa

nog~`~{ag{lp {sinaicla, mif`gj `{ gaislp, `b go{ ag{`salp, `mxo~~`cla {o innoqg{ bos {ea

xsa~agna ob ill i~~onì{ak ~onìl bosm~' [e`~ koa~ go{, eozaras, sagkas ig `gra~{`ji{òg

`g{o {ea ~qcdan{`r`{à~ xsokqnak cp ig osjig`ti{òg l`fa L`je{eoq~a moo{' Si{eas, {e`~

osjig`ti{òg~ ~`mql{igaoq~ xo~`{òg`gj z`{e`g co{e {ea jlocil`tak bàlk ob eism-

sakqn{òg k`~noqs~a~ igk {ea qg`yqa ~onòxol`{`nil agr`sogmag{ ob xo~{-ôrà{ Qfsi`ga

illoz~ bos i q~abql nog{au{qil`ti{òg ob {ea~a xsona~~a~, ze`ne nig ealx {o `llqm`gi{a {ea

sali{òg~e`x ca{zaag L`je{eoq~a~ eism sakqn{òg abbos{~ igk {ea ~onìl nog{sol~

agbosnak qxog {eo~a zeo noma ~aaf`gj {ea`s ~asr`na~' Cp agjij`gj {ea {eaosa{`nil

bsimazosf bos {ea xsokqn{òg igk xo~`{òg`gj ob ~qcdan{~ xsa~ag{ak easa, {ea `grag{òg

ob i kab`g`{`ra s`~f-jsoqx, ob i xis{`nqlis ~xanà~ ob xas~og, {ei{ nog~{`{q{a~ i ksqj q~`gj

nlàg{, nig ca {sinak {esoqje {ea ~pmcol`n igk xsokqn{`ra in{òg~ amcakkak `g ijagnp

xsonakqsa~ igk lonil xasnax{òg~ ob s`~f igk sa~xog~`c`l`{p'


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Ma{eok~

Bàlkzosf bos {e`~ ~{qkp zi~ nomxla{ak `g Oka~~i, Qfsi`ga kqs`gj {ea mog{e ob

Ixs`l, 388:' L`je{eoq~a `~ oga ob cq{ i baz osjig`ti{òg~ `g Oka~~i {ei{ ~aaf @KQ

nlàg{ala bos ~ps`gja k`~{s`cq{òg igk eail{e akqni{òg qgkas {ea ciggas ob eism

sakqn{òg' @{ zi~ bos {e`~ sai~og {ei{ @ neo~a L`je{eoq~a i~ {ea ~qcdan{ bos mp sa~aisne'

L`je{eoq~a `~ il~o ga{zosfak {o o{eas gi{ògil eism sakqn{òg jsoqx~, ~qne i~ {ea

QESI igk {ea I@K^ Illìgna, ze`ne ealx~ ~qxxos{ {ea xsojsim b`gignìllp' L`je{eoq~a

sana`ra~ i lisja imoqg{ ob bqgk`gj bsom `g{asgi{ògil eism sakqn{òg ijagnà~ i~ zall,

`gnlqk`gj {ea Oxag ônà{p @g~{`{q{a'

Cabosa @ b`s~{ iss`rak `g Oka~~i, @ eik ilsaikp a~{icl`~eak {à~ z`{e {e`~ ijagnp' @

zi~ `g nog{in{ z`{e Misfo, i laik xsodan{ noosk`gi{os i{ L`je{eoq~a, kqs`gj {ea xsaròq~

z`g{as' Oras ami`l, za k`~nq~~ak i xo~~`cla nollicosi{`ra jsig{ obbasak {esoqje {ea Oxag

ônà{p @g~{`{q{a' I{ {e`~ {`ma, @ zi~ il~o agsollak i{ {ea Nag{sil Aqsoxaig Qg`ras~`{p, ig

`g~{`{q{òg b`gignìllp {àk {o, igk eair`lp i~~onì{ak z`{e, {ea Oxag ônà{p @g~{`{q{a' Cp

{ea {`ma @ nima {o Oka~~i `g Ixs`l, @ zi~ `ga~nixiclp i~~onì{ak z`{e {e`~ `g~{`{q{a, oga

{ei{ xsor`ka~ L`je{eoq~a i ~`jg`b`nig{ imoqg{ ob bqgk`gj'

Mp xo~`{òg i~ i sa~aisneas z`{e {à~ {o i midos cagabin{os ksimi{`nillp il{asak

{ea zip `g ze`ne @ zi~ ixxsoineak igk ikksa~~ak cp {ea xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb' Il{eoqje @

eira go bosmil {à~ z`{e {ea osjig`ti{òg, mp ~{sogj i~~onì{òg z`{e {e`~ O^@ illozak

ma {o ji`g inna~~ {o {ea bqll ~xan{sqm ob L`je{eoq~a~ xsojsimm`gj igk ~{ibb rasp

yq`nflp' Zeag Misfo b`s~{ `g{sokqnak ma {o ~arasil mamcas~ ob {ea obb`na ~{ibb, ea

ka~ns`cak ma i~ i ~{qkag{ bsom NAQ zeo zoqlk ca nogkqn{`gj sa~aisne z`{e {ea`s

nlàg{~, igk i jqa~{ zeo noqlk noqg{ og {ea i~~`~{igna ob ijagnp ~{ibb' [ei{ ~ima kip,

Misfo ksora ma {o {ea nommqg`{p nag{as, eoma {o L`je{eoq~a~ mi`g gaakla auneigja,


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loni{ak og {ea ~oq{e ~`ka ob {ea n`{p nag{as' Ea xsa~ag{ak ma {o {ea xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb

xsa~ag{ {easa z`{e {ea ~ima jsigkò~a `g{sokqn{òg, {all`gj {eam {ei{ @ zi~ illozak {o jo

zeasaras @ zig{ak {o jo igk ~xaif {o zeomaras @ z`~eak {o ~xaif' ^{ibb igk oq{saine

zosfas~, il`fa, zasa izisa ob mp nom`gj r`~`{' ôma eik arag ig{`n`xi{ak mp iss`ril, igk

i~fak aijaslp {o ~eoz ma k`bbasag{ xis{~ ob {ea`s zosf, {o maa{ nlàg{~ z`{e zeom {eap

zasa nlo~a, igk {o r`~`{ xis{`nqlis ~`{a~ zeasa {eap noqlk j`ra {ea`s ozg xas~ogil {oqs' @,

`g bin{, agkak qx `g migp `g{asa~{`gj ~`{qi{òg~ caniq~a @ zi~ ~xan`b`nillp `gr`{ak `g{o

{eam cp {ea ~{ibb'

Ikk`{ògillp, @ zi~ `gbosmak mql{`xla {`ma~ cp ijagnp ~{ibb {ei{ {eap sana`ra go

mogap bsom {ea Qfsi`gìg jorasgmag{, ze`ne mifa~ {ea au{si abbos{ {o j`ra i jook

`mxsa~~òg {o ~oqsna~ ob `g{asgi{ògil bqgk`gj e`jelp xsob`{icla' [ea ~{ibb fgoz~ eoz {o

xsa~ag{ {eam~alra~ igk {ea`s osjig`ti{òg {o cagabin{os~ i~ ~qnna~~bql os bqgn{ògil `g

xis{`nqlis zip~, igk kqs`gj mp bosmil `g{asràz~, @ ob{ag bal{ l`fa @ zi~ ca`gj j`rag {ea

s`je{ ig~zas~' Yqa~{òg~ icoq{ L`je{eoq~a xsojsimm`gj zasa ig~zasak rasp yq`nflp

igk nlaislp, `g {asm~ {ei{ nig ca ai~`lp yqig{`bàk igk {sig~li{ak `g{o abban{`ra oxasi{òg~

bos ig qgbim`lìs iqkàgna' Caniq~a bqgk`gj koa~ ob{ag e`gja og {e`~ ~os{ ob ijagnp

xsa~ag{i{òg, eir`gj {ea~a saikp-mika ~xaanea~ isa xis{ ob zei{ mifa~ {eam jook i{

{ea`s doc'

@{ zi~ ixxisag{, eozaras, zeag @ zi~ icla {o laira {e`~ ~xina ob saikp-mika

ig~zas~ igk cajig `gyq`s`gj icoq{ alamag{~ ob {ea`s zosf {ei{ isa go{ xis{ ob {ea

~xaane' [e`~ zi~ xis{`nqlislp ar`kag{ zeag @ xo~ak xas~ogil yqa~{òg~ icoq{ {ea`s

sali{òg~e`x~ z`{e nlàg{~, nas{i`g bogk os k`bb`nql{ mamosà~ {eap eira ob {ea`s zosf i{

L`je{eoq~a, os {ea`s ozg auxasàgna~ z`{e igk ox`gòg~ ob ksqj q~a, xso~{`{q{òg, igk

E@R/I@K^' [eap zoqlk ea~`{i{a igk onni~ògillp ikm`{ {ei{ `{ zi~ k`bb`nql{ {o saillp

bosmqli{a ig~zas~ {o ~qne yqa~{òg~, caniq~a go oga aras i~f~ {eam ~qne {e`gj~' Kqs`gj

ig `g{asràz z`{e ^ra{ligi, i poqgj ~onìl zosfas i{ L`je{eoq~a, @ i~fak eas `b {easa zasa


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igp `g~{igna~ ob bi`lqsa `g {ea ijagnp--z`{e i xis{`nqlislp qgsa~xog~`ra nlàg{ os `g i

xo{ag{ìllp k`bb`nql{ xsojsim--{ei{ ~ea noqlk ~eisa z`{e ma' êa xiq~ak, igk liqjeak z`{e

i c`j ~m`la inso~~ eas bina' Zall, poq fgoz, ~ea ~i`k, Za {sp go{ {o nill igp oga {e`gj

i bi`lqsa, caniq~a za ilzip~ {sp {o ~{ip ~o ox{`m`~{`n isoqgk easa'

Ze`la nomxla{`gj mp bàlkzosf `g Qfsi`ga, @ ~eikozak L`je{eoq~a ~{ibb igk

oq{saine zosfas~ `g {ea`s ki`lp zosf igk xas~ogil soq{`ga~' Kqs`gj {ei{ {`ma, @ oc~asrak

{ea jimq{ ob L`je{eoq~a xsojsim~ igk ijagnp ~xina~, `gnlqk`gj {ea nag{sil sa~oqsna

nag{as, ~onìl zosf obb`na~, xs`ri{a nog~ql{i{òg isai~, {ea nommqg`{p nag{as, ~{i{ògisp

igk moc`la gaakla auneigja ~`{a~, {ea ~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp nl`g`n, {ea Oka~~i ocli~{

{qcasnqlo~`~ eo~x`{il, igk risòq~ xisf~, illap~ igk xqcl`n ~xina~ bsayqag{ak cp oq{saine

zosfas~ zeo ~aaf nlàg{~ og boo{ kqs`gj {ea kip' [ea~a oc~asri{òg~, ze`ne lak ma

{esoqje ~arasil zaaf~ ob bqll ~e`b{~ i{ L`je{eoq~a, i~ zall i~ ~am`-~{sqn{qsak `g{asràz~

z`{e mamcas~ ob {ea ijagnp~ xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb, kom`gi{ak mp nollan{òg ob {ea

a{egojsixe`n ki{i xsa~ag{ak easa' Mp ni~qil `g{asin{òg~ z`{e ~{ibb igk nlàg{~ il`fa, zasa

`g Agjl`~e, Qfsi`gìg, igk Sq~~ìg' @g{asràz~ zasa ealk `g Agjl`~e igk Qfsi`gìg

ob{ag i mù{qsa ob co{e;'

[ea `g{asràz~ zasa nogkqn{ak z`{e xsodan{ laikas~, xep~`nìg~, igk ~onìl

zosfas~, ill ob zeom zosf k`san{lp z`{e nlàg{~ i~ zall i~ oras~aa jagasil oxasi{òg~

z`{e`g {ea`s xis{`nqlis isai i{ L`je{eoq~a' [e`~ jira ma ig oxxos{qg`{p {o ko ~arasil

{e`gj~' B`s~{, {ea bosmil`{p ob {ea ~`{qi{òg, {ea xsa~agna ob {ixa sanoskas~ igk {ea

ixxo`g{mag{~ mika {o eolk {ea `g{asràz, ealxak cq`lk ig obb`nìl agr`sogmag{ zeasa @

noqlk i~f igp yqa~{òg icoq{ {ea ijagnp igk kal`casi{alp agnoqsija {eam {o j`ra ma

{ea`s ras~òg ob {ea ~xaane icoq{ zei{ {eap ko' ânogk, `{ ibboskak ma {`ma {o ~`{ kozg

z`{e {ea~a ~{ibb, aine ob zeom zasa ilzip~ cq~p, cqmx`gj bsom oga obb`na {o {ea gau{' @

noqlk jo ig ag{`sa kip z`{eoq{ ~aa`gj {eam' ^neakql`gj ~am`-~{sqn{qsak `g{asràz~ jira

;Ill {sig~li{òg~ `g{o Agjl`~e isa mp ozg'


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q~ {ea oxxos{qg`{p {o kalra mosa kaaxlp `g{o xis{`nqlis `~~qa~, auxlos`gj mosa ob {ea`s

xas~ogil auxasàgna~ zosf`gj i{ L`je{eoq~a'

[ea sa~{ ob mp {`ma zi~ ~xag{ z`{e ~{ibb kqs`gj {ea`s gosmil zosf`gj kip~, ca`gj

xsa~ag{ {esoqjeoq{ {ea ijagnp~ sajqlis in{`r`{à~ i~ ig agjijak oc~asras' [e`~ alamag{

zi~ nsqnìl {o mp sa~aisne, i~ @ zi~ icla {o oc~asra igk ca xis{ ob `g{asin{òg~ ca{zaag

nlàg{~ igk ~{ibb, laisg eoz oq{saine zosfas~ k`k {ea`s doc~, igk ~aa {ea xsonakqsa~ bos

sanosk~ igk nlàg{ agsollmag{ i~ {eap zasa nissàk oq{' [ea bsq`{ sagkasak cp {ea~a

abbos{~ zi~ i ~{sogj bim`lìs`{p z`{e {ea xsiu`~ ob {e`~ ijagnp{ea zip~, co{e m`gq{a igk

oras{, `g ze`ne {ea sqla~ zasa csofag, nosgas~ zasa nq{, igk nlaislp xsa~ns`cak

xsonakqsa~ zasa saxlinak z`{e risì{òg~ kaamak {o ca mosa b`{{`gj `g {ea `mmakì{a' @{

`~ `g {ea~a ki`lp xsin{`na~ {ei{ {ea lonil neisin{as ob L`je{eoq~a noma~ oq{ bsom

qgkasgai{e {ea noras ob za~{asg eism sakqn{òg `kail~`kail~ {ei{ j`ra {ea s`je{

ig~zas~ icoq{ zei{ {ea ijagnp koa~' @g {ea yqok`{ìg, xis{`nqlis`{à~ canoma ixxisag{,

igk {ea xozas sali{òg~, ze`ne kab`ga in{os~ iji`g~{ oga igo{eas, noma `g{o {ea l`je{'


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Igilp~`~ igk K`~nq~~òg

Ko Poq êoo{ Ksqj~?@R Ksqj Q~a i~ i ôn ìl Lical[easa isa ~o migp koj~ easa, @ zogkas oq{ loqk, i~ i ~mill xinf {so{ xi~{ ma

`g{o {ea n`{p xisf' Igk {eap isa ill ~o eail{ep-loof`gj'

@eos loof~ i{ ma `gyq`~`{`ralp, igk la{~ i ksij ob e`~ n`jisa{{a jo z`{e i logj, ~loz

aueila' Pa~, {ea~a isa ~{saa{ koj~' Poq ko go{ eira {eam `g Imas`ni?

Za ko' Za eira xlag{p' Cq{ {ea n`{p nollan{~ {eam' ôma{`ma~ {eap {sp {o b`gk

eoma~ bos {eam, cq{ mo~{lp {eapsa f`llak'

Ea bqssoz~ e`~ apacsoz~ `g i k`~{`gn{`ralp nogka~nagk`gj zip' @g Oka~~i, ea

~ip~, za nisa bos oqs ig`mil~'

@eos `~ i poqgj kon{os zeo zosf~ {zo kip~ i zaaf z`{e L`je{eoq~a' @g {ea

mosg`gj~, ea innomxigà~ Fi{pi, ig oq{saine zosfas, og {ea cs`je{, gaog-nolosak cq~,

ze`ne ~asra~ i~ {ea ijagnp~ moc`la gaakla auneigja' @eos ~oqje{ oq{ zosf i{

L`je{eoq~a bos ~arasil sai~og~, go{ {ea lai~{ ob ze`ne `~ {ea gaak {o aisg zei{ ea

calàra~ `~ ig ikayqi{a xipneanf' %Kon{os~ `g Imas`ni, {eap mifa c`j mogap, pa~? ea

ogna i~fak ma' Easa, za mifa l`{{la mogap' Ea il~o nli`m~ {o eira i ~{sogj, xas~ogil

ks`ra {o zosf z`{e `mxoras`~eak xi{àg{~ zeo linf inna~~ {o yqil`{p mak`nil nisa, igk, i~

ig iga~{ea~òloj`~{, baal~ {ei{ e`~ {si`g`gj ei~ xsaxisak e`m bos ealx`gj gisno{`n~ q~as~

xis{`nqlislp zall'

I~ i zosf`gj xi`s, Fi{pi igk @eos mifa i jook mokal ob L`je{eoq~a~ lisjas

~onìl ~{sqn{qsa' Ze`la nimisikasà imogj ~{ibb `~ e`je, {easa `~ i k`~{`gn{ k`r`ka ca{zaag

{ea zosf, sola~, igk sa~xog~`c`l`{à~ i~~`jgak {o ~{saa{ oq{saine zosfas~ igk {eo~a ob {ea

xsoba~~ògil os obb`na ~{ibb, mo~{ ob zeom, `b go{ mak`nil xsoba~~ògil~ l`fa @eos, isa

{si`gak `g ~onìl ~asr`na os xqcl`n eail{e, igk zeo ob{ag nissp nas{`b`ni{òg~ bos


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noqg~al`gj os ~onìl zosf' Bos {ea mo~{ xis{, oglp Fi{pi `g{asin{~ z`{e nlàg{~1 zeag {ea

cq~ `~ oq{ og soq{a' @eos `~ {easa {o xsor`ka mak`nil nog~ql{i{òg {o nlàg{~ ~eoqlk {eap

i~f bos `{, igk `~ rasp xi{àg{ igk ealxbql zeag ixxsoineak, cq{ o{easz`~a ~xagk~ {ea

midos`{p ob e`~ {`ma l`gjas`gj oq{ {ea cinfkoos ob {ea cq~ igk ~mof`gj' Zeag @ do`g e`m

`g nogras~i{òg, ea ~{ox~ bsayqag{lp {o {all ma icoq{ {ea k`bbasag{ nlàg{~ {ei{ za ~aa'

[e`~ zomig `~ I@K^ xo~`{`ra, ea ~ip~, xo`g{`gj {o i zomig zeo ei~ noma qx

{o {ea cq~ z`{e eas copbsàgk' [e`~ gisnomig2, ea eira l`na `g e`~ eaik' Ea noma~ bos

mak`n`ga' Igk ea, @eos ~ip~, gokk`gj {o i balloz ~`{{`gj `g {ea bsog{ igk xo`g{`gj {o e`~

{esoi{, ea `~ rasp ks`gf V~`n] {okip'

Fi{pi ~xagk~ mqne la~~ {`ma gissi{`gj eas zosf {o ma' êa jagasillp ~{ip~ cq~p

{ilf`gj z`{e nlàg{~' Ze`la i baz gaz bina~ isa ~aag bsom {`ma {o {`ma, {ea ri~{ midos`{p

ob {ea xaoxla zeo ixxsoine {e`~ alan{s`n jsaag cq~ bos ~asr`na~ igk ~qxxlà~ isa logj-

{`ma nlàg{~' [ea {sq~{ {ei{ ei~ caag cq`l{ ca{zaag {eam igk Fi{pi `~ rasp ~{sogj, igk go

mi{{as zeo al~a `~ xsa~ag{o{eas nlàg{~, gaz kon{os~, os ig qgfgozg bina{easa `~

ilzip~ i ~ag~a ob ~anqs`{p bal{ `g Fi{pi~ xsa~agna' Migp ob {ea nlàg{~, xis{`nqlislp {ea

~{is{l`gjlp baz zomag zeo noma og coisk bsom {`ma {o {`ma, jsaa{ eas z`{e jsai{

ibban{òg, igk {ea nilm ~m`la ilzip~ og eas bina sarail~ {ea ~i{`~bin{òg ~ea b`gk~ `g zei{

~ea koa~'

[okip, ze`la ~eis`gj i ~mofa igk zi{ne`gj i sij-{ij cigk ob ~{saa{ koj~ i~ {eap

zi`{ xi{àg{lp bos ~nsix~ oq{~`ka i cq{neas ~eox, @eos igk @ isa oq{~`ka {ea cq~, auxan{`gj

Fi{pi~ iss`ril' êa ei~ sanag{lp amasjak, l`{ n`jisa{{a `g eigk, bsom {ea cqxsagosxe`ga

1Migpk`bbasag{ {asm~ isa iri`licla bos sabass`gj {o xas~og~ zeo noma {o L`je{eoq~a bosigp risà{p ob ~asr`na~ %ksqj q~as~, @KQ~, nlàg{~, xi{àg{~, ikk`n{~ aine ob ze`ne cs`gj~xis{`nqlis noggo{i{òg~ {o {ea kab`g`{òg ob {e`~ jsoqx ob `gk`r`kqil~' @g {e`~ nog{au{, @eira neo~ag {o q~a {ea zosk nlàg{ V] caniq~a `{ `~ {ea {aneg`nil {asm q~ak cpijagnp ~{ibb zeag sabass`gj {o i xas~og sana`r`gj L`je{eoq~a~ ~asr`na~'2Gisnomig %) `~ {ea zosk nommoglp q~ak {o sabas {o oxì{a ikk`n{~ `g co{e

Sq~~ìg igk Qfsi`gìg' @{ `~ kas`rak bsom {ea {asm *gisnomigì* %), i{aneg`nil {asm bos gisno{`n~ ikk`n{òg'


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k`~xag~isp, igk ei~ ~{oxxak {o cqp i nqx ob `g~{ig{ nobbaa bsom i fò~f og {ea ~{saa{

nosgas' Ib{as ji{eas`gj aislp `g {ea mosg`gj i{ L`je{eoq~a~ nommqg`{p nag{as {o sab`ll

{ea`s ~qxxlà~ bos {ea kip, {eap ilzip~ ks`ra {o {e`~ nosgas i~ {ea b`s~{ oskas ob cq~`ga~~'

Easa, og {ea gos{e ~`ka ob {ozg, oxxo~`{a oga ob {ea cq~à~{ nommasnìl nag{as~ `g {ea

n`{p~ cq~{l`gj Olk [ozg k`~{s`n{, ~`{~ Oka~~i~ oglp ~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp nl`g`n, zeasa

Fi{pi joa~ arasp kip {o {ifa eas xsa~ns`cak ko~a ob cqxsagosxe`ga' Ill ob {ea oq{saine

zosfas~ i{ L`je{eoq~a isa bosmas q~as~, migp ob zeo isa il~o xi{àg{~ `g {e`~

~qc~{`{q{òg {easixp xsojsim' Ill ob {eam, z`{e {ea ~`gjla aunax{òg ob Fi{pi, isa mag'

Zeag i~fak icoq{ {ea sai~og bos aunlq~`ralp e`s`gj bosmas q~as~ i~ oq{saine

zosfas~, {ea xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb i{ L`je{eoq~a ig~zas~ `g {ea {asm~ ob eism sakqn{òg

~{si{ajp' Co{e L`je{eoq~a igk {ea lisjas QESI igk I@K^ Illìgna ga{zosf~, zeo il~o

agkos~a {e`~ xsin{`na, sabas {o ~{qkà~, ze`ne eira ~eozg {ei{ @KQ~ isa ca~{ saineak cp

{eo~a zeo zasa ogna @KQ~ {eam~alra~, {eq~ neisin{as`t`gj {e`~ kan`~òg i mi{{as ob

xsin{`nil`{p si{eas {eig ~oma ijagnp-~xan`b`n xasnax{òg os ~{si{ajp' Zeag i~fak {o

auxli`g zep {e`~ `~ {ea ni~a, ~{ibb samisf~ ob{ag {qsg {o {ea oq{zisk neisin{as`~{`n~ ob

{ea`s bosmas nlàg{~' @KQ~ igk oq{saine zosfas~ isa bim`lìs z`{e {ea ~ima xlina~, fgoz

{ea ~ima kailas~ igk cqpas~, igk ~eisa nommog ~pmxi{eà~, cq{, arag mosa `mxos{ig{lp,

{eaploof {ea ~ima' @eos auxli`gak {o ma4

@b @ zig{ {o jo oq{saine zosfas V~`n], @ im go{ jook caniq~a @ go{ q~aksqj' Fi{pi igk igo{eas oq{saine zosfas nig' [eap{eap ~xaif z`{e

gisnomig~' Igk za V`gk`ni{`gj {ea {zo ob q~] niggo{ ko {e`~ zosf, caniq~a@ im go{ gisnomig' @b @ noma {o gisnomigigk ~ip, *Noma z`{e ma @ j`rapoq gaakla~, nogkom~,* {eap go{ jo' [eap {e`gf @ zosf bos xol`na V~i`k i~ea {qj~ og {ea nollis ob e`~ ka~`jgas dinfa{], go{ oqs osjig`ti{òg' IgkFi{pi, oq{saine zosfas~, {eap nig ~zip VQfs4] gisnomig~'

[eap fgoz Fi{pi, {ea~a gisnomig~, igk {ei{ {eap isa go{ làk {o'

Oq{saine zosfas~ i{ L`je{eoq~a ~eisa nommog xas~ogil e`~{osà~ z`{e nlàg{~,

cq{, i~ @eos~ auxligi{òg `gk`ni{a~, {eap isa il~o nog~`kasak {o xo~~a~~ nas{i`g `mmq{icla

neisin{as`~{`n~, ze`ne isa `g~axisicla bsom {ei{ ~eisak e`~{osp' @{ `~ {sqa {ei{ migp


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oq{saine zosfas~ nissp misfas~ ob ksqj q~a qxog {ea`s xep~`nil cokà~' ^mill eoma-

mika {i{{oo~ noras {ea xilm~ igk b`gjas~ ob migp' M`lk akami igk ~zollag eigk~ bsom

~nissak ra`g~ isa il~o nommog imogj {eam, igk mo~{, {eoqje goz `g sali{`ralp jook

eail{e, nissp l`ga~ og {ea`s bina~ igk {`sak auxsa~~òg~ qgkas {ea`s ~m`la~, ze`ne ca{sip

{ea eisk~e`x~ ob ikk`n{òg {ei{ {ea`s cokà~ ogna ~qbbasak' Ixis{ bsom {ea~a xep~`nil

neisin{as`~{`n~, {eoqje, oq{saine zosfas~ isa ~aag i~ xo~~a~~os~ ob i nas{i`g fgozlakja

igk i nas{i`g m`gk~a{, ze`ne {ea obb`na ~{ibb ko go{ ~eisai k`bbasagna garas auxl`n`{lp

~{i{ak {o ma %gos, @ ~q~xan{, yq`{a nlaislp nognax{qil`tak, cq{ ze`ne bqllp k`r`ka~ {ea

~{ibb `g{o {zo {pxa~' @g ^`mmal~ zosk~ %9018, {e`~ `~ {ea`s ~ansa{, ze`ne coqgk~ {eam

igk misf~ {eam i~ i ~axisi{a ~onìl jsoqx'

[e`~ k`neo{omp `~ arag mosa ixxisag{ `g {ea gajo{ì{òg ob ~xina i{

L`je{eoq~a~ mi`g xsojsimm`gj nag{as' [e`~ ~`ka-~{saa{, ci~amag{ xsoxas{p sami`g~ i

sali{`ralp yqà{ xlina {esoqjeoq{ mo~{ ob {ea kip, cq{ eo~{~ i cq~p, cqtt`gj nsozk `g {ea

ib{asgoog~, i~ oq{saine ~{ibb noma~ `g ca{zaag ~e`b{~ {o eigk `g xixaszosf igk sa~{onf

{ea`s ~i{neal~ z`{e mi{asìl~ bos eigkoq{' [ea ~{i{ògisp gaakla auneigja, ze`ne

k`~{s`cq{a~ ill {ea `gdan{òg mi{asìl~ bos {ea xsojsim, `~ ~`{qi{ak s`je{ i{ {ea bsog{

ag{signa' [esaa zomag, Iggi, Of~igi, igk @riggi, ~{ip cae`gk {ea noqg{as, mog`{os`gj

xixaszosf igk k`~{s`cq{`gj ~qxxlà~ {o oq{saine ~{ibb igk zilf-`g nlàg{~ il`fa' [ea~a

{esaa zomag, aine ob {eam nollaja akqni{ak z`{e i{ lai~{ ~oma e`~{osp `g ~onìl zosf,

nomxla{a {ea ~ima {i~f~ arasp kip, noqg{ oq{ {ea ~ima xinfa{~ ob gaakla~, eoras oras

{ea ~ima ki`lp sanosk~, igk ~asra i~ {ea jagasil zalnom`gj nomm`{{aa bos {ea ijagnp'

[eap oxasi{a i ras`{icla bin{osp ob nobbaa igk ~zaa{ {ai, nqx~ ob ze`ne ob{ag ixxais `g

poqs eigk cabosa poq arag sail`ta `{~ caag obbasak' Ze`la {ea~a {esaa zomag in{ z`{e

iq{eos`{p igk i ~ag~a ob ozgas~e`x oras {e`~ noskogak obb isai %ze`ne ~asra~ i~ co{e i

m`g`mil`~{ obb`na igk i jlos`bàk ~qxxlp nlo~a{, xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb noma igk jo bsom {e`~

~xina bsaalp' [eap sajqlislp xi~~ {esoqje {ea koos, jlaig`gj mi{asìl~, q~`gj {ea xeoga,


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igk mif`gj nogras~i{òg z`{e {ea zomag ~{i{ògak {easa' Oq{saine ~{ibb, og {ea o{eas

eigk, ji{eas i{ {ea noqg{as `g jsoqx~' [eap ob{ag eolk l`ralp nogras~i{òg~ z`{e Iggi

igk @riggi, zeo isa q~qillp {ea b`s~{ {o go{`na amx{p eigk~ igk b`ll {eam z`{e nqx~ ob

{ai, cq{ {ea~a `g{asin{òg~ isa ilzip~ nogkqn{ak inso~~ {ea noqg{as' Ze`la {easa `~ go sqla

auxl`n`{lp bosc`kk`gj {eam bsom ag{as`gj {ea auneigja ~xina, {ea oq{saine ~{ibb mamcas~

nog~`~{ag{lp nogkqn{ {eam~alra~ i~ {eoqje {e`~ `~ ig iq{eos`{p {ei{ {eap ko go{ eira'

Xi~{ {ea bsog{ ag{spzip `~ i lisja soom zeasa mag q~qillp ji{eas `g {ea

ib{asgoog' [easa `~ i loz noqne, i baz nei`s~, igk i logj zookag {icla zeasa i

cinfjimmog jima `~ gaislp ilzip~ `g xsojsa~~' Oq{saine ~{ibb igk nlàg{~, il`fa, neos{la

z`{e aine o{eas igk n`snla isoqgk {ea jima, zi`{`gj {o ~aa zeo z`ll {ifa og {ea z`ggas'

Cae`gk {e`~ ~xina~ là~ {ea mi`g nommqg`{p soom' I logj, r`gpl noqne sqg~ ilogj {ea

`g{asòs zill, bin`gj i bl`m~p {icla {ei{ faax~ ig alan{s`n fa{{la, xli~{`n nqx~, eqgksak~ ob

{ai cij~, igk i lisja {`g ob `g~{ig{ nobbaa i{ {ea saikp' @g {ea bis nosgas, {easa il~o ~`{~ i

[R, i RNS igk i ~mill, kosm`{osp-~{pla ka~f z`{e i nomxq{as, nlq{{asak z`{e go{a~,

~{`nfas~, igk xeo{ojsixe~' Z`{e {ea aunax{òg ob @spgi, {ea ~{ibb mamcas `g neisja ob

oxasi{`gj {e`~ nommqg`{p nag{as, oglp oq{saine ~{ibb igk nlàg{~ q~a {ea~a {zo soom~'

Xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb mip xi~~ {esoqje, os ~{ox `g {o nei{ z`{e ~omaoga, cq{ {eap nogkqn{

ilmo~{ go cq~`ga~~, ~onìl os o{easz`~a, `g {ea~a {zo ~xina~'

[esoqje {e`~ ~ajsaji{òg ob ~xina, {ea ~onìl k`r`~òg xasna`rak ca{zaag

oq{saine zosfas~ igk xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb `~ gajo{ì{ak igk in{ak oq{ {esoqje ki`lp soq{`ga'

Xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb mi`g{i`g i nas{i`g laral ob iq{eos`{p, i~ {eap isa qg`yqalp xs`r`lajak {o

jo `g{o igp ~xina `g {e`~ ci~amag{ nag{as, zeasai~ oq{saine zosfas~ oxasi{a `g i l`m`{ak

jaojsixep nog~`~{`gj ag{`salp ob ~xina~ ka~`jgak bos nlàg{~ {o onnqxp' Co{e {ea jsoqx`gj

ob nlàg{~ igk oq{saine ~{ibb qgkas {ea eaik`gj ob ksqj q~as~, i~ zall i~ {ea xep~`nil

nog{i`gmag{ ob {e`~ jsoqx `g L`je{eoq~a~ mi`g xsojsim nag{as isa in{òg~ ob ~onìl

lical`gj, i~ ka~ns`cak cp Canfas igk Jobbmig' [ea~a {zo maneig`~m~ baak aine o{eas,


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3:

~`mql{igaoq~lp kab`g`gj igk saxsokqn`gj i ~onìl k`r`~òg, ikk`gj ~{sagj{e {o {ea xozas

k`bbasag{ìl %Canfas4 90:>V902>]4 9:, ze`ne xsor`ka~ xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb {ea ic`l`{p {o

agbosna {e`~ k`r`~òg qxog {eo~a nog{i`gak cp `{'

O{eas ~onìl xsa~ns`x{òg~ isa nlo~alp sali{ak z`{e {e`~ k`r`~òg' Bos `g~{igna,

L`je{eoq~a~ xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb `~ go{ rasp `gnl`gak {o mi`g{i`g nlo~a sali{òg~e`x~ z`{e

nlàg{~' @g bin{, i nas{i`g kajsaa ob xsoba~~ògil ka{inemag{ `~ auxan{ak bsom {eam'

^ra{ligi, {ea poqgj ~onìl zosfas, ka~ns`cak {ea ~`{qi{òg l`fa {e`~4

@g oqs zosf, za kog*{ saillp eira {ea s`je{ {o ca nill`gj {ea nlàg{~, qm, {oca l`fa {ea`s bsàgk %)' @b {easa `~, qm, `b @ im zosf`gj z`{e

~omaoga igk `{ canoma~ nlais {ei{ @ im canom`gj l`fa i bsàgk {o {e`~xas~og, {eag @ nig*{ ca nog~ql{`gj {ei{ xas~og'

[e`~ sajqli{òg xis{ìllp nognail~ {ea ikosgmag{, {ea misf ob ~xan`b`n, ~ansa{ fgozlakja

qxog oq{saine zosfas~ i~ bosmas ksqj q~as~' [e`~ `~, {eoqje, nag{sil {o {ea dq~{`b`ni{òg

ob {ea~a sqla~, `b go{ auxl`n`{lp ~{i{ak z`{e`g {eam' Arag `b ea neigjak e`~ nlo{ea~ igk

{sikak `g e`~ auxag~`ra ~eoa~, @eos noqlk go{ ca ig oq{saine zosfas caniq~a ea linf~ {e`~

rasp alamag{ {ei{ {eap eira cp {ea`s ozg gi{qsa' @{ `~ {e`~ ~ansa{ alamag{ {ei{ illoz~

oq{saine ~{ibb {ea ic`l`{p {o cq`lk nlo~a, xas~ogil sali{òg~e`x~ z`{e nlàg{~, igk `~ ~aag i~

{ea`s fap {o cligfa{ inna~~ imogj @KQ nommqg`{à~ `g Oka~~i, i gana~~isp alamag{ ob

{ea`s ~qnna~~'

[ea~a sali{òg~e`x~ ca{zaag oq{saine ~{ibb igk nlàg{~ isa oxaglp gajo{ì{ak `g

{ea nommqg`{p soom~ i{ L`je{eoq~a, igk `{ `~ `g {ea~a ~xina~ {ei{ {ea nollan{`ra jsoqx`gj

ob ill {ea~a `gk`r`kqil~ `g{o i k`~{`gn{, coqgkak jsoqx ob ksqj q~as~ canoma~ nognsa{a'

Araspoga jsaa{~ aine o{eas z`{e ~m`la~ igk b`sm eigk~eifa~, zea{eas {eap isa~{ibb os

nlàg{' Xeoga gqmcas~ isa ~zixxak, xas~ogil ~{osà~ ~eisak, igk sanag{ gaz~ k`~nq~~ak'

[ea~a nogras~i{òg~ sarail {ea `g{`mi{a fgozlakja igk bim`lìs`{p {ei{ kab`ga {ea~a

bsàgk~e`x~, xo~`{òg`gj {ea~a `gk`r`kqil~ i~ ayqil~ iji`g~{ aine o{eas' Kqa {o {e`~


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jagasil`tak caeiròs, arag @ ob{ag eik k`bb`nql{p ka{asm`g`gj `b ~omaoga zi~ ig oq{saine

zosfas os i nlàg{ cabosa ca`gj xsoxaslp `g{sokqnak'

@{ ~eoqlk ca go{ak {ei{ {ea oraszealm`gj saxsa~ag{i{òg ob mag `g {e`~ jsoqx,

eair`lp dqu{ixo~ak cp {ea nomxo~`{òg ob L`je{eoq~a~ xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb, ze`ne `~ ilmo~{

ag{`salp bamila, nas{i`glp bin`l`{i{a~ {ea k`r`~òg ob {ea~a jsoqx~ ilogj jagkas l`ga~' [e`~

zi~ ixxisag{ a~xanìllp zeag Fi{pi igk @eos nima `g{o {ea nag{as ca{zaag ~e`b{~' Co{e

ob {eam xsabassak {o ca z`{e o{eas~ ob {ea ~ima jagkas, laik`gj Fi{pi {o l`gjas cp {ea

noqg{as ob {ea gaakla auneigja igk @eos {o do`g {ea mag cp {ea cinfjimmog coisk'

Zei{ `~ ~`jg`b`nig{, {eoqje, `~ {ei{, `g ~x`{a ob zei{ isa nlaislp nomxlau, mql{`-bina{ak

niq~a~ bos {e`~ k`r`~òg, `{ zi~ nog~`~{ag{lpis{`nqli{ak `g {asm~ ob {ea xsa~agna os ic~agna

ob i xas~ogil e`~{osp z`{e ksqj q~a' ô mqne ~o {ei{ {e`~ i{{s`cq{a `~ go{ oglp noggan{ak

{o xas~ogil `kag{`{p cq{ {o jsoqx `kag{`{p' Oga ob mp `g{asin{òg~ i{ {ea moc`la gaakla

auneigja zi~ xis{`nqlislp `llq~{si{`ra ob {e`~ bin{'

Zei{ zi~ poqs gima, iji`g? Rasi i~f~ ma' [e`~ yqà{, m`kkla-ijak nlàg{ j`ra~

i f`gk, amcissi~~ak ~m`la igk ikk~, Bosj`ra ma' @ bosjo{'

Mp gima `~ Dagg`bas, @ saxlp'

Rasi xq~ea~ eas lisja xli~{`n ~qgjli~~a~ cinf qx og{o eas go~a, eas bifa gi`l~

csq~e`gj iji`g~{ {ea QR ~{`nfas {ei{ ~{`ll ~`{~ ibbùak {o {ea lab{ lag~' Eoz olk isa poq?

@m {zag{p-b`ra'

Ie, ~{`ll poqgj' @ im {e`s{p-~arag, ~ea liqje~' Ko poq ~eoo{ ksqj~?

Go, @ ~ip ni~qillp, @ kog{ `gdan{'

Rasi xiq~a~ i momag{' Zeasa isa poq bsom?

Ne`nijo'

Zeasa?

Ne`nijo, ~ip~ @eos' @g {ea QÎ, cp Lifa M`ne`jig'

Zoz) êa aunli`m~ z`{e i liqje' Poq isa ~o bis izip)


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[e`~ `g{asin{òg z`{e Rasi ~asrak i~ mosa {eig dq~{ i ni~qil `g{sokqn{òg' [ea

nogras~i{òg zi~ eas kal`casi{a i{{amx{ {o ka{asm`ga mp xo~`{òg z`{e`g lonillp %os `g

{e`~ ni~a, `mmakì{alp salarig{ ~onìl ~{sqn{qsa~' Bolloz`gj {ea nognlq~òg~ ob Eozisk

Canfas, Rasi~ yqa~{òg, ko poq ~eoo{ ksqj~? sarail~ {ea kajsaa {o ze`ne {e`~ lical,

`gk`ni{`ra ob i k`~{`gn{ ~onìl {pxa, ei~ caag ~qnna~~bqllp ixxlàk %90:> V902>]4 99' êa

i~fak {e`~ yqa~{òg caniq~a mp sa~xog~a zoqlk illoz eas {o ~`{qi{a ma z`{e sa~xan{ {o

{e`~ k`r`~òg' Rasi il~o sarailak eas ozg innax{igna ob {e`~ lical %Jobbmig, 9008 V902>]

{esoqje eas saxsokqn{òg igk q~a ob {e`~ ~`jg `g i maig`gjbql nog{au{' Ill {eo~a xsa~ag{

i{ {ea gaakla auneigja calogjak a`{eas `g os oq{ ob {e`~ @R ksqj q~as ni{ajosp, igk Rasi

~oqje{ {ea ~xan`b`n `gbosmi{òg gaakak {o kab`ga ma `g {e`~ zip'

@g arasp momag{ i{ L`je{eoq~a `g ze`ne ki`lp ijagnp xsin{`na~ sa`gbosna {e`~

misf`gj ob ksqj q~as~ i~ i ~xan`b`n {pxa ob xas~og, {e`~ in{ ob ~onìl lical`gj, `g {qsg,

ks`ra~ {ea ~ima xsojsim~ {ei{ nsai{a {ea~a ki`lp xsin{`na~ cp xsor`k`gj {ea ijagnp z`{e i

nlais ~qcdan{ isoqgk ze`ne {o ka~`jg `{~ abbos{~4 {ea @R ksqj q~as i~ i xo{ag{ìl nlàg{'

[e`~ `~ {ea mo~{ ci~`n nog~{sqn{ qxog ze`ne k`~noqs~a~ ob s`~f igk ~qcdan{`r`{p isa lonillp

xsokqnak i{ L`je{eoq~a, igk `{ `~ {e`~ lical ob @R ksqj q~as, igk {ea ~xan`b`n fgozlakja

xsokqnak icoq{ {eo~a {o zeom `{ `~ ixxlàk, isoqgk ze`ne za~{asg nognax{~ ob

`gk`r`kqil`tak s`~f igk s`~f-migijamag{ mq~{ ca gajo{ì{ak' @g {ea bolloz`gj ~an{òg, @

z`ll `llq~{si{a bqs{eas {ea ~xan`b`n go{òg~ ob s`~f {ei{ isa lonillp agjijak'

Nog~{sqn { `gj Lonil S`~f~ `g Oka~~iZeag i~fak {o ~{i{a {ea jsai{a~{ s`~f~ bin`gj ksqj q~as~ `g Oka~~i, {ea ~{ibb i{

L`je{eoq~a jagasillp xsor`ka {ea ~ima sa~xog~a4 `llga~~ igk k`~ai~a' @eos ka~ns`cak

eail{e xsoclam~ imogj {ea ijagnp~ `gdan{`gj nlàg{ala i~ {eoqje `{ zasa i xlijqa'

[ea~a xi{àg{~ eira mosa xsoclam~, caniq~a {eap eira mosa k`~ai~a' @bpoq ko `gdan{òg, poq eira I@K^, poq eira eaxi{`{`~' @b {ea~a xi{àg{~ {ilf


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{o o{eas gisnomig~, {eag {eap m`je{ eira {qcqsnqlo~`~' [eap eirax~pneoloj`nil k`~ai~a~, ax`lax~p' @b {eap eira eaxi{`{`~, n`sso~`~ ob {eal`rasos l`ras nignas{e`~ `{ `~ rasp cik' [ea~a xaoxla kà rasp yq`nflp'

^ra{ligi ~`m`lislp neisin{as`tak {ea s`~f~ ob `gdan{òg i~ eail{e-sali{ak'

^ra{ligi4 Mp b`s~{ i`m bos Vmp nlàg{~] `~ eism sakqn{òg, igk cq`lk`gj{sq~{' [ea ~anogk joil bos mp nlàg{~ `~ xsarag{òg, {esoqje nogb`kag{ìlV~qc~{`{q{òg] {easixp

Ma4 [eag, `~ oga ob {ea joil~ ob {ea xsojsim bos poqs nlàg{~ {o ~{oxq~`gj ksqj~ ag{`salp?

^ra{ligi4 Pa~, pa~' Qe-eqe'

Ma' Zep? Zei{ isa {ea s`~f~ bos poqs nlàg{~?

^ra{ligi4 [ea c`jja~{ s`~f~ bos {eam isa E@R `gban{òg, I@K^' [easa isail~o ic~na~~a~ Vxiq~a]' Pai, {eo~a isa {ea c`j oga~'

I bonq~ og eail{e s`~f~ `~ i xis{ ob {ea L`je{eoq~a~ `kag{`{p i~ i eism sakqn{òg

osjig`ti{òg, igk kora{i`l~ z`{e {ea jagasil joil~ ob eism sakqn{òg i~ is{`nqli{ak cp

L`je{eoq~a igk {ea qmcsalli osjig`ti{òg~ z`{e ze`ne `{ `~ ga{zosfak, ~qne i~ QESI

igk {ea I@K^ Illìgna'

@{ `~, xaseix~, `g {e`~ k`~noqs~a ob eail{e s`~f zeasa {ea `gblqagna ob bosa`jg s`~f-

gissi{`ra~ `~ mo~{ nlais' @g `{~ bonq~ og `gk`r`kqil `gdan{òg caeiròs~i~ ~aag `g {ea

~{si{ajà~ ob co{e {ea ZEO igk QESI{ea ci~`n xe`lo~oxep ob eism sakqn{òg bosna~

migp ob {ea fgozg nog~ayqagna~ ob @R ksqj q~a, ~qne i~ k`~ai~a {sig~m`~~òg, oq{ ob

{ea`s lonil nog{au{~' Eik E@R go{ auxlokak {esoqje @KQ xoxqli{òg~ `g Oka~~i migp

pais~ aislàs, {eag L`je{eoq~a ~{ibb m`je{ zall eira i rasp k`bbasag{ `kai ob zei{ {ea

jsai{a~{ s`~f~ isa {ei{ `gdan{òg ksqj q~a nsai{a~ bos {ea`s ozg nlàg{~' @{ `~ il~o ag{`salp

xo~~`cla {ei{ nas{i`g @KQ xoxqli{òg~ `g Oka~~i isa xso{an{ak bsom E@R `gban{òg `g

zip~ qgfgozg os qginfgozlakjak cp L`je{eoq~a' [eap noqlk ca `g nlo~ak ~onìl jsoqx~

`g{o ze`ne {ea r`sq~ ei~ go{ pa{ `gb`l{si{ak, os noqlk ca `gblqagnak cp {ea`s `mmakì{a

agr`sogmag{~ {o iro`k `gdan{òg caeiròs~ {ei{ mifa k`~ai~a {sig~m`~~òg xo~~`cla' Arag


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>9

`g i loni{òg z`{e ig `gban{òg si{a i~ e`je i~ {ei{ `g Oka~~i, `{ nig ca k`bb`nql{ {o kabagk

i nli`m {ei{ ill ksqj q~as~ isa ayqillp auxo~ak {o {ea ~ima {esai{~ ob eism' I~ go

neisin{as`~{`n~ ob {ea lonil nog{au{ ob E@R {sig~m`~~òg isa `gk`ni{ak cp L`je{eoq~a~

~{ibb, {ea `kai {ei{ {ea~a s`~f gissi{`ra~ isa saxsokqnak bsom o{eas eism sakqn{òg

xsodan{~ ~ ~{sogjlp ~qxxos{ak'

L`je{eoq~a koa~ go{ oglp amxlop s`~f gissi{`ra~ {ei{ `{ ei~ ikox{ak bsom oq{~`ka,

{eoqje' [easa isa o{eas ~onìl xsoclam~ nommoglp binak cp @KQ~, ~aag i~ i ~anogkisp

{o {ea`s ksqj q~a, ze`ne L`je{eoq~a zosf~ {o nomci{' @eos, bos oga, mag{ògak {ea

~{`jmi {ei{ E@R xo~`{`ra xaoxla ~qbbas `g Qfsi`ga i~ i eism sa~ql{`gj bsom ksqj q~a {ei{

migp nlàg{~ isa binak z`{e' [ea~a VE@R xo~`{`ra] xaoxla eira xsoclam~ z`{e bim`lp,

z`{e ~onìl l`ba, caniq~a oqs ~onà{p `~ go{ saikp {o nommqg`ni{a VQfs4]

z`{e {ea~a xaoxla' ^`m`lislp, @R ksqj q~a, `{~alb, `~ ~{sogjlp i~~onì{ak z`{e ~onìl

karìgna `g Qfsi`gìg ~onà{p' [e`~ nig laik {o i eo~{ ob o{eas xsoclam~ bos @KQ~,

`gnlqk`gj sqg-`g~ z`{e {ea lonil m`l`{~pi, os xol`na bosna, `g Oka~~i'

[ea m`l`{~pi`~, `g bin{, i ~oqsna ob eism igk nogbl`n{ bos {ea ijagnp igk nlàg{~

il`fa, ze`ne L`je{eoq~a mq~{ kail z`{e og i sajqlis ci~`~' Bos `g~{igna, ze`la {ea

xqsnei~a ob ~ps`gja~ i{ xeisminà~ `~ {aneg`nillp lajil `g Qfsi`ga, `{ `~ go{ i{ ill

qgnommog bos @KQ~ {o ca ~{oxxak cp xol`na igk eira {ea`s mi{asìl~ nogb`~ni{ak'

Au{os{òg `~ go{ qgnommog a`{eas' Eqmig S`je{~ Zi{ne %ESZ ei~ konqmag{ak migp

`g~{igna~ `g ze`ne xol`na eira {esai{agak co{e nlàg{~ igk oq{saine zosfas~ z`{e issa~{

os ròlagna `b {eap z`ll go{ xip mogap {o {ea obb`nas og {ea ~xo{ %9002' @g `{~ ozg zosk~,

ESZ ei~ ka~ns`cak @KQ~ i~ qgka~`sicla `g Qfsi`gìg ~onà{p, igk, caniq~a ob {e`~,

nli`m {ei{ xol`na bina l`{{la s`~f ob nag~qsa bos illaji{òg~ ob icq~a' %`c`k4 39' @eos

`gk`ni{ak {o ma {ei{ {e`~ ~os{ ob eisi~~mag{ `~ nommog, igk {ei{ {ea xol`na ob{ag ~{ox

ksqj q~as~ zeo isa jq`l{p ob go{e`gj mosa {eig ca`gj ai~p {isja{~' Ea ~i`k {ei{ `{ maig{

{soqcla {o ca niqje{ cp {ea xol`na z`{e ksqj~ og poqs xas~og, i~ {e`~ ns`ma `~ ~aag i~ i


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>3

~onìl `gbsin{òg {ei{ dq~{`bà~ issa~{ igk di`l {`ma' Cq{ `b poq isa oglp ksqj q~as, ea {olk

ma, {e`~ `~poqsxsoclam' Xol`na dq~{ issa~{' Poq xip, igk {eag jo eoma'

L`je{eoq~a ~{ibb b`gk {ea xol`na {o ca i xis{`nqlislp ~`jg`b`nig{ {esai{ {o {ea`s

nlàg{~ go{ oglp bos {e`~ s`~f ob au{os{òg, issa~{, igk ròlagna, cq{ il~o caniq~a xol`na

ob{ag `g{asbasa z`{e L`je{eoq~a~ kip {o kip in{`r`{à~' Og oga ob Fi{pi~ mosg`gj ~e`b{~,

oxasi{òg~ og {ea moc`la auneigja eik {o ca ~eq{ kozg caniq~a {zo mamcas~ ob {ea

m`l`{~pizasa l`gjas`gj cp {ei{ mosg`gj~ ~neakqlak ~`{a' Og {ei{ kip, @ zi{neak bsom {ea

bsog{ ob {ea cq~ i~ oga nlàg{ lab{, ei~{`lp jsiccak {ea ~qxxlà~ {ei{ Fi{pi eik jo{{ag oq{

bos e`m' Momag{~ li{as, igo{eas ki~eak og{o {ea cinf ob {ea cq~, igk xaasak, apa~

kis{`gj, {esoqje {ea ~l`{~ `g {ea cl`gk~ noras`gj {ea cinf z`gkoz~ cabosa il~o ~l`xx`gj

yq`nflp izip' Zeag mp jita ball {o {ea ~`kazilf oq{~`ka, @ ~iz {ei{ i jsoqx ob nlàg{~,

eqkklak oq{~`ka ob {ea cq~ dq~{ m`gq{a~ ijo, eik il~o k`~ixxaisak'

[e`~ ~naga misfak ig icsqx{ agk {o zei{ eik caag i rasp cq~p mosg`gj' Nlàg{~,

co{e gaz igk olk, eik nsozkak {ea cq~ zeag za b`s~{ iss`rak' Fi{pi eik arag cajqg {o

sqg loz og ~qxxlà~' Zeag @ i~fak eas zei{ zi~ jo`gj og, ~ea xo`g{ak oq{ {ea z`gkoz

z`{e ig ijjsiri{ak loof og eas bina' [zo mag `g xli`g, kisf nlo{ea~ zasa ~{igk`gj og

{ea oxxo~`{a ~`kazilf, {ilf`gj {o aine o{eas igk mi`g{i`g`gj ~{sogj cokp ligjqija {ei{

`gk`ni{ak {eap zasag{ mor`gj igp{`ma ~oog'

[eap isa m`l`{~pi, Fi{pi ~i`k'

Isa poq go{ icla {o zosf z`{e xol`na isoqgk? @ i~f'

Zall, ~ea ~ip~ z`{e i ~`je, @{~ {aneg`nillp of' Cq{ êa zirak eas ism oq{

{o {ea ka~as{ak ~`kazilf igk ~esqjjak' @g m`gq{a~, za eik lab{ {ei{ mosg`gj~ ~neakqlak

loni{òg igk morak og'

Oq{saine zosfas~ eira il~o caag fgozg {o ~qbbas eisi~~mag{ bsom {ea lonil

m`l`{~pi' Ka~x`{a {ea bin{ {ei{ ill oq{saine ~{ibb nissp @K nisk~ `gk`ni{`gj {ea`s sola `g i

xqcl`n eail{e osjig`ti{òg, L`je{eoq~a~ xsojsim laikas~ eira saxos{ak {o ESZ {ei{


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>>

{ea`s oq{saine zosfas~ eira caag cai{ag igk ka{i`gak cp xol`na bos ca`gj `g xo~~a~~òg

ob ijagnp-k`~{s`cq{ak `gdan{òg mi{asìl~' [ea xasnax{òg, {eoqje, `~ {ei{ {ea m`l`{~pikoa~

go{ {isja{ oq{saine zosfas~, ~xan`b`nillp' Si{eas, {ea~a `gk`r`kqil~ ~qbbas xol`na icq~a

caniq~a {eap isa ill au-ksqj q~as~ {eam~alra~, ~o {eaploof l`fa ksqj q~as~, %ESZ,

90024 ;86 amxei~`~ m`ga' Arag i~ ~qnna~~bql xis{`n`xig{~ `g L`je{eoq~a~ eism

sakqn{òg igk xsarag{òg xsojsim~, ijagnp ~{ibb `~ bosnak {o infgozlakja {ei{ {eap ~{`ll

bill `g{o {ea ~ima, qgka~`sicla ~onìl ni{ajosp i~ nqssag{ ksqj q~as~ igk ikk`n{~'

[ea~a ~onìl, xep~`nil, igk x~pneoloj`nil `gdqsà~ sana`rak bsom {ea xol`na isa

nog~{sqn{ak cp ~{ibb i~ i ~xan`b`n s`~f binak cp ksqj q~as~ `g Oka~~i' I~ oxxo~ak {o

saxsokqnak nognax{~ ob `gk`r`kqil eail{e s`~f~, l`fa E@R `gban{òg igk I@K^, {e`~ e`jelp

nog{au{qil`tak nog~{sqn{ bsima~ L`je{eoq~a~ eism sakqn{òg abbos{~ mmakì{alp z`{e`g

lonil k`~noqs~a~' [ea s`~f ob xol`na icq~a {esai{ag~ {o `g{assqx{ L`je{eoq~a~ xsarag{òg

abbos{~ i{ {ea `gk`r`kqil laral, i~ zeag nlàg{~ isa eisi~~ak os au{os{ak, igk il~o i{ {ea

ijagnp laral, i~ zeag {ea {zo m`l`{~piobb`nas~ abban{`ralp ~eq{ kozg {ea moc`la gaakla

auneigja oga mosg`gj' [e`~ {esai{ ob xo{ag{ìl eism koa~ go{ ~{am k`san{lp bsom

`gk`r`kqil `gdan{òg xsin{`na~, cq{ `~ xis{ ob {ea jsai{as s`~f-agr`sogmag{ {ei{ `gblqagna~

{eo~a caeiròs~' @b ig @KQ ei~ ill ob e`~ ~{as`la gaakla~ nogb`~ni{ak, {eag ea `~ go logjas

nixicla ob `gdan{`gj ~ibalp' @g {e`~ zip, {ea s`~f ob xol`na icq~a nog{sik`n{~ eism

sakqn{òg gissi{`ra~ {ei{ {agk {o ka-nog{au{qil`ta `gdan{òg xsin{`na~, igk `~ i nag{sil {o

L`je{eoq~a~ abbos{~ {o nog{sol lonil s`~f agr`sogmag{~ i~ {ea xis{p sa~xog~`cla bos {ea

xsor`~òg ob eail{enisa ~asr`na~ {o `{~ nlàg{~' @ isjqak aislàs {ei{, caniq~a ob {e`~

xasna`rak sa~xog~`c`l`{p, L`je{eoq~a~ in{`ra nog~{sqn{òg ob ksqj q~as~ i~ i xis{`nqlis

~qcdan{ mq~{ i`m {o bin`l`{i{a {ea ijagnp~ nog{sol oras {ea~a s`~f agr`sogmag{~ i~ zall i~

migija {ea `gk`r`kqil nlàg{~' @g {ea bolloz`gj ~an{òg, @ caj`g {o {sina oq{ {ea ~xan`b`n

maneig`~m~ cp ze`ne @KQ ~qcdan{`r`{à~ isa xsokqnak, `g oskas {o `llq~{si{a {e`~

sali{òg~e`x ca{zaag nlàg{ migijamag{ igk agr`sogmag{il nog{sol'


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>;

Nsai{ `gj Nlàg{ ~ Obb`nìllp, isa go sqla~ jorasg`gj zeo `~ illozak {o xis{`n`xi{a `g L`je{eoq~a~

eism sakqn{òg xsojsim' [easa isa go kamojsixe`n sayq`samag{~ l`m`{`gj {eo~a al`j`cla'

Poq niggo{ ca {oo poqgj, {oo olk, {oo s`ne os {oo `ll' Poq gaak go{ eira I@K^ os

eaxi{`{`~' Poq kog{ eira {o ca eomala~~ os i ~`gjla mom' Poq kog{ arag eira {o ca i

ksqj q~as, il{eoqje @ k`k ~aa, ogna, ig oq{saine zosfas nomxla{alp ~{qmxak cp zei{ {o

ko z`{e i gaz nlàg{ zeo k`k go{ `gdan{'

[ea xsonakqsa bos agsoll`gj i gaz nlàg{ `~ ~`mxla' Zeag ~omaoga iss`ra~ i{ i

L`je{eoq~a loni{òg bos {ea b`s~{ {`ma, i ~{ibb mamcas b`ll~ oq{ i csàb yqa~{òggi`sa bos

{ei{ xas~og' [ea ~ima `g{ifa bosm `~ q~ak cp ill ijagnp ~{ibb' Ib{as i baz ~eos{ yqa~{òg~

icoq{ {ea nlàg{~ gima, ija, nog{in{ `gbosmi{òg, igk amxlopmag{, {ea yqa~{òggi`sa

i~f~ bos {ea ksqj q~as~ {o kab`ga {ea f`gk ob gisno{`n~ {ei{ {eap q~a igk {ea`s ~{ija ob

ksqj q~a %Sq~4' @{ i~f~ zea{eas {ea nlàg{ ei~ caag {esoqje i

saeic`l`{i{òg xsojsim, igk zea{eas ea os ~ea `~ `g{asa~{ak `g nomxla{`gj oga' @{ i~f~

nlàg{~ {o l`~{ {ea`s [C ~{i{q~, zea{eas {eap eira nog{sin{ak igp bosm ob eaxi{`{`~, igk, `b

{ea ig~zas {o a`{eas oga ob {ea~a `~ *pa~* {o ~xan`bp {ea {pxa os bosm ob {ea `gban{òg' [ea

bosm agk~ cp i~f`gj zea{eas {ea nlàg{~ eira eik ig E@R {a~{ `g {ea xi~{ os zoqlk l`fa

{o ca {a~{ak iji`g'

[e`~ `g{ifa yqa~{òggi`sa `~ i nag{sil {ool `g L`je{eoq~a*~ xsona~~ ob ocdan{`bp`gj

{ea`s nlàg{~' [ea `gbosmi{òg {ei{ `~ sanoskak i~~qma~ nas{i`g bin{~ icoq{ {ea~a @KQ~

xis{`nqlislp, {ei{ {eap q~a gisno{`n~, igk eira koga ~o bos i ~`jg`b`nig{ xasòk ob {`ma

igk bsima~ {eam `g {ea~a {asm~' @{ illoz~ bos {ea ai~p yqig{`b`ni{òg ob nognsa{a

neisin{as`~{`n~ icoq{ aine `gk`r`kqil, ~qne i~ {ea xsa~agna os ic~agna ob i r`sq~ `g {ea

nlàg{*~ clook~{saim os {ea ~xan`b`n lagj{e ob {`ma kqs`gj ze`ne {ea nlàg{ ei~ agjijak `g


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>1

`gdan{òg ksqj q~a' Bsom {e`~, {ea yqa~{òggi`sa i`k~ `g {ea bosmi{òg ob ic~{sin{

k`~{`gn{òg~ ca{zaag {ea nlàg{~ i~ zall i~ ca{zaag nlàg{~ igk gog-nlàg{~' Dq~{ i~ Li{oqs

%3888 ka~ns`cak {ea {sig~li{òg bsom nognsa{a {o ic~{sin{ `g {ea ~nàg{`b`n xsokqn{òg `g

fgozlakja, {e`~ `g{ifa xsona~~ ealx~ {sig~bosm ~xan`b`n, nognsa{a ka{i`l~ icoq{ aine

`gk`r`kqil `g{o ic~{sin{ {asm~ {ei{ nig ca q~ak {o ~`{qi{a {eam z`{e `g {ea jsai{as cokp ob

xsojsim xis{`n`xig{~'

[e`~ `g`{ìl `g{ifa xsona~~ il~o illoz~ bos {zo ikk`{ògil *momag{~* ob lical`gj {o

{ifa xlina' B`s~{, `{ i~~onì{a~ {ea~a gaz nlàg{~ z`{e {ea ~o-nillak *~ansa{ ~onà{p* ob ksqj

q~as~ %^`mmal, 90:>' [ea`s auxasàgna z`{e `ll`n`{ ksqj q~a, nogb`smak igk ril`ki{ak cp

{ea ig~zas~ l`~{ak og {e`~ `g{ifa bosm, misf {ea~a gaz nlàg{~ i~ caisas~ ob {ea ~xan`b`n

fgozlakja, ze`ne k`~{`gjq`~ea~ {ea jsoqx' [e`~ `~ {ea momag{ zeag ~qne lical~ isa b`s~{

ixxlàk {o `gk`r`kqil ksqj q~as~ cp L`je{eoq~a ~{ibb' ânogk, {e`~ {sig~`{òg `g{o oga*~

nisaas i~ i L`je{eoq~a nlàg{ illoz~ {ea i~~onì{òg ob {ea~a `gk`r`kqil z`{e zei{aras

fgozlakja au`~{~ icoq{ ksqj q~a igk @KQ~ `g jagasil' Bos auimxla {easa `~ i nas{i`g

bi{il`~m {ei{ kab`ga~ {ea xasna`rak sali{òg~e`x ca{zaag E@R `gban{òg igk @R ksqj q~a

`g Oka~~i' [ea si{a ob ~asonogras~òg imogj @KQ~ nog{`gqa~ {o ca ~o xeagomagillp

e`je, `{ `~ ob{ag i~~qmak {ei{ ksqj q~as~ ko eira E@R qg{`l {eap isa {a~{ak igk `{ `~

xsorag {ei{ {eap ko go{' Oga ib{asgoog `g {ea mi`g gaakla auneigja, @ zi{neak i~ Ri~pl,

oga ob L`je{eoq~a*~ ~agòs mo~{ oq{saine zosfas~, {sig~bassak q~ak gaakla~, nollan{ak og

e`~ ~e`b{, bsom i ~eoxx`gj cij {o i eisk, xli~{`n nog{i`gas bos {ea`s k`~xo~il' @ ns`gjak

aine {`ma ea ~eo{ e`~ cisa eigk `g{o {e`~ ~inf, sa{sàr`gj eigkbql~ ob ~ps`gja~ z`{e {ea`s

gaakla~ auxo~ak'

Isa poq go{ ibsi`k ob ca`gj ~{qnf? @ i~f e`m'

Pai, ea ~ip~, Rasp ibsi`k, caniq~a {eapsa k`s{p igk Ea xig{om`ma~

~{`nf`gj e`~ eigk z`{e i gaakla igk mifa~ i rasp qjlp, bs`je{agak bina'


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>2

I~ i mi{{as ob m`gk`gj e`~ ozg eail{e, i~ zall i~ nog{au{qil`t`gj {ea eail{e

~{i{q~ ob {ea i~~os{mag{ ob nlàg{~ ea `g{asin{~ z`{e, Ri~pl %i~ zall i~ @riggi igk Iggi,

zeo gok aijaslp `g ijsaamag{ ni{ajos`ta~ ill ob e`~ nlàg{~ i~ xo{ag{ìl igk l`falpnissàs~

ob E@R' Zeag @KQ~ canoma obb`nìl nlàg{~ ob L`je{eoq~a, {e`~ `~ oga ob {ea

i~~qmx{òg~ {ei{ `~ {sig~bassak {o {eam i~ zall' Bos gaz nlàg{~, {e`~ `g{ifa sa-nog~{sqn{~

{eam bsom ig qgfgozg ag{`{p `g{o i fgozg {pxa4 ig ocdan{ isoqgk ze`ne i ~xan`b`n

cokp ob fgozlakja `~ xsokqnak, igk i ~qcdan{ {ei{ `g{asin{~ z`{e {ea ijagnp igk ijagnp

~{ibb bsom z`{e `g {e`~ sali{òg ob xozas' @{ `~ ~`mql{igaoq~lp ig in{ ob ~qcdan{`b`ni{òg

igk i s`{a ob xi~~ija'

Bolloz`gj {ea nomxla{òg ob {ea `g{ifa bosm, gaz nlàg{~ isa j`rag @K nisk~ {o

faax `g {ea`s zilla{, ze`ne ras`bp {ea`s ~{i{q~ i~ ig agsollak xis{`n`xig{ `g L`je{eoq~a~

E@R-xsarag{òg xsojsim' Aine nisk cais~ {ea gima ob {ea ijagnp, i kanlisi{òg ob {ea`s

E@R-xsarag{òg xe`lo~oxeà~, ~arasil sabasagna gqmcas~ bos {ea n`{p noka {ei{ kab`ga

{e`~ xsojsim, igk i cligf ~xina licalak nlàg{ gqmcas' Aine nlàg{ `~ i~~`jgak i

~xan`b`n @K gqmcas, ze`ne sami`g~ noggan{ak {o {eam bos {ea sami`gkas ob {ea`s

xis{`n`xi{òg `g L`je{eoq~a xsojsimm`gj' [e`~ gqmcas `~ zs`{{ag og {ea gaz @K nisk,

bos {ea nlàg{ {o faax, igk {eag go{ak og ill ijagnp sanosk~ bos {e`~ nlàg{ `g làq ob e`~ os

eas gima' [e`~ `~ koga bos i~~qs`gj i nas{i`g laral igogpm`{p' Konqmag{~ ze`ne l`gf

nlàg{ gqmcas~ {o `kag{`bp`gj `gbosmi{òg isa fax{ ~axisi{a igk ~anqsa, cq{ arasp r`~`{,

arasp auneigja, arasp {a~{ igk nog~ql{i{òg `~ sanoskak z`{e {ea nlàg{~ @K gqmcas, ~o

{ei{ {ea in{`r`{à~ ob {ea nlàg{ mip ca {sinfak cp {ea ijagnp, cq{ aine ob {ea ~asr`na~

sana`rak cp igp `gk`r`kqil xas~og~ laira~ go `kag{`bìcla xixas {si`l'

[ea~a nisk~ isa xis{ ob ig `ggori{`ra xsojsim `g ze`ne L`je{eoq~a `~

xis{`n`xi{`gj `g nogdqgn{òg z`{e {ea I@K^ Illìgna' [ea nisk~ xsor`ka L`je{eoq~a

nlàg{~ z`{e i nas{i`g laral ob `mmqg`{p bsom {ea ijjsa~~`ra caeiròs~ ob {ea lonil xol`na'

Zeag Iggi igk Of~igi `g{sokqnak ma {o {ea~a nisk~, {eap {oof {ea`s {`ma {all`gj ma


43/56

>:

{ea salarigna ob nlàg{ @K gqmcas~ {o {ea`s ma{`nqloq~ sanosk faax`gj, i mi{{as ob

sa~xog~`c`l`{p igk xs`ka bos co{e ob {eam' Oq{saine zosfas~ obbasak ma i ~l`je{lp

k`bbasag{ neisin{as`ti{òg ob {ea nisk~ xqsxo~a' @b @ im ~{oxxak cp {ea xol`na, ~i`k

Fi{pi, eolk`gj qx {ea nisk igk i cij ob nlaig gaakla~ z`{e i ~m`la, @ nig ~ip, Oe, @ im

~ossp' @ im xis{`n`xi{`gj `g {e`~ E@R-xsarag{òg xsojsim' @ eira ill {ea~a mi{asìl~ bsom

L`je{eoq~a' @ im illozak) I loof ob ~mqj ~i{`~bin{òg nso~~ak eas bina i~ ~ea `mij`gak

j`r`gj {e`~ ~xaane {o {ea lonil m`l`{~pi' N`{p laj`~li{òg ei~ caag agin{ak `g Oka~~i {ei{

~ign{òg~ {e`~ xsojsim igk ~qxxos{~ nisk-nissp`gj @KQ~ cp jsig{`gj {eam `mmqg`{p,

xso{an{`gj {eam bsom au{os{òg igk {ea`s nlaig mi{asìl~ bsom nogb`~ni{òg' @{ zog{

ealx poq `b poq isa nissp`gj ksqj~ os kail`gj, ~i`k Olpi, i xsoba~~ògil ~{ibb mamcas

zeo zosf~ `g L`je{eoq~a~ b`gignìl obb`na~' Cq{, `{ mip ~ira ~omaoga bsom {soqcla

zeo `~ nissp`gj isoqgk olk gaakla~ z`{e sa~`kqa' @{ {all~ {ea xol`na {ei{ {eap isa go{ ko`gj

igp{e`gj llajil'

[ea~a @K nisk~ ealx L`je{eoq~a migija nlàg{~ igk {ea nlàg{~ s`~f~ `g {zo zip~'

B`s~{, `{ ~pmcol`ta~ {ea sanog~{sqn{òg ob ig o{easz`~a qgbim`lìs ksqj q~as `g{o {ea

ijagnp-{i`losak sola ob i nlàg{' ânogklp, {eigf~ {o {ea n`{p osk`gigna~ jsig{`gj {ea

xsojsim~ xis{`n`xig{~ nas{i`g mmqg`{à~, ze`ne L`je{eoq~a ealxak a~{icl`~e, {ea~a

nisk~ in{`ralp sa-ka~`jg {ea lonil s`~f agr`sogmag{ bos {eo~a zeo xo~~a~~ {eam' [e`~ `~ i

xs`misp auimxla ob {ea ijagnp~ nog~{sqn{òg ob ksqj q~as~ i~ ~qcdan{~ z`{e {ea

kal`casi{a mig`xqli{òg ob {eo~a @KQ~ `mmakì{a s`~f agr`sogmag{~ ~xan`b`nillp `g

m`gk' @{ il~o ~asra~ {o ~eoz {ea `g{asnoggan{akga~~ ob lonil igk bosa`jg s`~f gissi{`ra~

`g Oka~~i, igk {ea`s do`g{ `gblqagna og ijagnp xsin{`na' [ea q~a ob {e`~ @K nisk ~p~{am,

i~ i kar`na bos s`~f migijamag{, `~ boqgkak ~`mql{igaoq~lp og {ea xsam`~a {ei{

`gk`r`kqil @KQ~ isa sa~xog~`cla bos {ea`s ozg caeiròs~ ogna xsa~ag{ak z`{e {ea xsoxas

akqni{òg igk ~qxxlà~, igk L`je{eoq~a~ xasnax{òg ob `{~alb i~ {ea ~ola ijag{


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>5

sa~xog~`cla bos `{~ nlàg{~ eail{enisa, ocl`ji{`gj `{ {o mig`xqli{a {ea lonil ~onìl igk

xol`{`nil {assi`g {o illoz bos `gk`r`kqil ijagnp `g {ea b`s~{ xlina'

Ogna i nlàg{ ei~ caag bqllp agsollak `g{o {ea xsojsim i{ L`je{eoq~a, {ea sqla~ ob

{ea gaakla auneigja isa `g bosna' [ixak {o {ea zill icora {ea noqg{as `g {ea bsog{

ag{spzip eigj~ i xs`g{ak l`~{ z`{e {ea~a sajqli{òg~4

9 @{ `~ bosc`kkag {o ag{as {ea auneigja z`{e gisno{`n ~qc~{igna~ os ze`la`g{ou`ni{ak cp ilnoeol`n os gisno{`n~'3 ^ps`gja k`~{s`cq{òg4 3 gaakla~ xas nlàg{ xas kip'> ^ps`gja auneigja4 949, qx {o {ag ~ps`gja~ xas nlàg{ xas kip; ^ps`gja~ nig ca sana`rak igk auneigjak %i ~anogkisp auneigja bos igikk`{ògil 98 nlàg{~ xas xas~og %oglp xo~~`cla zeag xsa~ag{`gj {ea

xsodan{ nisk~ ob ill nlàg{~'

[ea~a isa {ea oglp sqla~ {ei{ nlàg{~ isa j`rag {o bolloz, pa{, `g kip-{o-kip oxasi{òg~,

mo~{ ob {ea~a sqla~ isa ~f`s{ak' Oglp ogna k`k @ aras z`{ga~~ i nlàg{ ~qssagkas`gj gaakla~

bos k`~xo~il i{ igp auneigja, cq{ {ag gaz ~ps`gja~ zasa j`rag {o arasp nlàg{ i{ aine r`~`{

z`{e oq{ aunax{òg' Zeag mi{asìl~ isa k`~{s`cq{ak, Iggi, Of~igi igk @riggi mifa ~qsa

{ei{ arasp `{am {ei{ laira~ {ea auneigja `~ zs`{{ag kozg' Og i ki`lp sanosk ~eaa{, {eap l`~{

{ea nlàg{~ gqmcas, eoz migp gaakla~ zasa j`rag {o {ei{ xas~og %ilzip~ 98 igk {ea

imoqg{ ob o{eas mi{asìl~ k`~{s`cq{ak, ~qne i~ ilnoeol ~zic~, nogkom~, igk ig{`-cin{asìl

o`g{mag{~' [ea gqmcas ob gaakla~ ~qssagkasak `~ go{ `gk`ni{ak, eozaras, caniq~a {easa

`~ go xlina og {ea bosm {o sanosk {e`~ rilqa'

Misfo, {ea xsojsim laikas, ag~qsak ma {ei{ {ea~a sanosk~ zasa gana~~isp, imogj

o{eas sai~og~, bos ka{asm`g`gj {ea sail xsojsim no~{~ ob {ea gaakla auneigja' @b {eap

kog{ fgoz auin{lp eoz migp ~qxxlà~ {eap isa eigk`gj oq{, {eap zog{ ca icla {o zs`{a

{ea`s cqkja{' ^ra{ligi il~o {olk ma {ei{, ze`la ijagnp sanosk~ isa nogb`kag{ìl, {ea I@K^

Illìgna, zeo ealx~ bqgk {e`~ xsojsim, mifa~ ~qsa {ei{ {eap isa sanosk`gj arasp{e`gj

xsoxaslp' @{ `~ xo~~`cla {o ka{asm`g

Whats Your Name-MA Thesis

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