What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………
-
Upload
amber-bailey -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
description
Transcript of What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………
![Page 1: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………•The structure of the male and female reproduction systems – do a QUICK SKETCH
•What are gametes?•What is fertilisation?•What is produced by fertilisation?
Work together to answer theseTable vs. Table Table vs. Table
![Page 2: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Labels?
•Gametes are sex cells, sperm and eggs (ova)•Fertilisation is the fusion of male and female gametes •Zygote produced by fertilisation, which develops into embryo and then foetus.
![Page 3: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The male reproductive system
![Page 4: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The female reproductive system
![Page 5: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Male or female?
![Page 6: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Roles of the reproductive system
![Page 7: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sex cells – sperm
Sperm are produced in sex organs called testes.
In males, the sex cells are called sperm.
headtail middle piece
cell membrane nucleus containing DNA
![Page 8: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sex cells – egg
Eggs are produced in sex organs called ovaries.
In females, the sex cells are called eggs.
nucleus containing DNA
membrane jelly coat
cytoplasm
![Page 9: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ovulation and fertilization
The fusing of the two nuclei is called fertilization.
If a sperm meets the egg, the sperm’s nucleus can join with the egg’s nucleus.
During sexual intercourse, millions of sperm are ejaculated into the vagina.
In a female, one of the ovaries produces an egg approximately every 28 days. This is called ovulation.
![Page 10: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fertilization and implantation
![Page 11: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The placentaHow does an embryo receive food and oxygen and how does it get rid of waste?
An embryo forms a structure called the placenta, which attaches to the uterus wall.
The umbilical cord joins the fetus to the placenta.
In the placenta, food and oxygen diffuse from the mother’s blood into the blood of the fetus.
Carbon dioxide and waste products diffuse from the blood of the fetus into the mother’s blood.
umbilicalcord
![Page 12: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How does the placenta work?
![Page 13: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Unit 2 Physiology and Health; Reproduction
![Page 14: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Learning Outcomes
•Identify the cells and organs that produced the gametes
•Examine the structure of testes and ovaries and their functions in the production gametes
Complete the word glossary and the
diagrams
![Page 15: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Structure Function Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicles
Ova
Graafian follicle
Corpus luteum
Ovary
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Sperm
Sperm duct
Penis
Accessory gland
Male and Female Reproductive Organs
![Page 16: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Male Reproductive Male Reproductive SystemSystem Testes are the site of:
• sperm production• manufacture of the male sex hormone testosterone
![Page 17: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sperm ProductionSperm ProductionSperm are formed by meiosis in the tiny seminiferous tubules of the testes, which unite forming coiled tubes that connect to the sperm duct.
Sperm duct
![Page 18: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sperm Sperm forming forming
by by meiosismeiosis
![Page 19: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Recap on meiosis .... Put these in the right
order Stage ______________
MEIOSIS STAGES Each chromosome duplicates to become double stranded. Each strand is called a chromatid.
Stage ______________ Stage ______________
The second part of meiosis begins with the chromosomes condensing again, and the nuclear envelopes disappearing.
A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, and the cell finishes dividing. Each cell only has 46 chromosomes
Stage ______________ Stage ______________
Each chromosome becomes shorter, thicker and more visible. The chromatids are joined at the centromere. The nuclear envelop disappears
Spindle fibres spread out from each end of the cell and attach to the centromere of each chromosome Homologous chromosomes pair up in the centre of the cell, independently assortment.
Stage ______________ Stage ______________
A new nuclear envelope forms around each set off chromosomes. Each cell contains 23 chromosomes, and each is genetic unique.
Spindle fibres spread out at right angles to before, and attach to the chromosomes. The fibres contract, separating the two chromatids in each chromosomes, Each cell divides in two.
Stage ______________ Stage ______________
Small parts of homologous chromosomes cross over at chaismata. This exchange of genetic material increases variation.
The spindle fibres contract, separating the homologous pair into opposite sides of the cell, which begins to divide. Each chromosome is still formed of two chromatids.
![Page 20: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stage 1 Stage 5Each chromosome duplicates to become double stranded.
The spindle fibres contract, separating the homologous pair into opposite sides of the cell, which begins to divide. Each chromosome is still formed of two chromatids. Each strand is called a chromatid.
Stage 2 Stage 6Each chromosome becomes shorter, thicker and more visible. The chromatids are joined at the centromere.
A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes, and the cell finishes dividing.
The nuclear envelop disappears Each cell only has 46 chromosomesStage 3 Stage 7
Spindle fibres spread out from each end of the cell and attach to the centromere of each chromosome Homologous chromosomes pair up in the centre of the cell, independently assortment.
The second part of meiosis begins with the chromosomes condensing again, and the nuclear envelopes disappearing.
Stage 4 Stage 8Small parts of homologous chromosomes cross over at chaismata.
Spindle fibres spread out at right angles to before, and attach to the chromosomes. The fibres contract, separating the two chromatids in each chromosomes, Each cell divides in two.
This exchange of genetic material increases variation.
Stage 9
MEIOSIS STAGES A new nuclear envelope forms around each set off chromosomes. Each cell contains 23 chromosomes, and each is genetic unique.
![Page 21: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Pathway of sperm Pathway of sperm The function of the testes is to make and produce sperm. Sperm are transported to the urethra via the sperm duct (vas deferens) . The urethra takes the sperm out of the male body.
![Page 22: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pathway of sperm Pathway of sperm during sexual during sexual intercourseintercourse
Image source: www.fertility.com
Sperm are motile. This requires a fluid medium & a source of energy.
The process of fertilisation depends on sperm being motile to bring gametes together
![Page 23: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TestosteroneTestosterone….the male sex hormone
• Produced by interstitial cells, in the tissue between the seminiferous tubules of the testes• Released directly into the bloodstream
Image source: http://faculty.une.edu
![Page 24: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The sperm are mixed with fluids produced by the accessory gland.
The 2 main accessory glands are the prostate gland and seminal vesicles which nourish and stimulate the sperm.
Sperm plus these fluids is called semen.
Accessory GlandsAccessory Glands
![Page 25: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Seminal VesiclesSeminal VesiclesMales have a pair of seminal vesicles, which secrete a thick liquid rich in:• fructose – a sugar that provides sperm with
energy for motility• prostaglandins – hormone-like compounds that stimulate contractions of the female reproductive tract. Help sperm to move more quickly towards the egg.
![Page 26: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Prostate GlandProstate GlandSecretes a thin lubricating liquid containing enzymes. The enzymes keep the fluid at the optimum viscosity (thickness) for sperm motility.Semen is a milky liquid composed of:•sperm, •fluid from seminal vesicles•fluid from prostate gland
![Page 27: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Demonstrate your Demonstrate your understandingunderstanding
1. Sperm are described as motile. What does this term mean?
2. Describe two conditions required for sperm to show motility.
3. Describe the role played by the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland.
4. Where is testosterone made?5. What is the difference between
sperm and semen?
![Page 28: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Demonstrate your Demonstrate your understandingunderstanding
1. Moving2. Energy (by fructose) and fluid medium (semen)3. Seminal vesicles produces fructose and prostaglandins (hormone causing contractions) Prostate gland produces an enzyme for keeping viscosity at optimum for sperm mobility4. Interstitial cells5. Sperm part of semen alongside fluid from prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
![Page 29: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Review ....
![Page 30: What you should know from Standard Grade / Int 2 etc ………](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062412/5a4d1ae67f8b9ab059979133/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Sperm duct• Interstitial cells