What, Where and How€¦ · The top 10 seed companies control approximately 68% of the $22 billion...

What, Where and How

2012

Industrial

Shifting

Trad. Intensive

Nomad/herd

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Arable Permanent Pasture

1,398

3,442

136

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

China USA India Russia Brazil Argentina Indionesia

Arable Permanent Pasture

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

China USA India Russia Brazil France GermanyArgentine Italy Indonisia

11.0

%

9.7

%

13.8

%

7.5

%

4.0

%

1.3

%

0.8

%

2.1

%

0.8

%

2.2

%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180


20.4

%

12.4

%

10.9

%

3.0

%

4.0

%

2.5

%

1.5

%

2.0

%

1.9

%

2.5

%

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600


1,08

2

772

478

244

615

1,16

8

1,03

9

562

1,45

6

698

0

5

10

15

20

25


Cro

p l

and

Pro

du

ctio

n

+

+ -

-

+ + + =

= =

World Population Density

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wheat

Rice

Corn

Soybean

Barley

Fiber crops

Sorghum

Millet

Canola

Dry beans

Potato

Peanut

Sunflower

Sugarcane

Oats

Rye

Pulses

Sugarbeet

Percentage of total

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700M

aize

– 5

96

mM

t

Ric

e –

593

mM

t

Wh

eat

– 58

2 m

Mt

Bar

ley

– 1

36

mM

t

So

rgh

um

– 6

0 m

Mt

Mil

let

– 27

mM

t

So

yb

ean

– 1

62

mM

t

Oil

pal

m –

98

mM

t

Co

con

ut

– 40

mM

t

Can

ola

– 4

0 m

Mt

Dry

bea

n –

20

mM

t

Oth

ers

– 20

mM

t

Cereals Oilseeds Pulses

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Roots Vegetable Fruits

Po

tato

– 3

02

mM

t

Cas

sav

a –

170

mM

t

Sw

eet

po

tato

- 1

38 m

Mt

Gra

pes

– 6

0 m

Mt

Ban

ana

– 58

mM

t

To

mat

o -

10

0 m

Mt

Cab

bag

e -

50 m

Mt

On

ion

- 5

0 m

Mt

Ora

ng

es -

66

mM

t

Ap

ple

- 6

0 m

Mt

Cereals

Wheat Rice Barley Maize Sorghum

Country -------------------- Million Ha --------------------

China 91,952 180,523 3,222 130,434 2,341

USA 58,738 10,470 6,091 299,917 11,555

India 72,060 128,000 1,370 14,000 7,530

Russia 45,413 471 17,180 3,516 44

France 39,705 115 11,040 16,391 258

Indonesia 0 54,088 0 11,225 0

Brazil 5,726 13,277 387 41,806 2,131

Canada 25,860 0 13,186 8,836 0

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

China USA India Russia France Indonesia Brazil Canada

Wheat Rice Barley Maize Sorgum

Oilseeds

Soy Peanut Sunflower Rapeseed Cotton

Country ------------------ Million Ha ----------------

USA 85,013 1,945 930 613 7,477

China 17,600 14,410 1,750 13,182 12,640

Brazil 49,793 226 200 60 2,246

Argentina 31,500 419 3,100 20 190

India 7,500 7,000 1,300 6,200 5,130

Canada 3,048 0 54 7,728 0

Pakistan 10 77 404 401 4,853

Russia 555 0 4,801 276 0

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

USA China Brazil Argentina India Canada Pakistan Russia

Soy Peanut Sunflower Rapeseed Cotton

Tubers

Potato Cassava

Country Million Ha

China 70,036 4,216

Nigeria 657 38,179

Russia 35,914 0

India 25,000 6,700

Brazil 2,931 23,778

Thailand 95 21,440

Ukraine 20,755 0

USA 20,686 0

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

China Nigeria Russia India Brazil Thailand Ukraine USA

Potato Cassava

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), was established after World War II.

Associated with other new institutions notably World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

A comparable trade agreement, the International Trade Organization was successfully negotiated.

The ITO was a United Nations agency and would address not only trade barriers but other issues indirectly related to trade, including employment, investment, restrictive business practices, and commodity agreements.

But the ITO treaty was not approved by the U.S. and did not really go into effect.

The first real GATT trade rounds concentrated on further reducing tariffs.

The Kennedy Round (1960's) brought about a GATT Anti-Dumping Agreement.

The Tokyo Round (1970's) was the first major attempt to tackle trade barriers that do not take the form of tariffs.

These were often informally called "codes" not implemented by everyone.

These codes were amended in the Uruguay Round, and turned into multilateral commitments accepted by all WTO members.

Well before GATT's 40th anniversary, its members concluded that the GATT system was straining to adapt to a new globalizing world economy.

In response to the problems identified in the 1982 Ministerial Declaration— known as the Uruguay Round — was launched in September 1986, in Uruguay.

This was the biggest negotiating mandate on trade ever agreed.

The Final Uruguay Round officially established the WTO regime and was signed during the April 1994 meeting at Marrakesh, Morocco, hence it is called the 'Marrakesh Agreement'.

The World Trade Organization is an international body whose purpose is to promote free trade by persuading countries to abolish import tariffs and other trade barriers.

As such, it has become closely associated with globalisation.

It polices free trade agreements, settles trade disputes between governments and organises trade negotiations.

Decisions are absolute and every member must abide by its rulings.

The WTO has 153 members, representing more than 97% of total world trade, and 30 observers, most seeking membership.

The WTO is governed by a ministerial conference, meeting every two years. A general council, which implements the conference's

policy decisions and is responsible for day-to-day administration; and

A director-general, who is appointed by the ministerial conference.

The WTO's headquarters is in Geneva Switzerland.

WTO founder members (1 January 1995)

Jointed since January 1995

World Trade Organization Members

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/WTO_members.svg

The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies; it does not define or specify outcomes. Non-Discrimination: A member must apply the same

conditions on all trade with other WTO members

Reciprocity: to obtain better access to foreign markets.

Binding and enforceable commitments: If satisfaction is not obtained, the complaining country may invoke the WTO dispute settlement procedures.

Transparency: Members are required to publish their trade regulations.

Safety valves: In specific circumstances, governments are able to 'restrict trade'.

Critics of the WTO Say that it is: Too powerful, in that it can in effect compel sovereign

states to change laws and regulations by declaring these to be in violation of free trade rules.

Is run by the rich for the rich and does not give significant weight to the problems of developing countries.

Is indifferent to the impact of free trade on workers' rights, child labour, the environment and health.

Lacks democratic accountability, in that its hearings on trade disputes are closed to the public and the media.

Supporters of the WTO argue that: It is democratic, as rules were written by its member

states, many of whom are democracies. It helps to raise living standards around the world.

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Cereals Roots Pulses Oil Crops Vegatables Fruit

1955

20

05

1955 = 1161.3 Ha

2005 = 1378.5 Ha

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14


1955

20

05 +

42%

+80

%

+13

0%

+40

%

+36

%

+12

3%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350


1955

20

05 +

17%

+62

%

+16

%

-18

%

-30

% +28

%

World population has risen by 80% since 1960.

In 1961 1.5 m ha of crop land and in 1998 only 0.1 m ha more.

Yet farmers are now feeding twice as many people.

And! People are eating more calories than before.

New better adapted and higher

yielding cultivars.

Better management of crops and

pastures.

Farm mechanism.

Inorganic fertilizers.

Pesticides.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Nitrogen Phosphate Potash

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

45,000,000

China USA India Brazil France Indonesia Pakistan Canada

N P K

Crop Fungicide Insecticide Herbicide

Corn 5% 30% 97%

Wheat 9% 3% 97%

Soybean 2% 1% 98%

Cotton 12% 79% 92%

Potato 89% 83% 87%

Vegetable 78% 82% 79%

So what do you sell?

Dam all!

Country Public Private

----------- % -----------

Developing

Countries 95 5

Developed

Countries 49 51

Total 66 34

Plant Variety Protection – PVP

Plant Patent – PP Whole plants.

DNA sequences.

Plant germplasm.

Trait-specific genes.

Round-up ready.

Bt insect resistance.

Tolerance to: stress, disease, cold.

Quality traits: starch, oil, amino acids.

Transformation technologies.

Promoters to control genes.

Markers to identify the presence of a desirable trait.

Gene silencing or regulating technologies.

Genomics.

Monsanto (US)

Dupont (US)

Syngenta (Swiss)

Group1 Limagrain France)

Land O'Lakes (US)

KWS Ag (Germany)

Bayer Crop Sci (Germany)

Sakata (Japan)

DLF-Trifolium (Denmark)

Takii (Japan)

$4,964,000,000

$396,000,000

$347,000,000

$391,000,000

$,524,000,000

$702,000,000

$917,000,000

$1,226,000,000

$2,018,000,000

$3,300,000,000

Top 10 = 68%, Top 4 = 53%. Top 3 = 47%, Monsanto = 23% world seed 2007

Monsanto (US)

Dupont (US)

Syngenta (Swiss)

Group1 Limagrain France)

Land O'Lakes (US)

KWS Ag (Germany)

Bayer Crop Sci (Germany)

Sakata (Japan)

DLF-Trifolium (Denmark)

Takii (Japan)

2000 2007

The top 10 seed companies control

approximately 68% of the $22 billion

seed trade worldwide.

The top 3 seed companies (DuPont,

Monsanto, Novartis) account for

almost half of the global seed trade.

The top 10 agrochemical companies

control over 90% of the $31 billion

agrochemical market.

The top 5 Gene Giants (AstraZeneca, DuPont, Monsanto, Novartis and Aventis) account for:

• Two-thirds of the global pesticide market (65%);

• One-quarter (24%) of the global seed market, and

• Almost 100% of the transgenic seed market.

Sustained low food prices builds complacency.

Concerns that increased food will lead to population explosion.

Private investment in biotechnology will take care of future needs.

Distrust in agricultural research (i.e. mad cow disease, GMO scares, etc.)

USA Agriculture

Ethiopia

California

Canola harvest Idaho

Scotland

Indonesia

Zimbabwe

Indonesia

Argentina

Indonesia

London, UK

Indonesia

Rwanda

Scotland

Modern agriculture Requires Infar-structure

New Orleans

Ancient Egyptian Farm Tools

Modern Ethiopian Farm Tools

Idaho 1920’s

Idaho 2004

Idaho 1920’s

Colfax 2004

Germany

Pakistan

Ethiopia

Indonesia

Direct Seeding Argentina

Potato Harvest China

Potato Harvest Idaho 1920’s

Potato Processing

Egypt

Potato Processing Idaho

USA Agriculture

What, Where and How€¦ · The top 10 seed companies control approximately 68% of the $22 billion...

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