What We Are Going to Do? - Sara San Kyaw Tun

8/14/2019 What We Are Going to Do? - Sara San Kyaw Tun

1/59

1

Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;to#ifpHausmfxGef;&GD;a& &ckdifawmfvSef&D;orkdif;okH;oyfcsuf

rmwdumrmwdumrmwdumrmwdum

(1) ed'gef;/ Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;

(2) ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;eef@ awmfvSefuwfzkd@av;

(3) &ckdifh trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;orkdif;a=umif;(u) r[m ya'o&kdufe,fcsJ@ ukdawmfvSef+cif;(c ) +Adwdo# t&iff;o#ife,fcsJ@ ukdawmfvSefjcif;(* ) +Adwdo# tdEdN,qkda& pddD;yGm;&D;pm;csufukdazG@ap;jcif;

(C) 1937 ckESpf +Adwdo#Am;rm; ukdcGJxkwfjcif;eef@ e,fedrdwfrsOf; (0g) (McMahan line)owfrSwfjcif;

(4)&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif; a&mxDG;vm;jcif;(u) yxr &ckdif0HomEkacwf Zmykdifav;?(c ) 20 &mpk yxrykdif; awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmykdifav;

(5) u|efykef;ckduf(u) 'kwd, &ckdif0HomEkacwf (trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; ap;&kH;&D;umv)(c ) &ckdifh trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;tazG@tap;rsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;/

(6) trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ESifh awmfvSefar/r[mAsL[menf;AsL[mcH,lcsufrsm;

(7) aumufpkdufcsufrsm;

(8) vkyfief;ykdif;

(1) Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;(1) Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;(1) Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;(1) Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av;

1? o#Kdufaw &Jabmftaygif;&kd@ atedef@ ig&kd@ Zmvkyfuwfzkdk@av;1? o#Kdufaw &Jabmftaygif;&kd@ atedef@ ig&kd@ Zmvkyfuwfzkdk@av;1? o#Kdufaw &Jabmftaygif;&kd@ atedef@ ig&kd@ Zmvkyfuwfzkdk@av;1? o#Kdufaw &Jabmftaygif;&kd@ atedef@ ig&kd@ Zmvkyfuwfzkdk@av;?


2/59

2

atEkdifiH&D;/ awmfvSef&D;/ oHo&m0Jukd pkdif;pm;,if; /pkdif;pm;,if;/ atrD;cGef;&m wpfckxGufay:vma&// ukd,fh zmom ukd,favh t}udrf}udrf/rD;jref;rda&// ukd,fh&Jabmfwdukdavh a'rD;cGef;ukd pdwfeef@ tacgufacguftcgcg rD;jref@ =unfha&// igpdwful;=unfha&// pkdif;pm;=unfha&// a0zea=uha&//

igZmvkyf&zkd@av;? ig&kd@Zmvkyf&zkd@av;?

tajzum; ig&kd@vGwfvyf&D; &atmifvkyf&zkd@// vGwfvyf&D;&atmif baZmifvkyf&zkd@av;? vGwfvyf&D; &atmifawmfvSef&zkd@//

[kwf,m/ baZmif vGwfvyf&D;rsKd;ukd ig&kd@vkda&av;// zdESdyfjcif;uif;a& (vlrsKd;&D; t&zdESdyfjcif; uif;a&/ vl wef;pm;t& zdESdyfjcif;uif;a&)vGwfvyf&D;rsKd;ukd ig&kd@vkdvm;a&// t*a,mifhyif pif=u,f jrifhjrwfaw/ zdESdyfjcif;uif; a& vGwfvyf&D;twGuf ig&kd @ awmfvSef wkdufckduf&ar// a'umvrmvGwfvyf&D; wkdufayG;ukd jyjyif&D; eef @ prf;vkd@rwGd @// zufqpftm%m twGif;rm jyjyif&D;a& zsufqD;a& ud&d,mwpfck zdufeDuwfaw// awmfvSef&D;atmifjrifvma&cg ae;AsL[m ykdif;rm yjyif&D;ukd vkdtyfau axhokH; &zkd@zdufauavh a'tcsdefrm atmifayG;uk d vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;uk d yjyif&D;eef@r&,lEkdif// Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D;uk d vkyfzkd@qk dau zdufEkdifa&// ,auavh Oya'wGif; v_yf&Sm;&D; t+cDteD ukd&m yD;Ekdifvdrfhar// tqkH;tjzwfukdum;yD;Ekdifzkd@r[kwf// ,if;eef@&m vGwfvyf&D; twGuf awmfvSwf&D;&m t"du// &ckdifh vGwfvyf&D; twGuf &ckdifh awmfvSef&D;&m t"du//

,au baZmif awmfvSef&D;vkyfzkd@av;// awmfvSef&D; qkdpGm tqifh(3) qifh[da&//

ywr tqifhywr tqifhywr tqifhywr tqifhtrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; (National revolution)

'kwd, wef;tqifh'kwd, wef;tqifh'kwd, wef;tqifh'kwd, wef;tqifh

ajyol@ 'Drkdu a&pD awmfvSef&D; (Class revolution)

wwd, tqifhwwd, tqifhwwd, tqifhwwd, tqifh-qkdacsvpfawmfvSef&D; (socialist revolution) &kd@yifzdufuwfaw//

,au atedef @ &ckdifajy trsKd;om; taeeef @ ZmawmfvSef&D; pcef;tqifhukd qifEGJ&zkdk @av;// pmtkyf}uD;rm pcef;qifhukd &Smvkd @ rrSefuefEkdif//Om%fynm xufjrufr_eef @ &Smvkd@rrSefuefEkdif// vuf0JtpGef;/ vuf,m tpGef;&kd @rm &Smvkd @avh rrSefEkdif// ig&kd @ &ckdifh&kyfb0 orkdif;rm&m&Sm&zkdk@//aemuf+rD;qGJ0g' &kd@eef@ &Smvkd@&zkd@r[kwf// ody`Hae;us awmf vSef&D; oabmw&m;eef@&m &Smvkd@&Ekdifzkd@//

&ckdif vlr_tazG @tap;. &kyfb0/ &kyforkdif;ukd vSnfh=unfhau ukdvkdeDb0/ ukdvkdeD orkdif;ukd wGd@&zkd@trSef// ukdvkdeDrmawmifu zkH;uG,fcH

u|efykef;ukdvkdeD (Hidden colony) zdufeDa&// ukdvkdeD &ckdifhvlr_tazG @tap;rm ukdvkdeD &ckdif trsKd;om;eef @ Arme,fcsJ@&kd @. t"du ydyuQtzdufwGd@&a&// yxr pcef;tqihf+zdKufaw trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd ukdifwG,f&zkd@yif +zdKufaw// ,if;rSwyg; tjcm;r[d//

rsufarSmufumvrm Arm zufqpfe,fcsJ@&kd@ukd trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;eef @ &ckdifajru ESifxkwfykduf&zkd@yif zdufaw// a'pif=u,frGefjrwfawtvkyfukd ig&kd@vkyf&zkd@zdufaw// ig&kd @ ,l&zkd@wm0ef+zdKufaw// ukdvkdeD EkdifiH wpfckrm trsdK;om; vGwfvyf&D; r[dab;/ vlwef;pm; vGwfajrmufr_r[dEkdif//trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D;r[dbJ Zmvlr_wkd; wuf&D;ukdrS rvkyfaqmifEkdif// ,if;eef @&m ukdvkdeD&ckdifajrrm ig&kd @ &ckdfif trsKd;om; wpf&yfvkH;taeeef@ yxrqkH;trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D;ukd qifEGJvm;&zkd @// wcsdefaw;rm ukd,fh&ckdif vlr_tazG@tap;wGif; ydyuQ/ vlwef;pm;csif; ydyuQ/ rsKd;EG,fpkcsif; ydyuQ/ a'oEW&ydyuQ/ EkdifiH&D;tkyfpkcsif; ydyuQ/ tm;vkH;a& vufatmufcH ydyuQ zdufeDodvkd @// ,if; ydyuQuk d trsKd;om;&D;ukd OD;wnfvkd@rdwfquftoGifajz&Sif;vm;&zkd@//

(2)ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;(2)ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;(2)ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;(2)ig&kd@ ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zkd@av;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zkd@av;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zkd@av;eef@ awmfvSefuwf&zkd@av;?

csKdufaw&D;az:taygif;&kd @ atedZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@awmfvSef&zkd@av;csKdufaw&D;az:taygif;&kd @ atedZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@awmfvSef&zkd@av;csKdufaw&D;az:taygif;&kd @ atedZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@awmfvSef&zkd@av;csKdufaw&D;az:taygif;&kd @ atedZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;eef@awmfvSef&zkd@av;?

a'rD;cGef;ukd txufuawm@cg wqdwfauavmuf aqG;aEG;c,m+zKdufaw? a,au taus acs@vkd@raqG;EG;cif &SD;txufutrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif=uD;wd ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;ukd vkyfcuwfawav; qkdpGmukd wcsufavmuf vdvma=uhuwfOD;ar? ,if;apmf&kd@a&


3/59

3

ZmawmfvSef&D;rsKd;ukd vkyfcuwfawav; awmfvSef&D; pcef;qifh (3) qifh [dpGmrm yxr pcef;qifhukd vkyfcuwfawvm;// r[kwfau 'kwd, tqifhukdvkyfcuwfawvm;? wwd, qifhukd vkyfcuwfawvm; wae; trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd vkyfcuwfawvm; r[kwfau vlwef;pm; awmfvSef&D;ukdvkyfcuwf awvm; r[kwfau qkda,Svdwf awmfvSef&D;ukd vkyfcuwfawvm; &ckdifh vlr_tazG @tap; &kyforkdif;eef @ &ckdif awmfvSef&D;orkdif;ukdvdvma=uhvkdufau yxr pcef;qifh/ trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; qifaEG;ca=umif;wdG@c&zkd@yif +zKdufaw?

ig&kd@ tz &ckdif ajya&ig&kd@ tz &ckdif ajya&ig&kd@ tz &ckdif ajya&ig&kd@ tz &ckdif ajya&

AD1784 (AC.1146) uyif vGwfvyfaw /rSdckduif;a&/ tcsKyftcsmtm%m ykdifqkdifa& / trsKd;om; EkdifiHb0u vGwfvyfr_ rSDckduif;r/_tcsKyftmcsmtm%mykdifqkdifr_wd vkH;0qkH;,SKH;vcjyD;au ukdvkdedD uGsefb0ukd usa&mufvcpGm *edxufxd vGwfvyf&D; r&od// trSdDtckduif;a&tcsKyftcsmtm%m ykdifqkdifa& trsKd;om; EkKdifiHb0ukd ra&mufEkdifod// ,if;a=umifh uGsef+zKdufvca& (1146 ck jymokdvqkyf 7 &uf) eduyif okd@r[kwfArmh ya'o&kdufaeacs@&dk @ &ckdifajyukd pvkd@0ifvma& 1146 ck ewfawmf vqef; (4) &ufeduyif awmfvSef&D;. zcif}uD; ausmfxD G; pwifqifaEG;ca&&ckdifajy trsKdom; awmfvSef&D;um; tqkH;owf atmifayG;ukd *edxd ra&mufod// ,if;a=umifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; tqkH;owf atmifayG;+zKdufawtrsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D; atmifayG;twGuf &ckdifajy trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd qufvufqifaEG; uwf&zkd@?

(3)&ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;(3)&ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;(3)&ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;(3)&ckdif trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;

(u) Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ ukdawmfvSefjcif;(u) Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ ukdawmfvSefjcif;(u) Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ ukdawmfvSefjcif;(u) Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ ukdawmfvSefjcif;

yxrykdif; (1784-1788) AD 1638 (&ckdifESKduf-1000-ajy@) ck od&dok"rRbk&if uG,fvGefvm;c aw &ckdifvlr_tazG@tap;rm

ap;&kH;&D; tiftm; avsm@qif;pjyKvmvwfaw ,if;tcsdefxd &ckdif ya'o&kduf +rDo#if pEkdufrm tm&pPwkdua&pD (ARIATOCRACY) ac:okcrdefxdef;uGyf&D; pEkduf ckdifaemif;auav@ aemufykdif;umv vltkyf0g'ac: armfbkdua&pD (Mobcracy) xGef;um;p jyKvma&?ukd,f&Hawmfwyfrsm;u tcsKyftcsm tm%m ukd }uKd;aqG;vmvwfaw? +rKd @pm;/ &Gmpm;rsm; (feurallordo) u eef;vkvmvwfaw// rif;rsKd; rif;aEGtrsm;pkeef @ ukd,f&Hawmf wyfom;trsm;pka& &ckdifajy tpGeftzsm;+zKdufaw uHom/ &Da=ua'owkd @ wdrf;a,Smifvm;vwfaw// ,if;tcsdefum; &ckdifhtustqif;umvyif+zKdufaw/ &ckdiftrsKd;om; tap;t&kH;&D;t+ydKtqif; umv+zKdufaw? 1784 (AC.1146) txd qlqlylyl/ vSKyfvSKyf,Sm;,Sm;+zdKufeDa&? &ckdifjrDo#if ya'o&kdufpEkKduf. tqkd;qkH; umvyif+zKdufaw?

AD.1784.u Armaeacs@ ya'o&kdufbk&if armif0kdif;a& &ckdifajyukd usL;ausmfwkdufckdufjyD;au odrf;,lvDa&// tpu &ckdifrif;nDrif;om;tcsKd@eef @ armif0kdif;&kd @ r[mrdwfazG@uwfjyD;au &ckdifrif;om; [&Dukd ajrmufOD;rSm eef;wifzkd @ armif0kdif;ukd tcGefbmqufzkd@avmuf&mtpDtpkDif[dca&? ,if;eef@Zk vuf[d&ckdifrif;ukd raxmufcHab; rif;om; [&Duk d axmufcHa& &ckdif+rKd @pm;/ &Gmpm;tcsKd @ armif0kdif;wyfusL;ausmfvmpGmukd }uKdqkdcuwfoda&? aemufjyD;rS&m armif0kdif;. r[mrdwf okdufpmazmufzsufa=umif;ukd &ckdifacgifaqmifwd &dyfrduwfaw? ,if;ykdif&dyfrdvma& acgifaqmifrsm;ax;u Akdvfcsif;jyef. +rKd@ol=uD; OD;oHa'av@ tygt0if+zKdufaw? ,if;tcguum; armif0kdif;wyf&kd@vufOD;r_&vm;c,m+zKdufaw? aemufjrD;aqG; pdwfeef @ olwyg;tm;ukd;pdwf[da& vlwkdif; a'trSm;rsKd;ukd usL;vGefuwfawacs;kyif +zKdufaw? a'ckdufvl}uD;/ vli,fwd =uyf=uyf owdxm;p&myif+zKdufaw? Armarmif0kdif;a& &ckdifajy ajrmufOD;+rKd@ukd atmifjrifauav@ &ckdifwajyvkH;ukdum; rodrf;,lEkdifc?wpdyfwa'oukd&m odrf;,lEkdifca&// ewf+rKduf taemufzuf b*Fg 12 +rKd @ / Akdvfrif;axmif / zvHaxmif / jrKHaxmif&kd@ukdum; olr&vD? t*Fvdyf oHwrH

uywdef uefedef; (captain canning) tif;0+rKd@ukd a&mufawtcg armif0kdif;a& &ckdifajy useftpdyftykdif;+zKdufaw b*Fvm;a'oudkwkdufckdufodrf;,lzkd @ =uHpDeDa=umif; wGDc&a&vkd @ uywdef uefedef;. rSwfwrf;uwGd @&a&? a,auav@ armif0kdif;a& ewf+rKduf taemufzufukd vkH;0r&c/ol +rKdufukdul;zkd@=uHwkdif; &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif&kd @. ckcHwkdufckdufpGmukd tvSL;tavS;cHpm;c&a&? armif0kdif;wyf&kd @a& &ckdifjrDukd vkdcsifpGmxuf,if;a'orm ckdatmif;eDa& &ckdifwdudk vkdcsifpGmu tm;=uD;vkd@+zKdufaw? ,if;&ckdifwdukd xkwfyD;zkd@pGmuk dav@ t*Fvdyfeef @ qufqHvm&a&tcgarmif0kdif;&kd @ t=udrf=udrf awmif;cHcuwfaw? ,if;tcg Armaeacs@&kd @. a=uG;a=umfoHu usLyifckwf usLikwfr# rusefapeef @ vkd @ qkda&aqmifyk'f+zKdufaw?


4/59

4

&ckdifajyukd usL;ausmfzkd @ Armaeacs@&kd @ &ckdifajyem;okd @ 0ifvma&cg awmifukwfaeu wef;avG;pm; usm;&D0wf/ awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD;pwifckcHwkdufxkwfca&? 1146ck/ ewfawmf vqef; (4) &ufu Armaeacs@wyfa& &ckdifajyukd xkd;0ifa&mufvma& // ,if;ESKduf ,if;v/ vqef; (9)&ufpeDedu awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD; ckcHwdkufxkwfvkdufaw? aemufwacguf ,Skdif;vma&tcgav@ wkdufzsufvkdufaw?

1146ck ewfawmfvqef;u Armaeacs@ tvkH;t&if;eef @ 0ifvma&cg awmifrif;=uD;a& ajrmufOD; rif;bm;u 4if;/ &rf;ajy@uGsef;utdrf&Sdrif;a[mif; oufpHa&$&kd @yg;u 4if;/ rmefatmif+rKd @pm; AdkvfxGef;atmifausmf &kd@yg;u4if; /pkduful awmif;vkdufaw? a,tcg tcsif;csif;oH,0ifeDuwfvkd@ pkpk/ap;ap; aeacs@ukdckcHz@kd pdwf"mwf ra&mufEkdifcuwf? wauG; wjym;pDd +zKdufeDuwfaw?

(1)// ajrmufOD;bk&if r[morRw&mZm tjyif(2)// ia=u;awmifu "g;rEkdifwrif;(3)// yaEM; acsmif;uGsef;u aumif;nGef@&efwkdif wrif;(4)// =uyfpifuGsef;u "g;ykdif=uD;oHa'wrif;(5)// &kd;uGsef;u ukvm;a&$pmwrif;(6)// wef;avG;u awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD;wrif;(7)// rmefatmifuGsef;u owkd;jzLwrif;&kd@yif+zKdufaw// tpktaitrsm;tjym; yif[deDuwfaw? ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&kd @a& wckjyD;wck

wkdufckduf csKd;ESKdrf@zkd @ avGulvm;ca&// Armaeacs@ ya'o&kdufum; y&da,t&mu ajywef;qmykdif avS@zsm;wwfawtwkdif;/ &ckdif okdufpmazmufwdu&Sduwif,lcjyD;au ajyol vlxkukd wywf&kdufcoda&? ,if;eef@Z ktcsKd@tcsKd@ &GmZm;rsm; oDrif;}uKdqkdayG;wdukd vkyfrdcuwfoda&?

awmifrif;=uD;a& &ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; orkdif;a=umif;u aeacshukd yxrqkH; ayG;OD;eif; wkduf xkwfcol+zKdufaw? pkduftiftm;rr#vkd@wef;avG;acsmif;u qkwfjyD;au &rf;ajy@/ oHawG;/ rmefatmifaeu acgif; aqmifwdukd wyfaygifpkzkd @/ Armaeacs@ukd wkdufxkwfzdk@}uKd;pm;ca&// rSefuefa&r[mAsL[m/ ae;AsL[myif jzKufaw?

awmifrif;=uD;a& aemifawmf"g;ykdif}uD; pHay:&D$ &rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfaygvkH;/ vrkpm; AkdvffvSckdif/ &rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfxGef;atmif &kd@eef @ vltiftm; (3)aomif;ausmf pkap;jyD;au wkH;ausmufqdyf wkdufayG;u Armaeacs@ukd tEkdif,lvkdufaw? 'kwd, w=udrf jyif;jyif;xefxef wkduf&a&// ,SKH;edrf@vkd @ ,if;uwzefqkwfjyd;au ya*;acsmif;uG sef;u acgifaqmif aumif;nGef@&efwkdif /AkdvfxGef;ay:a0&kd@eef @ yl;aygifjyefa& // ,if;utm;eef @ Armaeacs@ukdwkdufckdufvDa&? ,if;wcgtm;rr#vkd @ r,lurf;okd @ qkwfcH&a&? ,if;aemufykdif;ESKdufuyif r[m"rR&mZmrif;/ om;awmftdfrf&Sdrif;/ armif;oufpHa&$a&a,mufzawmf pkdufuGyfAkdvfacs@apG eef@twl &rf;ajy@+rKduf0wkdufayG;u Armaeacs@wyfwfdudk jyif;jyif;xef;xef; wkdufxkwfcuwfaw? ,if;wkdufayG;uAkdvfacs@apGusqkH;vkd@ &ckdifwyfysufum aemufqkwfvD&a&? Armaeacs@&kd@av@ ,if;tcg tdrf&Sdrif; oufpHa&$. Zifacsmif;aeukd odrf;ykdufvkdufuwfaw?

awmifykdif;u &cdkif Akdvfrif;wyfrif;&kd @ z&kdz&D;+yKdauG;vDau Armaeacs@&kd @a& &ckdifajyajrmufykdif;okd @ csD;wufvmuwfjyD;au (1146) ck

jymokdvfvqkwf (6) &ufu avmif;=uuf +rKd@a[mif;u wyfawjyD;au ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfukd wdkufckdufvDa&? ,if;eduyif &ckdif Akdvfrif;wyfrif;&kd@av@avmif;=uufwyfukd xGufwkdufvDa&tcg ,SKH;edrf @ca&? ,if;eef@Zk wkduf*sDawmf (30) eef @ ajrmufOD;bk&if r[m orRw&mZm rif;a& ,if;edokdif;acgiftcsdefu &rf;ajy@uGsef;ud k qkwfvD&a&? aemufw&uf jymokdvqkwf (7) &uf peDedu (1784 ck 'Dzifbmv) ajrmufOD;a&$+rKd@awmfukdArmaeacs@&kd @ odrf;ykdufvDa&? jymokdvauG we*FEGDded (1785jymok dv) uG sef;om,mu &ckdif rif;w&m;ukd Armaeacs@&kd @ vuf&zrf;qD;rdvkd@tr&yl&+rKd@awmfokd @ ykd@vkdufuwfaw? txufu qkdca&twkdif; Armaeacs@&kd @a& &ckdifrif;om; [&Dukdeef;wifzkd@vkd @ Oyg,fwrnf vkyfxm;vkd@ajyoltrsm;pku xifwvkH;eef @ ar#mfukd;eDcuwfaw? rif;om; [&D auGvGefa&cg rkwfqdwf wykwfrif;om;ukd eef;wiffzkd@vkd @ avS@pm;xm;jyD;auajyolukd csKyfukdifvkdufaw? ,if;tcsdefcgu Armaeacs@ukd aZG;owWd tajy@eef @ awmfvSefeDa& &ckdif acgifaqmif=uD;uum; awmifrif;=uD;ausmfxGD;yif+zKdufaw? ,if;eef@Zk Armaeacs@&kd @u ol&kd@vufwGif;okd @ usa&mufor# &ckdif trsKd;om;tm;vkH;ukd okH;yef;t+zKduf owfrSwfjyD;auaexGufbk&if uGsefawmfrsKd; qkda&pmwef;ukd yD&Guf/ xef;&Guf/ 0g;jcrf; &kd @rm &GD;jyD;au vkdifyif;rSm aqG;xm;pDa&? aqG;rxm;a&vludkawmifrif;=uD;vlvkd@ ,lqjyD;au owfykdufuwfaw?

1146 ck wykdawG; vqef; (13) &uf /we*FEGDedu uwnSawmifxdyfu r[mrked &kyf&Sifawmf. ukd,fpm;awmfukd Armaeacs@&kd@ yifhaqmifodrf;,lvm;cuwfaw? &ckdifajy t&yf&yfu "mwfawmf/ rGDawmf aygif;utp ajyol&[email protected];/ 0efqef/ auGs;EGm;/ =uuf0uf/ tqkH;xd&or#odrf;,lumArmajyokd@jyefvDuwfaw? ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfu eENyusefukd +rKd@apmifh/ ajyapmifh/ t+zKduf Armaeacs@uxm;ykdufcuwfaw?

+rKd @0ef eENyusefvufxufu &ckdif wajyvkH; ajyol&kd @a& &&mvufeufukdaqG;jyD;au wGD@a&aeacs@ukdqufvuf awmfvSefuwfaw? ajyol&[email protected]@a=u;eDa& awmfvSef&D; oDG;uefukkd pkpkap;ap;vkyfyD;zkd @ acgifaqmifaumif; tvkdtyfqkH; tcsdefyif+zKdufauav@ tm,weef @ *kd%f*ew&m;jyif;xefeDvkd @ wOD;wa,mufav@ wkd;wufcGifhr&c// tcsif;csif; auG;auG;jym;jym; awmfvSefvkd@yif [duwfaw? rSwfcsuf? ?atedxufwkdif f at'%fudkcHeDuwf&oda& pkdufrSefa& awmfvSef&D; tazG@tap;wkdif;a& *kd%f*evd_if;udk vkH;0 ayzsufjyD;au ajyolvkdif;ukd t"du t&kHpkdufuwfaunDnGwfpkap;&D;qkdpGm csufcsif; +zKdufvm&vdrfhar? *kd%f;*e tmemukd t+cDcHpGma& twWukd tjcDcHpGm+zKdufjyD;au trsKd;om; w&yfvkH; b0ukdtajccHol&m pkdufrSefa& awmfvSef&D; orm; (0g) tazG@ +zKdufvdrfar? attazG@ukd&m trsKd;om;w&yfvkH;av@ axmufcHvmvdrfar?


5/59

5

,if;ykdif trsKd;om;tiftm;pkwd tcsif;csif; rnDrnGwf+zKdufeDa& tcsdefu Armaeacs@&kd @um; &ckdifajyol&kd@ukd &ckdiforkdif;wav#mufvkH;uwcgav@r}uKHzl;atmif tkyfvkdufowfjzwf eDa&? vufvSrf;rSD oavmuf pm&if;t&

(1) aygif;wkwfjyifu ajyol 1000(2) o&uftkyf u 1000(3) =uuf&kd;awmif u 1000(4) pHum;awmif u 2000(5) ajrmufOD;+rKd@xufu ajyol 37000(6) ykcufwGif; Ekd@pkd@acswdukd "g;uZwf ycpGm 10000(7) bk&m;ay:/ 'kdif;usD/ armif;aqG;/ i&aumuf/ acgif;+yKdawmif/ yk&drf;/ aygif;wkw/f &wemjyif/ vufr awmwef;/ ukd;aq@ukd;awmif/ oHawG; /

&rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif/ t&yf&yf&k d@u Arm aeacs@&kd @ owfykdufca&ajyol taygif; tvDvD &a&um; 184000 (1784-88twGif;) pkpkaygif;towfcH&pGm 236000?

atavmuf oDa&ajyolufdk *kckdufajyol&kd @u orkdif;rwifuwfau Zmvkd @ ,lquwf&zkd@av;,if;ykdif vlorkdif;ukd *&krjyKuwfaw/vlrsKd;qufokduftwGuf tem*wfqkdpGm aw[dEkdifzkd @vm;// ,iff;orkdif;uk d qufcHa& vlukd usKdif;ajrmif;a&vkd @ qkdau qkda&vl. pdwfukdausa&vkd@owfrSwf&zkd @vm;// aeacs@&kd @. ajyoltay: &ufpufjyKr_pGmudk orkdif;rwifau/ wifpGmukd csKyfcsau ,if;ykdifvlukd ajyolukdESKdufpufawaeacs@ukd axmufcH tm;yD;a&vlpm;vkd @ owfrSwf&a&? ajyoludk qufcHpGm ajyolorkdif;ukd qufcHpGma& w&m;a&/ rSefuefa&vl@usifh0wfeef@ nDnGwfaw? aeacs@&kd@. ,kwfrmr_ukd/ ajyol&kd@. 'kuQcHpm;&r_wdudk azmfxkwf&zkd@yif/ orkdif; armfuGef; wif&zkd@yif+zKdufaw?

&ckdifajy ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfudk Armaeacs@ ya'o&kduf odrf;ykdufjyD;a& aemufykdif; 1147 ck wef;cl;vu awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD;a&

nDnGwf&D;wyfaygif;pk vkyfEkdifatmif }uKd;pm;jyD;au Armaeacs@ukd wkdufckdufvDa&? rkZkE


6/59

6

tokH;jyKpDa&? aeacs@r_ udpP t&yf&yfjyD;a&cg atmifZmwDeef@ odrfausmif; aqmufvkyfvDuwfaw? ,if;twGufeef@ 1150 (AD.1788) u pjyD;au&cdkifvuQ%mt&yf&yfwkd@ ysufpD;/ wdrfjrKyfvD&a&?

atum; 1146 ck Armaeacs@ &ckdifajyokd @ 0ifuaw;u pjyD;au 1150 ck Armaeacs@&kd @ &ckdifvuQ%m t&yff&yfukd csKd;zsufvkdufaw tcsdefxdtusKdif;csKyforkdif; +zKdufaw?

'kwd,ydkif; 1788'kwd,ydkif; 1788'kwd,ydkif; 1788'kwd,ydkif; 1788---- 1794179417941794

&ckdifAkdvfrif;/ wyfrif;taygif;&kd@rSm Arm aeacs@&kd@vufOD;r_ &vm;csufukd jyefcsKd;cszkd @ t=udrf=udrf }uKd;pm; uwfauav@ awmfvSef&D;. t"du0if&kd;+zKdufaw ap;urf;[djcif;/ ap;vkH;nDnGwfjcif;ukd t&rawaqmuf Ekdifuwfvkd @ t,SKH;eef @acs; &ifqkdifeDuwf&a&? ,SKH;wdkif;,SKH;wkdif; &ckdifajytaemufykdif;a'orSm ckdatmif; eDuwf&a&? &ckdifajy taemufykdif;a'oudk ,if;tcsdefu b*Fvm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;a& +Adwdo# t&SdtdEdN, ukrRm%DutykdifcHxm;&m+zKdufaw? a'umvrSm &ckdifajy t&Sdzufwjcrf;ukd Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@u pkd;rkd;vkd @ tkyfcsKyfeD,m+zKdufaw// taemufzuf wjcrf;ukd

+Adwdo#t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd @ avS@pm;tkyfcsKyfeD,m+zKdufaw// &ckdifawmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif&kd @a& Armaeacs@yg;rSm pkduf&D;t&,SKH;wkdif; taemufokd@qkwfjyD;au ,if;rSm ap;&kH;&D; vkyfvdvkyfx[duwfaw? &ckdifajy t&Sdzufjcrf; ewf+rKdufuyif armfwifpGef;/ [kdif;=uD;uGsef; e*&kduftilxd?taemufzufjcrf; ewf+rKdufuyif taemufzufb*Fg 12 +rKd@oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ Akdvfrif;axmif/ jrKHaxmiftxd?

&ckdifajy t&Sdzufjcrf;[d&ckdifajy t&Sdzufjcrf;[d&ckdifajy t&Sdzufjcrf;[d&ckdifajy t&Sdzufjcrf;[d1150 ck aemufykdif;u &ckdif ajyolw&yfvkH;uk d Armaeacs@&kd @ "g;wiftkyfcsKyffvDa&tcg &ckdifawmfvSef&D; acgifaqmifrsm;+zKdufuwfaw

&rf;ajy@pm; AkdvfaygvkH;/ auGs;waumifEkdifAkdvf/ AdkvfcGufayguf/ Adkvfpdefa&mif/ Adkvfjra&mif/ AkdvfxGef;OD;/ AkdvfrswfarSmifjzL/ Akdvfwkdif;csKdufy&H /ewfawmifpm;Akdvfa&$ausmf/ aqpif;pD;Akdvf vusfmjyef&Gmtkyf AkdvfwkH;pH/ AkdvfaumapG/ '*Fg;awmifpm; AkdvfwkH;pH&$D/ yvufpm;AkdvfpH pa& Akdvftaygif&kd@a&&ckdifajy taemufa'orSm ckdvSKHvkd @ [dvDuwfaw? ,if;acgif; aqmifwdeef @ ajyolw&yfvkH;uk d Armaeacs@&kd @ 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufowfjzwfvkda&pdwfwzGm;zGm; ay:aygufeDvDa& ? +Adwdo#eef @ &ifqkdifwkd;eDa& twGuf Armaeacs@&kd@tzkd @ tcGifhrom+zKdufeDca&? ,auav@

tcGifh&au &a&ykdif &ckdifwdukd owfjzwfvDa&?1156 ck (AD.1794) u Armaeacs@a& ae;y&da,trsKd;rsKd;eef @ &rf;ajy@pm;Akdvf aygvkH;/ AkdvfcGufayguf/ auGs;waumifEkdif Akdvf 3a,mufukd

ukrRm%Dtpk d;& yg;u awmif;cHvDa&/ ,if;tcg Armwdyg;u vwfpm;xm;a& pkdufwaumif;+rKd @0ef umaevftmpudef (Colonel Erskine) utqkdygAkdvf 3 OD;&kd@ukdzrf;Asmvf Armaeacs@ vufokd @ av$;tyfvkdufaw? ,if;Akdvf 3 OD;&kd@ukd zrf;Asmvf Armaeacs@&kd @u tr&yl&okd @ ykd@vkdufjyefa&//,if;rmyif ,if;acgifaqmif 3 OD ;ukd (1157-ck-eH,kefv) rSm um;pifwifAsmvf roD r&Sif/ wef;vef;wifvkd @ owfykdufvDa&? auGs;waumifEkdifAkdvfum;xGufjyD; vGwfajrmufvm;ca&? a,auav@ &ckdif acgifaqmifwdum; &ckdif rmefukdrcs? +zKdufawb0rSm+zKdufawykdif &kef;uefuwfaw?um;pifxufrmyifaeacs@ya'o&kdufukd qef@usif qENjy,if; auGvGefvm;cuwfaw?

wwd,ykdif;(1794wwd,ykdif;(1794wwd,ykdif;(1794wwd,ykdif;(1794----1815)1815)1815)1815)Akdvfcsif;jyef aAkdvfcsif;jyef aAkdvfcsif;jyef aAkdvfcsif;jyef awmfvSef&D;wmfvSef&D;wmfvSef&D;wmfvSef&D;

&ckdif vlr_tazG;tap;rSm +rDo#ifya'o&kdufpESKduf aemufqkH;ykdif; awwHhcsdefumvrSm trsKd;om;ap;vkH;r_+yKdauG;vm;ca& twGufwma=umifhukdvkdeDuGsefb0okd@usa&mufvm;ca& t&Sdzuf &ckdifajy wpdyfwa'oeef @ &ckdifvlr_tazG;tap; wpdyfwa'oukd Armya'o&kdufaeacs@u&ufpufr_rsKd;pkHeef @ tkyfcsKyfvDa&? Taemufzuf &ckdifajywpdyfwa'oeef @ &ckdif vlr_tazG;tap; wpdyfwa'oukd +Adwd t&if;o#ifaeacs@&kd@odrf;,ljyD;au b*Fvm;aeeef@aygif;pyfykdufvkdufaw?

Armaeacs@&kd@ &ckdifajyukd odrf;,la&ESKduf 1784 u 1788 xdtwGif;rSm &ckdiftrsKd;om; w&yfvkH; Arm aeacs@ukd cg;cg;oD;oD; awmfvSefcuwfaw?ap;&kH;nDnGwfjcif;/ ap;urf;[djcif;/ pa& awmfvSef&D;. t"du0if&kd; (0g) t*F grsm; csKd@aw@r_a=umifh ,if;awmfvSef&D;rSm ratmifjrifEkdifc/ Armaeacs@&kdvlrqefa&pdwfeef @ &cdkfifajy t&yf&yfrSm odef;oef;csDvkd @ owfjzwfuuwfaw ? ,if;acwfcg rSwfwrf;rsm;t& Arm+rKd@0ef eENyusef owfykdufcpGm&ckdiftrsKd;om;aygif; 236000 +zKdufaw? (1784 88twGif;)? rmefatmif+rKd@0ef Armorkdif;&D;rsm;uav@ rmefatmifuGsef;[d ynmaoaygif;rsm;pGmukd


7/59

7

owfjzwfca&? +rKd@okdufacsmif; pkdif;wifacsmif;/ awmifcGif/ }udrfovDae&kd@rSm owfjzwfcHc&a& ajyoltaygif;rSmav@ &Gmvkduf e,fvkduf csDvkd@+zKdufaw/&or# &cdkifokH;yef;eef@ajyolwdukd tkyffvkduftkyfvkduf zrf;jyD;au +rKdufurf;em;rSm yifavurf;jcD&kd@rSm jcHcyfjyD;au jzm;&Deef@jrSKyfowfcpGm atedxufwdkifjcHxkd;jyifwd [deDoda&?

AD-1788 rSm Arm+rKd@0ef+zKdufaw taemufwkduf0ef vufxufu &ckdifajyu zrf;,lvm;ca& olaiawmf 101 a,muf ,kd;',m;udk wkdufzkd@

yD;ykd@&pGmum; vl 6000+zKdufaw? 1797 ck rSm+rKd@0efrif;=uD; ausmfxifpdefzl;/ vufxufrSm vlaygif; 2000 rif;uGef; apwDawzkd@vkd@yD;&a&?,if;tjyif pkdufayG;rSm ygvDa& &ckdiftmZmeDaygif; a&m*g zD;iwfrGwfjcif; zD;eef@oDvD&a& vltaygif;&kd@rSmr&DwGuf Edkifatmifyif+zKdufaw? Arm&kd@ acGs;wyfaqG;,lvm;cpGmav@ trsm;tjym;yif +zKdufaw// ,if;eef@ &ckdiftrsKd;om;&kd@a& &ckdifajy taemufzufjcrf;+Adwdo# t&SdtdEdN, ukr`%D odrf;,lxm;a&a'oudk ukef;a=umif;wrsKd;/ &Da=umif;wzkH/ xGufjyD;vDuwfaw? pkdufwaumif;awmif&kd @/ awm&kdif;&kd@udkwkd;0ifvDuwfaw? vltaygif;av@ trsm;tjym;yif+zKdufaw// oHawG;/ &rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif/ pa& a'o&kd@uyifav@ &Da=umif;zGifhum b*Fvm;t0uGef;/uGef;&kdif;&dk@ukd ckwfxGif ,Sif;vif;Asmvf eDvDuwfaw// vltaygif;av@tajrmuftrsm; yif+zKdufaw?

1798 ck Arm&kd @ ajrmufOD;ukd odrf;ykdufjyD;aemuf 14 ESKduft=umrSm &ckdiftrsKd;om; okH;ykHESpfykHa& &ckdifajy taemufzufjcrf; +Adwdo#ykdifeufwkd@

ajymif;&$D@vm;vDuwfaw? uy`wdef[d&rf; aumpf (captain hiramcox) . tpD&ifcHpmt& AD-1799. ck rSm &ckdifom;aygif; 4 aomif; /r[kwfau 5 aomif; ajymif;&$dvm a=umif;az:jyxm;a&?

atcGifha& 1799 ESKduf wESKduftwGif; ajymif;&$d@uwfpGm+zKdufaw? &ckdif 'kuQaoaygif;teuf w&ufrSm ta,S20 a,mufpD oDqkH;vDa&//vmvrf;wav#mufrSm vloD tavmif;xyfeDa&// vltkdrsm; a&m*gaorsm; rdcifrsm; ta,Srsm;rSm c&D;=urf;wav#muf r&DrwGufEkdifatmif oDqkH;vDa&?trdtavmifxufrSm Ekd@pkd@eDa& ta,Swdav@ trsm;tjym;yif+zKdufaw? vkd@ol tpD&ifcHpmrSm az:jyxm;a&?

tck &ckdifajyrSm qufcHeDa& &ckdif trsKd;om; taygif;&kd@a& ,if;tcgu toufroDvkd@ usefvkdufaw &ckdif zkd;zdD;ZlZmu qif;oufvma& &ckdiftrsKd;om;wd+zKdufaw qkdpGmud k rrdtyf / rrd&/ vlrsKd;qufukd vlrod&? vl@orkdif;ukd vl@awmfvSef&D; orkdif;qufuk d vlrod& vlrsKd;qufukdvlyifqufcH&zkd@yif+zKdufaw?

,if;ykdif +zdKufeDcsdefrSm (1798) Armbk&if armif0kdifu vlaygif; 4 aomif;eef@oDeyf 2 aomif;&kd@ufdk &ckdifajyu awmif;cHyga&? ,if;eef@ZkArm+rKd@0ef&kd @u acGs;wyfaqG;eDvD&m ,if;ESKduf (1160) ck wef;aqmifrkef; vqef; 2 &uf t*FgeDrSm vusmfjyef&Gmtkyf Akdvfwk H;pH/ AkdvfaumapG/'*Fg;awmif;pm;AkdvfwkH;pH&GD&kd @a& wkdufap/wkdufarmif;wD;vkd @ awmfvSef wdkufckdufuwfaw? ,if; awmfvSef&D; tiftm;pka& i&aumufrSm wyfawvkd@awmfvSefuwfaw?

+rKd@ol=uD; OD;oHa'. om;Akdvfcsif;jyef orufvwf&kH;Akdvf / yvufpm;AkdvfpH&kd @av@ r,lurf; atmifwyfrSm wyfawjyD;au awmfvSefwkdufckdufvDa&? &rf;ajy@ +rKd@ol=uD; AkdvfpH+rrSmum; Armaeacs@&kd@u Akdvfcsif;jyefeef@ quf

oGufa=umif;ukd odvm;vkd @ uGyfrsufcHvD&a&? AD.1811(AE.1173)rSm Akdvfcsif;jyefum; ewf+rKdufurf;jcD [m&Aif; uvlpka&cg 1500avmuf&a&? r,lurf; atmifwyfwkd@ a&mufawcg vl 3 aomif;txd &vma& // ,if;c&kdufESKduf arv rSm armifawm+rKd@ukd odrf;jyD;au &ckkdif wajyvkH;

awmfvSef&D;tiftm; jzef@=uufvkdufaw ZGefv tavavmufrSm ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfrS ty usefwajyvkH;ukd Akdvfcsif;jyef odrf;xm;vkdufaw?,if;aemufykdif; Akdvfcsif;jyefa& up>ye'D ukvm;wef+rdKuf taemufzuf ,kd;il t&yfrSm aZ,sm0wD+rKd@udkd awaxmifvkdufaw ? Akdvf

rsufawmifa&Sukd eENdaoeAE


8/59

8

ajrmufykdif;&kd@rSm/ Oa&mywkdufrSm/ tmz&du/ wkdufawmif;ykdif;rSm/ tdEdN,ajyrSm/ w&kyfajyrSm/ jyifokduf/ t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd@eef@ pkduf&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ pD;yGm;&D; /t& +ydKiffqkdifwkdufckdufvkd@[deDa& ,if;eef@Zk &ckdifajyudpP jrefrmajy udpP&kd@rSm ra,mifrav vkyfxm;jcif;+zKdufaw? ,if;tcgu +Adwdo# ukr`%Da& Armya'o&kduf&kd@eef @ em;avatmif oHwref t=udrf=udrf v$wfjyD;au rdwfazG@zkd@}uKd;pm;eDa& tjcm;wzufrSmav@ Armeef @ wGif;&D;rSm jyifokduf&kd@t+ykdiftqkdif jcDukwfzkd@ =uHeDa& ,if; twGufwmeef@ Akdvf csif;jyef&kd@urf;vSrf;csufukd rjyef=um;ab; eDcuwfaw?

Akdvf csif;jyeffrSm ,if;ESKdfuf wrkd;vkH; &ckdifajyukd xdef;xm;Ekdifuyif +Adwdo#wyfu xGufeDuwfaw tdEN, trsKd;om; pkdufom;rsm; rdrdwkyfwGif;wkd@0ifzkd@aqG;aEG;vDa&? vufeuf&duQukd cufcufcJcJ pkvD&a&? rkd;ukefau Armaeacs@eef@ &ifqkdif&zdk@yif +zdKuftwkdif; pkdufr_pkduf&mudpP&kd@ukd pD;pD;pkdufpkduf jyifqifxm;vDa&? a,auav@ vufeufac;,rf; / rD;ausmufeef @ pkdufynmzufrSm aumif;aumif;=uD; tm;eJeDa&? tcsKd @ wyfom;&kd@rSm 0g;cGsefukdyif vufeuf ukdifaqmif&a& pkdufynmvdusifh&D;ukdav@ pkdufayG;wGif;rSm vkyf&a&vkd @ qkd&zkd@yif Zm+zdKufvkd@av;qkdau pkdufwaumif; aezufu ap;&kH;&D; vkyfpkdfifuav; +Adwdo#&kd @ rodatmifjrDatmuf ap;&kH;&D;ukd&m vkyfEkdifca&? a,jyD;au pkdufcsDvm&a& wrkd;wGif;vkH;rSmav@ vdusifhzkd @ aumif;aumif;r&Edkdif? tkd;ykduf/ tdrfykduf jyD;v$m;eD&a&&ckdifvltazG;tap;a& aeacs 2 wkdif =um;rSm &kef;uefeD&pGmu avGa&tvkyfr[kwf? Zmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf Akdvfcsif;jyef. awmfvSef&D;a& aeacs@qef@usif&D;tpkduftrSefyif+zKddfufaw?

1811 ck 'DZifbmvukd a&mufvwfawtcg Armaeacs@ ya'o&dkuf armif0kdif;a& a=u;a=umif;/ &Da=umiff;pkduf 2 a=umif;u &ckdifjywkd@v$wfvkdufaw rtDacsmif;wkdufayG;rSm &ckdif&kd@,SH;edrf@vkd @ awmifykdif;u &dDwyftm;vkH;a& pae;cHwyf[m pkap;eD&a&? yifava=umif;wkdufayG;rSm,SH;edrf@&jyefa& pkdufvSD 300 vlwaomif; teuf 200 ysufpD;vD&a&?

,if;a=umif; Akdvfcsif;jyefa& wyftm;vkH;udk pkap;jyD;au usdef;uGsef;ucHkcHjyefa&? tif;tm;rr#vkd@ aZ0wDcHwyf+rKd@wkd@ xyfqifhqkwfcGm&jyefa& 1812 ZEM0g&DvavmufrSm (1173 ckjymokdvajy@ A'l;ed) &ckdfif wjyvkH;u vlaygif;

90000 (ukd;aomif;)ukd odrf;,lac:aqmifjyD;au pkdufwaumif; aezufwkd@ ckd0ifvD&a&?Arm aeacs@&kd @um; xuf=uyfvkdufygvmjyD;au armifawm+rKd@ cJwyfucs&yfvDuwfaw? ,if;aemuf Arm aeacs@&kd @a& +Adwdo#ukr`%Dyg;wkd@

oHpmurf;vSrf;jyD;au Akdvfcsif;jyef vuf&kHef;Akdvfeef @ wuG &ckdifajyol&kd@ukd jyefawmif;vDa& &ckdif bk&if tqufquf. Ykdifeuf aejrD+zKdufawpkdufwaumif;'*g;&kd@ukd jrefrm rif;bm;yD;tyf&ef awmif;vDa&? ryD;tyfau pkdufjyKzkd@ vkd@jcdrf;ajcmufvDa&?

1812 ck (1174 ck uqk Hv)rSm Akdvfcsif;jyef. vuf&DG;pifwyfa& ia=u;awmifcHwyfudk 0ifpD;jyD;au Arm aeacs@wyfr_; ivGef;ajyudk

uGyfrsufvkdufaw// ,if;tcsdefavmufrSm t*Fvdyf pkdufAkdvf ume,fvfarmf*ef Canal Margan)u Akdvf csif;jyef. rdom;pkeef @ vuf&kHef;Akdvf/vrkpm; Adkvfa&$&kd@ukd zrf;qD;jyD;au pkdufwaumif; tusKdif;axmifrSm csKyfxm;pDa&// ,if;rSm vuf&kHef;Akdvf auGvGefvDa&/ usefawmfvSef&D; rdom;pkudk'*g;+rKd@rSm tauscsKyfeef@ tdrfwaqmifrSm xm;vDa&?

Akdvfcsif;jyefum; awmfvSef&D;atmifvHukd v$ifhxlajr; v$ifhxljyD;au r,lurf; r*Fvm=uD;awmifwyf csxm;a&? aemifawmf av;+rKd@pm;Akdvfatmifausmf '*Fg;awmifpm; AkdvfwkH;pHa&G / Akdvfapmfum; a,mufzawmf AkdvfoufESKH/ &kd@eef @ ap;&kH;jyD;au Armaeacs@udk qufvufwkdufckdufarmif;xkwfaw? rkd;apuGsef; wkdufayG; (1174 ckjymokdv)rSm ,SKH;edrf@vkd @ a&Smufacsmif; zsm;wkd@qkwfvD&a& / ,if;ESKduf wykd;awG;vrSm

o&ufcsKd+rdK@ukd awvDusifa&? crD;/ +rKd /ouf/ csif;/pa&pvlrsKd;pktm;vkH;udk pkap;wyfazG;jyD;au orufawmf wdrf=um;Akdvfukd wyfr_;cef@tyfvkdufaw?up>ye'D +rdKufnm/ ul0wkdufayG; (1175jymokdv)rSm ,SH;edrf@vDjyefvkd @ wyfqkyfcH&a&? ,if;vrSmyif Akdvfcsif;jyefa&pkdufw aumif;aeokd @ ckd0ifvD&a&?1813 (1175 waygif;v)rSm Arm+rKd@0ef aemf&xmqkdola& &ckdif vloefvljyef&kd@eef@ pkdufwaumif;aejrDu jyefvmuwfaw tdrfaxmifao pkdufjyD;&kd@udkyg&ifukd"g;eef @ acG;jyD;au usD;pm/ iSufpm/ auGs;vDa& // tjcm;wzufrSm +Adwdo#ukr`%D uav@ Akdvfcsif;jyefukd zrf;&au tdENd, &_yD'*Fg; 5000ol@vufatmufcH Akdvfudkzrf;&au &_yDaiG 1000 yD;zkd@vkd@ qkaiGxkwfqifh a=ujimvkdufaw?

AD-18 &mpk tqkH; 19&mpk tpumvrSm tz&ckdifajyrSm 3 yGifhqkdif pkdufayG;cif;usif;eDc&a&? aeacs@ 2 &ef=um;rSm &ckdiff vlr_tazG;tap;=um;ysKdufeDc&a&? Armaeacs@ usL;ausmfpumvu &ckdif vltazG;tap;udk tvSyv Ekd;aqmifESKdifa&? aumif;aqmifaumif; ray:xGef;c? a,auav@trsm;pkudk wef;avG;acsmif;u awmifrif;=uD; ausmfxGD; OD;aqmifEdkifca&// aeacs@ ya'o&kdufukd t"du ywdyuQxm;jyD;au +Adwdo#aeacs@ukdvufatmufcH ywdyuQxm;vkd @ t&Htiftm; tultiftm; t+zdKufxm;zkd @ }uKd;pm;cuwfaw? a,auav@ukd,f&kd @ tcsif;csif;ap;&kH;r_tiftm;ae;yg;cvkd@ awmfvSef&D; ,SKH;edrf@c&a&? ig&kd@ ckduftwGuf ocFef;pm ,lp&myif+zKdufaw?

,if;aemuf Akdfvfcsif;jyefa& 3 yGifhfqkdif pkdufayG;ukd f qufvufqifaEG;a&? ol@vufxufrSm ap;&kH;&D; aumif;rGefvma&? a,auav@

vufeuftiftm;eef @ pkdufynm tiftm;tqrwef edrff@useDa&twGufeef @ aeacs@ 2 .'%fa=umif; ,SKH;edrf @&a&? ,if; 3 qkdiftax;rSm +Adwfdo#aeacs@u y&da, ta=uG0qkH;+zdKufvkd @ &ckdif tif tm;ukd xGm;xGm;nufatmif pkdufuZwfjyD;au xm;ca&? wzufrSm Akdvfcsif;jyefukd awmfvSef&D;rvkyfEkdifatmif t=uyfukdifjyD;au Armaeacs@ukd rdwfvkd/ vdk&efvkdvk d qufqHxm;a&? vlrsKd;&D; pdwfjyif;xefa& Armaeacs@&kd @um; rGef trsKd;om;udkrsKd;jzKwfatmif owfjyD;au rGefajyukd Armajy vkyfykdufvkdufawykdif &ckdifajyufkd vkyfzkd@}uKd;pm;vDa& +Adwdo#&kd @um; attuGufukd jrifjyD;om;+zKdufaw?&ckdifajy jrefrmajyudk ol&kd@odrf;ykdufzkd @ }uKd;pm;eDuwfaw? &ckdif tiftm; xGm;xGm;ysufvkd @ evefrxlEkdifatmifxd ol&dk @ apmifha=u@eDca&? ,if;jyD;rSm&m&ckdifuk d t&Htiftm; arG;ZuyfjyD;au Armajyudk odrf;zkd @ tm;xkwfxm;a&// ,if;ykdif tm;xkwf=uHpDcsufukd t*Fvdyf jrefrm pkdufayG; 3 ayG;pvkH;rSm

oufoDt+zdKufawG @&a&// ,if;pkdufayG;rsm; +zdKufvwfaw? &ckdifpkdufwyfrsm; (magh corpo) azG;jyD;au ap;&kH; odrf;oGif; ,lvm;ca& +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaeacs@&kd@. y&da,um; azG;rD;eef@av@wla&? wazG@azG@ av@avmifa&? 3yGifhqkdif&ef okH;OD;rSm tm;ae;qkH;+zKdufaw? &cdkifukd &ckdiftzjrDjyifrSmyif


9/59

9

Armaeacs@ vufcsufeef@ xGufxGuf=uDatmif rodrom r[kwfau ododomom uZwfxm;ca&? a,jyD;au &ckdifukd t&Htiftm; vkyfjyD;au Armudkwkdufckdufodrf;,la&? &kd;ajzmifhola& aumufusKdufaw t=uHorm;yg;rSm ,m,Dus&pajr;?

AD.1813cko&ufcsKd cHwyf+rKd@uqkwfjyD;au pkdufwaumif; awmif&kd;aeukd0ifvm;ca&? Akdvfcsif;jyefa& jrKHaxmif (TripuraState) jyefa& awmif&kd;wcGifrSm wyfpcef;trsm; jzef@aqmufjyD;au &duQmvufeuf pkaqmifxm;vDa& // *sLvkdifvrSm [&bif;ukd 0ifpD;jyD;au

rdrd.orD;awmfai 2 yg;udk ,lvm;ca&rdcif '*g;rSm tzrf;cHeDa&// &ckdiftabmifr &kd@eef@ twlwleDxkdfifa& ,if;orD;awmf 2 yg;ukd awmfvSef&D; eDjrDuyifrdrdeef @ twleDxkdifpDa&? atmufwkdbmvrSm Akdvfcsif;jyefa& ukr`%D tpkd;&yg;wkd @ pm&D;jyD;au rdrduk d,f raESmifh,Sufzkd @ &ckdifajyukd &ckdif&atmif}uKd;pm;tm;xkwfaw awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;ukd raESmifh,Suffzkd @ ta=umif;=um;vkdufaw? ,if;tcsdefrSm ukr`%Dtpkd;&ukd w&m;ol=uD; rpPwmyDacvfuArmpkdufwyfeef @ yl;aygif;vkd @ &ckdifhawmfvSef&D;ukd t+rKdwfjzKwfzkd @ =uHpDxm;a&? Armeef @ qufqH&D; tqifrajya&cg ukr`%D pkdufom;wcsKd@ukdwyfuxGufjyD;a&ykdif vkyfjyD;au Akdvfcsif;jyefukd owfzkd@wifjyvDa&// ,if;w&m;ol=uD;u &ckdif&kd @a& ukd,fajy ukd,fjyef&&D;rSm aumif;aumif;nDnGwfuwfaw twGufa=umif; &ckdifukd vkH;0tultnDryD;zkd@ pkduf&D;t& tquftoGufrvkyfzkd@ukd av@ xyfrHwifjyxm;cvDa&?

Akdfvfcsif;jyefum; &ckdifajyukd &ckdifjyef&atmif toufudk yD;qyfjyD;au toufxufqkH;}uKd;pm;ca&? r,l+rKdufa=umif;u wkdufckdufvkd@ratmifjrifEkdifa&cg ukvg;wef+rdKwfnmu pkefqif;jyD;au ajrmufOD;+rKd@awmfudk jyefodrf;zkd @ }uKd;pm;ca&? aemufqkH;rSm AD.1815 ck *sefe0g&Dv 25&ufrSm "rRwm oabmtwkdif; Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefvDa&? 28 &uf edrSm tavmif;awmfukd aumif;pGm rD;oif+*dffffvfvDa&?

Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefvkd@jyD;aemuf &ckdifvlrltazG;tap;rSm wpwp tiftm;qkwf,kwfvg;ca&// usefa& acgifaqmifwdudkav@+Adwdo#aeacs@&kd @u wa,mufcsif; /wa,mufcsif; ESdrfeif;ykdufvkdufaw? ewf+rKdufu xufjcrf; tpdyfcH&a&// &ckdifajyrSm Armaeacs@&kd @ vufcsufa=umif;&ckdifh toGD;yifav xGef;eDca&? &ckdift&kd; awmifykdifykHeDa&// wajyvkH;rSmum; rD;ckD;wvlvl/ cGD;wtltl/ rsufa& wokwfokwf /ESKyfa& w,Skyf,Skyf

+zdKufeDc&a&? Zmykdfifyif Armaeacs@ya'o&kduf vufatmufrSm 1146u 1186txd (AD.1784-1824) ESKdufaygif; 40 wdwd uGsefb0.'kuQtaygif; ukd uGsefb0. tqkH;0ef'%fukd i&JwGif;qkH; usatmifcHpm;cuwf&a&?

(c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaeacs@udkawmfvSefjcif;(c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaeacs@udkawmfvSefjcif;(c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaeacs@udkawmfvSefjcif;(c) +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaeacs@udkawmfvSefjcif;19191919----&mpk&ckdifawmfvSef&D;&mpk&ckdifawmfvSef&D;&mpk&ckdifawmfvSef&D;&mpk&ckdifawmfvSef&D;

&ckdifajytwGif;rSm 3 qkdif&efol 3 OD;teuf &ckdiftrsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; tiftm;rSm Akdvfcsif;jyef auGvGefuaw;u w&Gd@&dG@usqif;vm;c,m+zKdwfaw? t*ktcgrm +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@eef@ Armya'o&kduf aeacs@&kd@ tif;tm;+ydKifqkdifr_ tpjyKvm,m+zKdufaw?

+Adwdo#&kd@rSm usqif;+ydKysufeD,m+zdKwfaw &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSef&D; tiftm;ukd t&Ht+zdKuf odrf;oGif;,lzkd@

}uKd;pm;vma&// +Adwdo#&kd @ y&da,uk d Ak'


10/59

10

(9) ukeff;wyf/ &Dwyf&kd@rSm 2 OD; 2 buff wm0ef,ljyD;au nDwl nDr#tm;oGef }uKd;yef; &Gwf&GwfcGsefcGsef wkdufckduf&ef?(10) pm;eyf&duQmukd &ckdif&kd@u vkH;0Ookefwm0ef,l&efqkda& tcsuf 10 csufukd 2 OD; 2 buf oabmwl vufcH tawjyKuwfaw?,if;a=umif; trf;pm;eef @ ajypkd;=uD; /u|ef;tkyf}uD;&dk @ wm0ef,l+yD;au &ckdifola&; 1600/ tENd, ola&; 600 &dk@udk ap;&Hk;vDa&// &SifrjzLwyf/

vSay:wyf/ a*:apmifnmwyf&kd@ud k ewf+rKdufeef @ 0g;acsmif;&kd@rSm awaqmufvDa&? AD.1824 ckrSm Armaeacs@ukd &ckdifeef@+Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpkd;&0kdif;wkdufuwfaw? ,if;ESKduf 1186ck wefcl;vqef; 14 &ufed aom=umed/ wA[kd&ftcsdef avmufrSm ajrmufOD; +rKd@awmfukd4if;/ ,if;ESKduf uqkefvqef;

6&uf aom=umedrSm &rf;ajy@ukd4if;/ a,jyD;au ,if;ESKduf uqkefvqkwf 5 &ufu rmefatmifukd4if;/ ,if;ESKduf eH,kefvqef; 4 &ufaom=umedrSmoHawG;+rdK@udkyg jyefvDodrf;,lvkdufaw?AD.1826. ckazaz:0g&Dv 24 &uf (1187 ckwaygif;vajy@ed )rm +Adwdo# ukr%Dtpkd;&eef @ Armaeacs@ ya'o&kduf tpkd;&&kd @ &EWykdpmcsKyfudk

csKyfqkdvDa&// ,if;pmcsKyf wwd,tcsufrSm aemufwzef ajy=uD;2 y g;tjcm; tem;ukd jiif;ckH&ef ta=umif; r[d&atmif t*Fvdyfrif;u wkdufvkd@atmifjrifjyD;aomtcg &ckdifajy&rf;ajy@/ rmefatmif / oHawG;[laom &ckdifajy=uD;udk tpkdif,lvkd jrefrm o#ifbk&ifutpkd;rykdif&? &kd;rzkd;acgif awmifwef;/armfwifpGef;/ [kdif;=uD;uGsef;txd tykdiftjcm;+zdKufpD&ar? aemiftykdif;tjcm;ukd tjiif;tckH[dv#if t*Fvdyfrif;/ jrefrmrif;cef @xm;aom olwkd@utxufyg aeedrdwftwkdif; rSefuefpGmpD&ifap? cef @xm;aom olwkd @tm;av; t&m[drSL;aumif;/ rwfaumif;+zdKufpD&ar vkd @ to#ifpENrmvmvuFm&ax&f. &ckdif pmapmifwtkyfrSm az:jyxm;a&?

at&EWykd pmcsKyfa& &ckdifajytwGufqkdau uGsefvufajymif; pmcsKyf&m+zdKufoda& qkdpGmukd txufyg wwd, tcsufudka=u@um odEkdfifa&//atpmcsKyft& +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaeacs@. ukdvkdeDuGsef +zdKufvm;a=umif; odEkdifa&? +Adwdo#&kd @. pum;a& w&m;r[kwf y&da,,m+zKdufawqkdpGmudk xif&Sm;vma&? pum;udk w&m; t+zKdufawEkdifzkd@twGuf/ *wdokdufpm t+zKdufawEkdiffzkd@twGuf tm;a& t"du+zKdufaw//&ckdiftwGuf tm;qkdvkd @ rsKd;csKduf pdwf"gwftiftm;&m[da&? t"du+zKdufaw vufeuftiftm;rSm &ckdifESKduf 1000 ajy@uyif usqif;vmcvkd@tckqkdau t&kyfyifraygufEkdifatmif +ydKysufeDc,m+zKdufaw? &cdkif vlrltazG;tap;rSm &ckdif ya'o&kduf+rDo#ifpESKduf aemufykdif; qkd;0g;rSKa=umifh/a,jyD;au Arm ya'o&kdufaeacs@ pESKdufqkd;a=umifh z&kdz&D;+ydK auG;cpGm ESKduf 200 eD;eD; (AD.1638-1826 &ckdifESKduf 1000/ 1188)+zdKufvmvwf,m? ,if;a=umif; pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ pkduf&D;/ ap;&kH;&D;/ vlrl&D;/ ,kdifaus;rl tm;vkH;usqif;eDa&? ,if;eef@Zk &ckdif&dk @rSm +Adwdo#&dkd @ pkd;rkd;rlukdacgifikH@cHvm&jyefa&? AkdvfausmfxGD;/ Akdvfcsif;jyef pa& &ckdif acgifaqmif=uD;&kd @ ae;rsKd;pkHeef @ }uKd;pm;csuf t&yf&yf. tusKd; tmedoifwckum; vlrsKd;&D;rkef;wD;rSKeef @ "g;rk d;eDca&// Arm ya'o&kduf aeacs@pESKdufuk d armif;xkwf ykdufESKdifjcif;yif+zKdufaw? ,if;ya'o&dkuf aeacs@tpm; t&if;o#ifaeacs@tpm;0ifvma&? ,if;eef@Zk &ckdfif wrsKd;om;vkH;eef @ +Adwdo# t&if;o#if aeacs@&kd. ywdyuQa& t"du ywdyuQ t+zdKufay:xGeff;vma&? att"du ywdyuQukd trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D;eef@ qufvuf awmfvSefvkyfaqmif&zkd@ yif+zdKuffaw? t*a,mifyif ukd,fhajyukd ukd,fjyefr& o&GdumvywfvkH;trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;udk qufvuf vkyfaqmif&zkd@yif+zKdufaw?

+Adwdo# ukr%Dtpkd;&a& aeacs@&kd@. &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaw y&da, twkdif; &ckdifajyeef@ &ckdif vltazG@tap; w&yfvkH;ukdAD-1826.ckuyifukdvkdeD uGsefjyKxm;vkdufaw? vlwrsKd;ukd vlwrsKd;u uGsefjyKxm;pGmavmuf a'avmurSm &ufpufqkd;0g;a& pESKdufr[d? nKdufywf ao;odrfa&

pESKdufr[d? pkdufxm; atmufusa&pGmr[d/ +Adwdo# t&m[dwOD;a& aeacs@wyfwwyf(One Regiment)eef@ tm;jy zdESKdyftkyfcsKyfzkd@ tpjyKvma&?a,tcg &ckdif acgifaqmifrsm;+zKdufaw "g;ykdif;=uD;/ trf;pm;/ ajrpkd;=uD;/ uGsef;tkyf&kd@eef@wuG a';0ef;=uD; Akdvfatmifausmf&SD(Akdvfcsif;jyef.a,mufzawmf)/ +rKd@ol=uD; atmifausmfZH (Akdvfcsif;jyef.wl) &kd @a& pkap; wkdifyifvmuwfaw? ,if;aemuf Armaeacs@bk&ifodrf;,lvm;a& &ckdifrif;om; wyg;+zKdufaw rif;om;=uD; a&$Aef;av@ ,if;tiftm; pkrSm yg0ifvma&? pkdufawG+rKd @/ tmusyfawmifukef;xdyfwkdufanmifyif&if;rSm v#Kd@0Suf aqG;aEG;ayG;t=udrf=udrf jyKvkyfjyD;au &ckdifajyudk jyefawmif;zkd@ tpDpOfaqG;aEG;uwfaw?

"g;ykdif;=uD;yif acgifaqmifjyD;au t*Fvdyf t&m[d&kd@eef @ &ckdifajyudpPukd aqG;aEG;a&/ +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd @u &ckdif-+Adwdo#oabmwlnDcsuf10 csuft& jyD;ca& pkdufayG;twGuf pkdufp&dwfukd awmif;cHuwfaw? +Adwdo# ukd,fpm;avS&kd @u pkdufp&dwfukd awmif;cHuwfaw? +Adwdo#ukd,fpm;avS&kd @u pkdufp&dwf (20000&lyD;) ukefusa=umif; p&if;jyuwfaw? &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd @u rdrd&kd@*wdtwkdif; pkdufp&dwf aumufcHjyD;au 2aomif;tpm;/ 6 aomif;yD;vkdufuwfaw/ +Adwdo#&kd @u aiGukd&auav@ &ckdifajyukdrtyfab; xyfvkd @ 6 aomif; awmif;cHa&? ,if;eef @Zk xyfvkd@aumufcHjyD;au 'kwd,t=udrf xyfyD;vkdufaw? +Adwfdo#&kd @u vltoDtaysmufp&if;udk trsKd;rsKd;jyjyD;au aiGxyfvkd @ awmif;cHa&?&ckdifacgifaqmif&kd@rSmum; aiGxyfaumufjyD;au wwd,=udrf 6 aomif; yD;qyfvkdufuwfjyefa&// ,if;ykdifaiG 3 =udrf (1800000) yD;auav@ +Adwdo#aeacs@&kd@rSm pD;yGm;&D;/ pkduf&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ aeacs@rsm;yDyD &ckdifajyuxGufvm;zkd@pGmudk xm;vkdufzd? vufeuftiftm;eef @ &ckdfifacgifaqmifwdukd zdESKdufvma&/

rw&m;tcGef trsKd;rsKd;aumufcHvma&// &ckdifvlcsrf;om&kd@ukd "g;jrwkdufvma&// aemuffqkH; &ckdifwajyvkH;ukd uGsef ZmwfoGif;vmvwfaw?,if;twGufeef @ &ckdifacgifaqmif&kd @ awmfvSef&D; wkdufayG;w&yfukd vkyfaqmifzkd @ pDpOfvDuwfaw? &ckdif rsKd;csKduf okH;usdyf ESKdufa,mufukd

trmcH uvyfap; t+zdKufazG@vkdufjyD;au oDG;okdufpma&aomufuwfaw? &ckdifajyudk tkyfcsKyfeDa& +Adwdo# t&m[d&kd@udk ajrmufOD;+rKd@udk ac:jyD;au

vkyf=uHvkdufzkd @ pDpOfxm;uwfaw? ,if;ykdif vkyf=uHjyD;au &ckdifpkdufwyf (Arakanese Battalian) tultnDeef @ &ckdifajyudkodrf;,lzkd@=uHpDuwfaw?

AD.1827 ckrSm ukd,fajyukd ukd,fjyef&&D;twGuf tqkdyg trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D;ukd pwifvDa&? a,cg t}uHtpDayguf=um;vm;vkd@rif;om;=uD; a';0ef;=uD; / +rKd@ol=uD;&kd @ tzrf;cHuwf&a&? ,if;tqk dyg acgifaqmif3 OD;ukdum; +Adwdo#&kd @ e*g;0g oabFmeeff @ umvwWm;+rKd@udkykd@vkdufaw? ,if;uwcg pifumyl udkykd @a&? ,if;aemuf tdENd, ajy'*g;+rKd @ umvdefuif;tusdKif;axmifrm csKyfxm;vDa&//


11/59

11

rif;om;-uD;&kdtr+ukd avm'f ruefvD (lord Macanlay)u umvuwWm; w&m;&kH;csKyf (Chief Court of Calcutta) rSm pkdufaq;a&?&ckdif awmfvSef&D;acgi faqmif&kdjyifokdufykdif yGef'dcsm& D(Pondichary) u vufeuf/ ac;,rf;/ rD;ausmufrsm;ukd &ckdifajyok d wifoGif;pGmukd _Adwdo#&kdodvm; cuwfaw? ,if; twGufwma-umif; ukd,fajyukd ukd,fjyefvkdcsifvkd jyefwkduf,lzkd }uKd;pm;ca& t_zdKufeef rsKd;csKduf acgifaqmif 3 OD;ukdaxmif'%fcs vkdufuwfaw? rif;om;-uD;um; auGvGefvm;a& txd &ufaygif; 41 &uf wkdifwkdif tpmiwfcHqENjyjyD;au wkdufayG;0ifvm;ca&?a'acgifaqmif 3 OD;&kdum; &ckdif trsKd; om;awmfvSef&D;ukd rvGwfvyfr&Sif; awmfvSefvm;uwffzkd /{uykd'f &wkeef rSmxm;cuwfaw? a'&wk 3 yk'fa&

trsKd;awmfvSef&D; twGuf zdwfac: xm;cpGm+zdKwfaw? oluGsefrcHzk d owdyD;xm;ca&? vrf;a=umif; rrSm;zkd @ owdyD;xm;ca&? rvGwfrvyfrcsif;trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;rSmty wjcm;vrf;a=umif;r[d a=umif;ukd owdyD;xm;ca&? rdrd&kd@toufyD;vkd @ vkyfaqmifca& trsKd;om;awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;twkdif; aumif;aumif; vkdfufvmzkd@udk rSmxm;ca&? a,au ated &ckdif trsKd;om;w&yfvkH; Zmvkyfuwfzkd@av; at&wkwdukd wcsuf zufa=u@jyD;au uAsm. tm;rmefukd xkwfa=u@uwfyg?

rif;om;=uD;oDwrf;pm &wkrif;om;=uD;oDwrf;pm &wkrif;om;=uD;oDwrf;pm &wkrif;om;=uD;oDwrf;pm &wk(1) rif;om; trSef igv#if=uHu/EkdifiHtwGuf ukd,ftoufukd/&uf&ufpGef@cGm/ ukvm;&GmY/

cE


12/59

12

trSefrkcs/ oufpGef@=uavm@?

(3)"rRwmvrf;rrSef/qkd;a=umif;=uHv#uf/wHqkd;ukdpm;/ vdrfav@xm;aomf/aemufom;wzef/ao;rcHESifh?

(4)EkdifiHwum/ [l&m&mY/ynmESifhOm%f/ oifhpGmzefI/

wm0efrysuf/ okdufpm&Gufvsuf/toufukdvSD;/ oDG;acsmif;pD;rS/

tjyD;=uH@ckdif/ EkdifiHwkdif;+rKd@/tpkd@pkd@eef@/ ukd,f+rKd@ukd,fajy/ukd,fXmaeukd/ &vDzl;w/

atavmuonf?atmufus rcHcsifaoma=umif;?

a';0ef=uD;u wkdif;ajy. vGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif;twGuf toufpGef@zkd@ukd rawGa0 uwfauh? aeacs@&kd @. aumufusKdufpkdif;av;a& rw&m;zdEdSyfrlukd awmfvSef wkdufcdkufuwf? vGwfvyf&D;ukd oDG;eef@&if;vkd @ ,luwf? wkdif;ajy wm0efukdoduwf? okdufpm[duwfvkd@

rSm=um;xm;ca&? ol@uGsefrcHpdwfukd a&;a&; awmufawmuf jyo azG@qkdxm;ca&?+rKd@ol=uD;oDwrf;pm&wk+rKd@ol=uD;oDwrf;pm&wk+rKd@ol=uD;oDwrf;pm&wk+rKd@ol=uD;oDwrf;pm&wk

(1) O'gef;r=uD / +zdKuf&vDjcif;/wkdif;ajyukd=uH/ atmifausmfZHrSm/=uHur$DaESmuf/ wusdyfajcmuf&kd@/

,Gif;azmufokdufpm/ ol&kd@rSmum;/0rf;pmpm;cGuf/ wxyfwGufukd/woufpmxif/ cGD;tjrifa=umifh/

wkdif;cGifomap/ ig&kd@ajyav@olajy+zdKuf&/ 0rf;ae;pGaw;?

(2)rdzq&m/ ayg&%m&kd@/a0g[mxk;Ha[mif;/ vlAl;a'gif;ukd/

raygif;azmf&m/ qkdwkHygav;/,Gif;umowd/ aygif;azmfrdI/

vuf[d'kuQ/ ig=uKH&.?b0wpkduf /vljyef+zdKufu/tokdufckyif/ =uHpDcsifonf?atwGif rrDEkdifaoma=umifh?

+rKd@ol=uD;u tacsmiform; okdufpmazmuf&kd@a=umifh oluGsef+zdKuf&auav@ b0tokduf/ vljyef+zdKufau/ qufvkd @ trsKd;om;twGufawmfvSefzkd@ta=umif;ukd azG@qkd rSm=um;xm;ca&? ,if; awmfvSef&D; aemufykdif;rSm av;+rKd@acsmif;u AkdvfcsKdufpH uav@ av;+rKd@acsmif; awmifolv,form;&kd@ukd ap;&kH;jyD;au vlusif h rusifhfa& aeacs@ukd awmfvSef armif;xkwfzkd@twGuf wkdufayG;okduf/ vrf;pkdifokduf w&yfudk csrSwfvkdufaw?,if;aewcGifukd ap;&kH;jyD;au tckdiftrm wyfapG;xm;vDa&? vufeuf tiftm;csif; rr#vkd @ &ckdif rsKd;csKduf/ ajycsKduf tajrmuftrsm; usqkH;vm;ca&?Akdvf csKdufpHuav@ &ckdifajyu qkwfcGmjyD;au Armajywkd@ ckd0ifvDa&?

,if;tcg Armbk&ifrSm armifvGif+zKdufaw? +Adwdo# ukr%Dtpkd;&u armifvGif bk&ifyg;wkd @ oHpm&GD;jyD;au &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmifAkdvfcsKdufpHukd awmif;cHvDa&? bk&if armifvGifrSm +Adwdo#udk a=umufykH&a&? r[kwfau tdrfeD;csif; EkdifiHom; csif;csif; tm,w w&m;=uD;rmykHaygufaw? tm&Swkduf wwkduf vkH;udk uGsefjyKvkyfzkd @vma& +Adwdo#&kd @ &ef=uD;rm;ykHukdk rjrifEdkdifab; &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif. vGwfvyf&D;}uKd;yef;rludk remvkd 0efwkdpdwf xm;ykHaygufaw? ,if;a=umifh &ckdif awmfvSef&D; acgifaqmif r[mrdwf t+zdKuf a=u@&zkd @tpm; ajymif;jyefa=u@jyD;auaygufqdef&k d; vkyfca&? Akdvf csKdufZHukd zrf;jyD;au +Adwdo# ukr`%D tpkd;&ukd qufovkdufaw? bk&if armifvGif. tjrifwkdrl/ tjrifusKdif;rla&Armorkdif;ukd ykdvkd@ nKdufywfpDa&?


13/59

13

Akdvf csKdufpHudk +Adwdo#&kd @u pkdufawG tusKdif;axmifrSm csKyfxm;vkdufawcg axmifwGif;rSmyif tusKdif;om; &kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au axmifwGif;awmfvSef&D; vkyfjyefvDa&? ,if;a=umif; trsKd;om; vGwfvyf&D; twGuf usL;ausmfol aeacs@udk armif;xkwfwkdufxkwfzkd @ }uKd;pm;vkd @ AkdvfcsKdufpHudkusL;ausmfa& aeacs@&kd@u w&m; pD&ifjyefa&? }uKd;rdef@cs rSwfum owfjzwfjyefa&?

AD.1829 azazmf0g&DvrSm oHawG;aeu tavausmfol=uD; Akdvf atmifomOD;a& awmifol v,form;&kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au &ckdifajyol&kd@ukdoDDG;pkwf acsavSeDa& +Adwdo#aeacs@ukd wkdfufckdufaw? ukd,fwyf tiftm;eef @ oHawG;+rKd@ukd csDwufwkdufckdufawtcg aeacs@ t&m[d+zKdufaw uy`wdef

a*:'if (Captain Gordon) usqkH;vDa&? a,auav@ oHawG;+rKd@ udkum; rodrf;ykdufEkdifc// a,jyD; rt/D ykvdyfpcef;ukd 0ifpD;jyD;au ykvdyf tm;vkH;ukduGyfysufvkdufaw? +Adwdo# wyfrsm;u xyfqifh zdwkdufvma&cg tiftm;rr#vkd @ Armajy ax;wdk @ qkwfvD&a&// ,if;rSmyif Akdvf atmifomOD;auGvGefvDa&?

AD.1831-rSm =udrfovD q&mawmfa& +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@udk armif;xkwfzkd@twGuf trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; w&yfukd vkyfaqmifca&//awmifykdif;ae wcGifrSm q&mawmf. vkyfaqmifcsufwda& aumif;aumif; xda&mufca&// aemufqHk;rm ESKdrfeif;pGmudk cHvkduf&a&/?

AD.1870-71rSm ajrmufOD;+rKd @aeu Akdvf armifOD;jzLa& &ckdif rif;qufokdufw&yfukd xlaxmifzkd@vkd @ awmifol v,form;wdukdap;&kH;jyD;au trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; w&yfukd vkyfaqmifvDa&? usL;ausmfol aeacs@&kd @um; vufeuf tiftm;eef @ Akdvf armifOD;jzLukd wkdufckdufzrf;qD;jyD;au owfjzwfvkdufaw?

AD.1890-oHawG; =udDrovDu ausmufpdrf; Akdvf x=uGawmfvSefa&? ,if;ESKdufrSmyif oHawG; q&mawmf OD;aqmifjyD;auoCFmawmftrsm;u Ak'm +Adwdo#aeacs@vufatmufu auwifzkd @ awmfvSefuwfaw// oHawG;+rdKuf w&kd;u vlol&kd@udkap;&kH;jyD;au +rKd@ukd 0ifpD;a&// ,if;wkdufayG;rSm q&mawmfeef @ wuG &[ef;awmf trsm;usqkH; ysHvGefvm;&a&/ usef&[ef;awmf rsm;rSmav@ tzrf;

tcsKyfcH uwf&a&?,if; ESKdufrSmyif ajrmufOD;+rKd @ae / ausmufawmf+rKd @ae/ &ao@awmif+rKd@ae&kd@rSm awmfvSefx=uGrl trsm; tjym;ay:aygufca&? Akdvf=umxGef;/Akdfvfa&$vS/ Akdvfb&kd @a&/ +Addwdo# aeacs@ukd awmfvSefwkdufckduf uwfaw? oHawG;aeu Akdvfausmf0 uav@ awmifykdif;uyif ajrmufykdif; txda'gufacsmufawmfvSef wkdufckdufvDa&// ajrmufOD;+rKd@ae/ ausmufawmf+rKd@ae &kd@rSmav; t=uD;taus awmfvSefwkdufckdufeDa&// aemufqkH;rSm usL;ausmfol&kd@u zrf;qD; owfjzwfvkdufaw?

AD.1891.ck pufwifbmvrSm &ao@awmif+rKd @ae/ ulawmif&Gm. 3 qufajrmuf uGseff;tkyf+zKdufaw Akdvf csif;zkd@eef @ om;armifazmfatmif&kd @a& r,lurf;wcGif awmifol v,form;&kd@udk ap;&kH;jyD;au/ r*Fvm=uD; awmifeef @ qdyf=uD;csKdifrm wyfpcef;aqmufvkyfxm;uwfaw? +Adwdo# aeacs@&kd@ukd armif;xkwfjyD;au rif;qufokduf xlawmifzkd @ }uKd;pm;cuwfaw? 1892 ck/ azazmf0g&DvrSm om;tzESpfa,mufpvHk;udk zrf;qD;rdvdk@ pdkufawG tusKdif;axmifrSm wdkufydkufxm;vdkufonf? a,tcg tusdKif;om; w&mavmuf axmifwGif; x=uGawmfvSef+yD;au Adkvfcsif;zd k om;tzudk wdkufu v$wfvdkufuwfaw? ,+yD;au axmifudk azmufxGif;zdk @ wdkufcdkufuwfaw? aemufqHk;rSm e,fcsJ@[email protected]_a=umifh trsm;usqHk;+yD;au +idrfusvm;c&a&? Adkvfcsif;zdkwdk@ om;tzudk e,fcsJ@&dk@u }udK;rdyD;+yD;au owfjzwfvdkufaw?

t*kydkif awmfvSef&D; wdkufcdkuf x=uGr_rsdK;udk +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@&dk @u &ckdifajyudk rw&m;vdrfav odrf;ydkfuf+yD;au 1826 uyifpvDpGm 1916ckxd+zdKufaw? wap;w&H k;aw;/ wajyvHk;/ wrsdK;om;vHk; awmfvSef&D; rsdK; ray:aygufEdkifcauavh wyg;u|efpepfudkum; wcgav;acgif;iHk@rcHcuwf?trd sK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;udkavh wcgavhravG;cuwf? udk,fhajyudk udk,fjyef&&D;twGuf tjrJwrf; }udK;yrf;cuwfaw? udk,fydkif jyXmef;cGifh(Self Indentily) udk toufyD;vdk @ toufxufqHk; wdkufvm;cuwfaw? 1916 ckESpf aemufydkif;rSmum; &cdkfif vlr_tazG @tap; tawG;ac:topftqef;wd odjrifvmuwfvdk@ &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDca&?

+Adwdo# aecsJ @ t&if;o#ifwdk@udk trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;ESifh wdkufcdkuf armif;xkwfaw? &cdkif trsdK;om; acgif;aqmif}uD;&dk @a& Zma=umihfw,HSK;aw; ,SHK;edD&av; qdkpGmudk atedD&mrSm wqdwfauavmuf qef;pdkuf+yD;au aumufcsuf xkwf=unf vdkufawtcgrSm atmufyg twdkif;wdG@&a&//

1? ,if;tcgu +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@wdk @ usifhoHk;eDa& pepfrSm t&if;&Sif pepf+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; acgif;aqmif trsm; udkifqGJxm;a& pepfrmya'o&dkuf pepf+zdKufaw? ,if;a=umifh pepfcsif;t& awmfvSef&D; bufuwqifhf edeDca&?

2? +Adwo# aecsJ@&dk@udkifpGJxm;a&pGmu acwfrDvufeuf+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; orm;&dk@ udkifpGJxm;a& pGmu omrmef &DS;vufeuf+zdKufaw?3? +Addwdo#aecsJ@&dk @ pdkufap;urf;/ pdkufynm/ pdkufoHk;qD;0g;eef @ ckdufrD Oya't& ap;&Hk;xm;a& wyfazG@rsm;[da&// ,if; wyfazG@tm;vHk;rm

avhusifh+yD;om;+zdKufaw? awmfvSef&D; orm;&dk@rm ,if;ydkif t*Fg&yfeef@ ajyhpHka&wyfazG@ r[dc?

4? ,if;tjyif &ckdiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;orm;rsm;rSm ap;&Hk;&D;/ ap;urf;xdrf;odrf;&D;/ pa& awmfvSef&D;. t"du t*Fg&yfrsm; csdK@awheDc&a&?xyfvdk @ &cdkfif h trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; orfkdif;a=umif; wckvHk; (18 &mpk awmfvSef&D;eef @ 19 &mpkawmf vSef&D; ( 1784-1916) udkjyefavoHk;oyfa=uhygau

(u) Armya'&mZfaecsJ@udk awmfvSef&mrm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1784- 1824)(c) +Adwdo# t&if;o#ifaecsJ@udk awmfvSefpGmrm +zdKuf+zdKuf (1824- 1916) t,HSK;aygif; ajrmufrm;pGmudk &ifqdkifcpGmudk wdG @&a&? Zma=umihf

,if;ydkifqHk;,HSK;pGm xyfeD&a&vJqdkpGmudk okawoe vkyfa=uh&zdk@yif +zdKufaw? &oavmuf tcsuftvufwdudkd qef;pdkufa=uh&zdk@yif+zdKufaw?,if;18 &mpk/ 19&mpk awmfvSef&D;rm

1? awmfvSef&D;. t"du 0if&dk;+zdKufaw ap;&Hk;&D; tiftm;ae;yg;jcif;


14/59

14

2? awmfvSef&D; oabmw&yf ckdifcdkfif/ aESmif;aESmif; r[djcif;?3? &efol tajctae/ udk,f tajctae / ajyol tajcaet&yf&yfudk pdpd/pyfpyf rqef;pdkufau awmfvSef&D; umv &ifusufatmifxd

rapmifhqdkif;ab; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufjcif;4? pdkuf&D;/ pdkuf&m / wdkufae;/ wdkufem /vkyfae;/ vkyfem ae;jcif;?5? r[mrdwf tiftm;pk/ t&Htiftm;pk rsm;udk pepfwus rudkifwG,fjcif;6? aecsJ@ ESpfwdkift=um;rSm &kef;uefr&jcif;?

pa& tcsuftvufwda=umifh t,HSK;aygif;rsm;pGmeef @ &ifqdkfifcuwf&a&? ,auav; ,if;acwfu awmfvSef&D;rSm aumif;rGefjywfom;a&tcsufwd trsm;}uD; [dpGmudkav; wdG@&a&?,if;&dk@um;--

1? cH,lcsuf cdkifcdkifaemif;aemif;[djcif; / &ckdifajyudk EdkifiHwEkdifiHvdk @ twdtuscH,ljcif;/ &ckdifhvl @ tazG@tap;ud k woD;wjcm; vl@tazG@tap;t+zdKuf cH,ljcif;

2? &efoludk oabmxm;jywfom;jcif;/ &cdkifudk u|efjyKxm;ol aecsJ@tm;vHk;udk cg;cg;/ oD;oD;/ jywfjywf/ om;om;qef@usifjcif;?3? olu|efrcHpdwf tajyht0[djcif;/ &ckdifEdkifiHeef@ trsdK;om; vyfvGwf&D;udk tjywftom;vdkvm;jcif;?

trSefyif ,if;acwfu awmfvSef&D;rSm aecsJ@qef@usif&D;/ trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; yif+zdKufaw? ya'o&mZfpepfud k vufcHxm;auavhaecsJ@pepfudkum; jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifwdkufcdkufcuwfaw? vyfvGwf&D; wdkufayG; twGuf toufudk yD;tyf+yD;au toufxufqHk;wdkufcdkufcuwfaw? tz&cdkif vyfvGwf&D; twGuf toufeef @ oDG;udk +rD}uD;rSm yEMufausmuf+rdKufcs+yD;au awmfvSef wdkufcdkufvm;uwfaw? ,if;awmfvSSef&D; ausmuf+rdKufudk tqifhqifh jrifhwif+yD;au &cdkif vyfvGwf&D;udk wnfaqmuf&zdk @ yif+zdKufaw? a' trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;

trGDqufudk t*kacwf &ckdif trsdK;om;w&yfvHk; qufvuf cH,l&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? a' ordkif;quf&m ig&dk @ twGuf rSefuefa& ordkif;quf&m +zdKufaw?obm0usa& ordkfif;quf&m +zdKufaw?

a,au ig&dk@Zmvkyfufzdk@av; qdkau a' trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ordkif;qufudk qufvuf wm0ef,l&zdk@vdk@ ajym&zdk@yif+zdKufaw?

(*) +Adwdo# tENd,EdkifiHqdka& pD(*) +Adwdo# tENd,EdkifiHqdka& pD(*) +Adwdo# tENd,EdkifiHqdka& pD(*) +Adwdo# tENd,EdkifiHqdka& pD;yGm&D;pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif;;yGm&D;pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif;;yGm&D;pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif;;yGm&D;pm;usuf}uD;udk azG@ap;jcif;

AD 1885 rm +Adwdo# t&if;&SifaecsJ@&dk@ Armbk&if oDabmrif;udk zrf;qdD;vdkuf+yD;au ol@ydkifeuf tm;vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkufaw? ,+yD;au &ckdif/o#rf;/ ucsif /u&if / rGef/ csif;/ u,m;/ Arm tm;vHk;udk pkaygif;vdkuf+yD;au +Adwdo#Am;rm; vdk @ajyae wpfckazG@vdkufaw? ,if;ajyaeudk +Addwdo#tdENd, txJrSm aygif;pyf+yD;au pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf}uD;wcktjzpf azG@ap;ydkufvdkufaw?

t&if;&Sif aecsJ@&dk @a& a&muf&m t&yfrSm ol&dk @. pD;yGm;/ EdkifiH&D;/ vlrsdK;=oZm anmif;atmif pdkuf&D;t& tEdkif wdkufcdkuf+yD;au taumiftxnf azmfvmuwfaw? ,if;ydkif vkyfvmvyfpGmrSm EdkifiHi,fwdudk ol&dk @ pdwf}udKuftwdkif; xifa&ydkif vlrqefbJ vkyfydkufcuwfaw?

oufqdkif&mEdkifiH. qEN vHk;0rygyJ ol&dk@twGuf (IC.ol&dk @. udkvdkeD aecsJ @ tusdK;pD;yGm; oufouftwGuf) tqifajyydkif vkyfydkufcuwfaw?jyifopfaecsJ@&dk @a& AD,ufemrf/ vmtdk/uarBm'D;,m; &dk@udk aygif;csifydkifaygif;vdk @ pyfcsifydkifpyfydkufcuwfaw? vl @oabm vl@qENudk *&kpdkuf&rSef;udkol&dk@*&kpdkufcuwf? &cdkif/ o#rf;/ rGef/ucsif/u&if/ u,m;/ rGef/ Arm &dk@udkavh +Adwdo#aecsJ@&dk @u ol&dk@aygif;csifydkifaygif; vdk@pyfcsifydkifpyfydkufca&?wjcm;urBmt&yf&yfrSmav; ol&kd @qENt& aygif;ydkufcpGm/ pyfydkufcpGmwd trsm;}uD;yif+zdKufaw// ol&dk@rmum;-ol&dk@twGuf aiG&m t"du +zdKufaw?vloDpGm ol&dk@twGuf t"dur[kwf// wjcm;vlrsdK; vlpdkifrrDS+zdKufvm;pGm ol&dk@twGuf pdkif;pm;&mr[kwf// ol&dk@twGuf vl@usifh0wf /vl@oduQmqdkpGmvludkvlcsif; *&kpdkuf&a&qd k pGmudk em;rav? em;avauav; ol&dk@twGuf t&mcyfodrf; um;aiG&m+zdKufaw? wajyeef @wajy/ wvlrsdK;eef @ wvlrsdK;aygif;pyfvdkufaw qdkpGma& omrHudpPr[kwf? vl@tazG @tap;. tjrifhqHk;vkyfief; txGftxdyf tusqHk;vkyfief; +zdKufaw// *kydkif vl@udpP}uD;wckudkvkyfaqmifzdk@twGuf oufqdkif&m ajyol&[email protected] tajy@t0ygzdk @ vdka&? vlrsdK; wrsdK;eef @wrsdK;/ wajyeef @ wajyaygif;ap;zdk@twGuf bHk&efol wdkufayG;rSmtcsif;csif;/ ap;vHk;nDdnGwf+yD;au aygif;ap; vm;cpGmrsdK;[da&// wcgwcg trsdK;om; pD;yGm;&D;t& aygif;ap;pGmrm ajyolqEN tajyht0ygau w&m;a&/rSefuefa&// twif;tm;"rRvkyfau wdkuf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf/ oG,f0dSufvdk@+zdKuf+zdKuf/ vdrfavusvm;+yD;au vlrsdK;wrsdK;aw;udk A[kdxm;vdk @ aygif;ap;caurw&m;/ rrSefuef// ,if;ydkifqdkau trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;a& rkcsay:aygufvm&zdk@?

t*k +Adwdo# t&if;&Sif aecsJ@&dk@azG@ap;vdkufaw +Adwdo# -Am;rm;eef @/ +Adwo# -tENd,&dk@=um;rm &cdkifa& =um;ysdKufygvm;ca&? ,if;ydkif pD;yGm;&D;pm;usufazG@ap;&pGma& ol&[email protected]&D;twGuf aiGukef oufom&D;+zdKufaw? ukef=urf; odrf;usHK;0,f,lpGm vG,ful&D;ESifh ukefacsmhjzef@jzL;pGmav;vG,ful&D;a=umifh+zdKufaw? &ckdif tusdK;qEN vHk;0rygau tm;eef@zdESdyf csKyfcs,fvm;pGm&m +zdKufaw// vlom; qENudk vHk;0jyXmef;cGifhrjyKbJeef @ ol&dk@acsvS,fcsifa&ydkif cs,fvS,fvm;cvdk@ igh&dk@trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; ESdrfeif;cHvm;&a&? z&dkz&J+zdKufvm;c&a&?


15/59

15

(C) 1937 ck +Adwdo#C) 1937 ck +Adwdo#C) 1937 ck +Adwdo#C) 1937 ck +Adwdo#---- Am;rm; cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwf(uf) rdk[ef aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjAm;rm; cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwf(uf) rdk[ef aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjAm;rm; cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwf(uf) rdk[ef aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjAm;rm; cGJxkwfjcif;eef@ rwf(uf) rdk[ef aeerdwfrsOf;a=umif;owfrSwfjcif;cif;cif;cif;

+Adwdo#Am;rm;udk +Adwdo# tdENd,eef @ waygif;aw; azG @ap;xm;a&tcg &cdkif ordkif; tqufquf owfrSwfxm;ca&? &ckdifajyrSm wpyfaw;/wjyifaw; ul;vl; qufqHEdkifca&? Armya'o&mZf aecsJ @ csKyfudkifxm;ca&? &cdkifajy wpdyfwa'eef @ +Adwdo#t&if;o#ifaecsJ@&dk@csKyfudkifxm;a&tpdyftydkif; &dk@rm qdkca& twdkif; wpyfaw; ul;vl;vm;vmEdkifca&?

1935 ck +Adwdo# Am;rm;udk acG;xkwfzdk @ Oya' twnf+zdKufaw? 1934 ckrSm ,if; Oya't& +Adwdo#Am;rm;vkd @ oD;jcm;udkvdkeD wckt+zdKuf+Adwdo#tifyg,mrSm &yfwnfcGifh &vma&? ,if; twGufeef@ oD;jcm;aeedrdwf owfrSwfvm&a&// rwf(uf) rdk[ef qdka& +Adwdo# vlrsdK;wpfOD;u tpkd;&trdtwdkfif; aeedrdwf rsOf;a=umif;ukd &D;qGJvDa&tcg +Adwdo#Am;rm; aeedrdwfudk t*kvuf[d aeerdwftwdkif; ewf+rdKuf tv,fu rsOf;cGJvDa&?,if;twGufwmeef @ &ckdifajyrSm xufjcrf; tpdyfcHvD&a&? ArmaecsJ @ odrf;ydkufca& tydkif;udk +Adwdo#Am;rm;txJrSm axhvdkufaw? awmifcGifc&dkif /oHawG;c&dkif/ ausmufjzLc&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif / &ckdif awmif&dk;a'o&dk@rm qdkca& twdkfif; +Adwdo# Am;rm;xJrSm ygvm;ca&?

b*F g 12 +rfdK@/ Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rHKaxmif &dk@ud k +Adwdo# tdENdd,rm axhydkufvd kufaw? t*kydkif&cdkifajy xufjcrf;tpdyfcH&vdkufawtcgrSm q&mawmf OD;OwWrax&f/ w&m;ol }uD;OD;aratmif/ OD;pdefvSatmif/ qm&f ay:xGef;/ qm&f xGef;atmifausmf/ a'gufwmpHa&$atmif/ eef@wuG &cdkfif rsdK;csp/f ajycspf/ &[ef;yk*~dKvf/vlyk*~dKvffrsm;/ ,if;acwfu xif&Sm;ausmf=um;ca& EdkifiH&D; tazG@tap;toD;oD;&dk@ruef@ruGufbJ eDcpgGum; / wdkufayG; r0ifbJeDcpGmum;/ igh&dk @ &ckdifajy trsdK;om;twGuf aumif;aumif; &Sufp&maumif;a&// &ckdif ordkif;qufudkrsufuG,fjyK&musa&?

Zmyif+zdKuf+zdKuf vlrsdK;wrsdK;/ EdkifiHwEdkifiH. oufqdkifa& aeedrdwfrsOf;a=umif;a&/ ,if; trsdK;om;&dk @. vufxJrSm yif[deDa&? ,if;trsdK;om;&dk@. rsdK;cspfpdwf/ ajycspfpdwf/ owWd/ ZGJ/ vHk;v /0d&d,tay:rm aweDa&?

(i) &cdkifeD+rD tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&j(i) &cdkifeD+rD tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&j(i) &cdkifeD+rD tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&j(i) &cdkifeD+rD tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif; / Zma=umihfav;cif; / Zma=umihfav;cif; / Zma=umihfav;cif; / Zma=umihfav;?aumZmouU&mZf/ 1146 ckESpf/ wyg;u|ef +zdKufvmuaw;u &cdkif+rDa& tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&pGma& 20 &mpk tv,fydkif; umv /Arm/ tdEN,/

ygudpPwef/ vGwfvyf&D;&a& txd+zdKufaw? &ckdifajy tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdwfcH&jcif; (Partition of Arakan)a& ykdvefEdkifiHcGJ pdyfcH&pGmxuf qdk;oda&?,if;ydkif tjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&vGrf;vdk @ u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0ud k txdxdk;qif;vm;c&a&? +Adwdo#Am;rm;rmyga& &ckdifajya'oudk +Adwdo#tpd k;&u 1853rSm&cdkifwdkif; vdk@owfrSwfydkufvdkufaw?

{&m0wD +rdKuf0u|ef;ay:udk +Adwdo#wdk @ odrf;ydkufvdkuf+yD;aemuf AD.1853 ckrm ausmufc|ef acsmif;uyif armfwifpGef; txdawmifcGifc&dkifeef@ [dkif;}udD;u|ef;&dk@udk ykodrfc&dkifrm aygif;awhvdkufaw? ,if;eef@Zk ,if;a'orSm &cdkifwdkif;u ayhxGufvm;c&a&?

'kwd, urBmpdkuf }uD;+yD;qHk;a&cg tdENd,/ ygudpPwef/ Armajy&dk @ vGwfvyf&D; &uwfaw// a,tcg jrHKaxmifrm tdENd,ajyxJrSm ygvm;ca&?Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmifeef@ b*F g 12+rdK@&dk@rSm ygudpPwef xJygvm;c&a&// &cdkifwdkif; ArmajyxJrSm yg0ifvm;c&a&? wcg Armtpdk;&uyvuf0g;c&dkif(Northen Arakan Hill Cracts )udk csif; 0daoowdkif;xJrSm 1952 rm aygif;pyfvdkufaw?

20 &mpk yxrydkif;acwf &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& vGwfvyf&D; qdka& atmifayG;eef @ tqH k; rowfcbJeef @ vlwef;pm;awmfvSef&D; (0g) ajyol'dDrdkua&pD awmfvSef&D;qdka& 'kwd, pcef;qifhodk @ ckefwuf vm;pGmudkwGd @&a&? ,if;twGufeef @ &ckdiftrsdK;om; w&yfvHkk;.awmfvSef&D; yef;wdkifjy\emrSm tjiif;yGm;&a&? *kydkif awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;avG; acsmfvm;&pGma& &cdkifajy. ordkif;ud k rsufuG,fjyKvdk@+zdKufaw?&cdkifajy. &kyfw&m;udk rsufuG,fjyKvdk@+zdKufaw? &cdkifajy. &kyf0g'Dvdk @ emrnfcHa&vlwd &cdkifh&kyfw&m;udk rudkifaqmifbJ aemufvdkuf0g'udkudkifqGJxm;uwfvdk@+zdKufaw? ,if;0g'a=umihf ygwDpGJ0g'/ *dk%f;pGJ0g' (Factionalism) 0ifvmvwfvdk @ &ckdif trsdK;om; vl@tazG@tap;rSmu|efykef;udkvdkeD b0rm edKufrGef;eD&a&?

&cdkif eD+rDtjcrf;jcrf; cGJpdyfcH&jcif;a=umifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;vHk;rm u|efykef;udkvdkeD b0udk a&mufvm;c&a&? awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;vGJacsmfvm;cuwf&a&? awmfvSef&D; wpcef; vGefvm;c&a&? *kydkif+zdKuf&pGm Zma=umifhvJ/ trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; +ydKuGJvdk@+zdKufaw?

ya'o&mZf +rDo#ifacwfuqdkau trsdK;om; ap;vHk;nDnGwf&D; +ydKuGJ&jcif;. t"du ta=umif;w&m; rSmum; a'opGJpdwf/ *dk%f;pGJpdwf/udk,fusdK;qefpdwf&dk@a=umifh+zdKufc&a&? 20&mpkumv rmum;ygwDpGJpdwf/ vrf;vGJacsmfr_/ pcef;vGJ / pcef;vGefr_ &dk@ydkvma&? tEkwfvuQ%mtwGufta=umif;w&m; rsm;vmpGmyif+zdKufaw? &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;udk tzsuftqD;vkyfvdkuf pGmyif+zdKufaw?


16/59

16

&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;&ckdifh trsKd;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;jcif;(u) yxr 0HomEkacwf / ZmykdifvJ(u) yxr 0HomEkacwf / ZmykdifvJ(u) yxr 0HomEkacwf / ZmykdifvJ(u) yxr 0HomEkacwf / ZmykdifvJ

+Adwdo#Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;razG@ap;cifuyif ukr%Dtpdk;&a& &cdkifajyudk udkvdkeDEdkifiH wpwp oGwfoGif; ,lvma&? &cdkifajy tazG@tap;. yHkpHrSm+rDo#ifya'o&mZf pepf+zdKufedDa&? t&if;o#if pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf azG @ap;a&tcgrSm v,f,mvkyfief;udk t+cDt+rdKufxm;vk@d azG@ap;vDa&? v,f,mvkyfief;rSmav; vufr_v,f,m vkyfief;+zdKufaw? wHigvkyfief;eef@ tjcm; v,f,mvkyfief;rSmav; pepfa[mif;u twdkif;&m+zdKufaw?

ukr%D tpdk;&a& pD;yGm;&D; pm;usuf+zdKufaw &cdkifajyudk t&if;o#if pepf. tvkyftauGs;+zdKufvmatmif yHkoGif;,lvma&?vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;udk jrifhwifyD;vma&? ynm&D;/ tkyfcsKyf&D;/ w&m;Oya' pdD&if&D;wdk@udk jyKjyifyD;a&? *kydkif vkyfpGma& udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyf&D;udktaxmuftul +zdKufvmatmif vkyfyD;jcif;&m +zdKufaw? a&xGufyapPrsm;udk tvG,fwul o,fapEdkifatmiftwGuf +zdKufpD/ ol&dk@tkyfcsKyf&D;xda&mufonftwGuf +zdKufpD /vrf;yef; qufoG,f&D;rSm oabFm/ armfawmfum;/ oH}udK;pa&pGmwdudk toH k;jyKvma&? tkyfcsKyf&D;/w&m;pD&if&D;wdk@rSmav; vctae;eef @ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ud k toHk;csEdkifatmif bkef;}uD;ausmif; ynm&D;tpm; udkvdkeD ynm&D;ud k vkyfaqmifyD;a&?pufr_vkyfief;qdkvdk@ qefpufrSwyg; tjcm; pufum;&Sm;&Sm; yg;yg;yif+zdKufaw? qefpufudk aw&pGmu avh ol&dk@pD;yGm;&D; twGufyif+zdKufaw?

&cdkif wdkfif;&if;om;rsm;u t&if;o#i/f "eo#ifqdkvdk@ rdom;pk oHk;av;pkavmuf&m [da&? ,if; "eo#ifwda& &cdkifajy. trsm;qHk; v,f,mwdudkydkifqdkifcuwfaw? b%fvkyfief;udk vkyfudkifcuwfaw? w&kwf/ ukvm;/ "eo#ifrdom;pk oHk;av;pk avmuf&m[da&? yifv,fa=umif;ul;oef;a&mif;0,f&D;ESifh v,f,m+rD tcsdK@udk ol&dk@}udK;udkifcuwfaw? +Adwdo#trsdK;om;&dk @u oabmFukr%D/ &DeHukr`%DESif h tjcm; pufr_vkyfief;udk}udK;pm; vkyfukdkifcuwfauav; oabFmukr`%Dwckaw;&m atmifjrifca&? &cdkifwdkif;&if;om; "eo#ifax;rS ig;vkyfief;eef @ wjcm; vkyfief;wduk d vkyfz@dk}udK;pm;cuwfauav; ratmifjrifc?

tcsKyftm;jzihf qdkau &cdkif vlr_tazG@tap;rSmqdkau ArmaecsJ @ +rDo#if ya'o&dkuf vufatmufu +Adwdo# t&if;o#if. udkvdkeD

vufatmufcH/ tazG @tap; vufatmufwdk @ wqufquf ul;ajymif;eD,m +zdKufaw? ArmaecsJ @ ya'o&mZf vufatmufrm aqmufaw&mr&w&m;rJ@/ "g;rJh cHppm;eDc&a& b0u t&if;o#if aecsJ@&dk@. w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;&D; /+idrf0yfydjym;&D;/ &yf&GmtD;o#rf;atmufodk @ a&mufvmcuwf,m +zdKufaw?,if;ydkif ul;ajymif; vwfawtcg ArmaecsJ@vufatmufrSm ya'o&mZf pepfqdk;a=umihf ysufpD;qHk;&SHL;cpGmwda& t&if;o#if udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyf&D;,EW&m;atmufrm udkvdkeDynm&D;/ vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D;/ vlr_&D;wdk@a& ya'o&mZf vufatmuf rSmxuf wdk;wufr_[dc&mum; &cdkfihf vl@tazG@tap;a&umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDc,m+zdKufaw? +Adwdo# ukr%Dtpdk;& &cdfkifajyudkodrf;,la& 1826 cku tpjyKvdk @ t&if;o#if udkvdkeD ,EW,m;atmufrSmumvwckudk jzwfoef; eDc,m+zdKufaw?

&cdkifajyudk ,if; 1826ck ESpfu vufwvHk;jcm; vdrfvdk@odrf;+yD;au ,if;a'oudk b*Fvm; tkyfcsKyf&D; atmufrSm tdENd, tkyfcsKyf&D;yHkpHtwdkif;tkyfcsKyfaw? ,if;tcgu &cdkifajyrSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; wodef;&m[da&? +Adwdo# tpdk;&a& &cdkifajyudk trsdK;rsdK; vdrfavzdESdrftkyfcsKyfvdk @ trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; aygif;t ajrmuftrsm; ay:aygufca&?

1852 ckrm t*Fvdyf/ jrefrm qufqH&D; wif;rmvm+yD;au 'kwd,t}udrf pdkuf+zdKufuwfaw? atmufArmajy yJcl;/ rkwWr&dk@udk pmcsKyfzdtm;eef@odrf;,lvdkufaw? 1862 ckrSm &cdkifajy (yvuf0g;c&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif/ ausmfjzLc&dkif/ oHawG;c&dkif/ awmifcGifc&dkif ) yJcl;/ rkwWr/ weoFm&Dwdk@aygif;pyf+yddD;au

+Adwdo#Am;rm; vdk @ pwifazG@ap;vdkufaw? r[m0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD; wpfOD;u yJcl;udk/ aemuf&efukefud k A[dkxm;+yD;au tkyfcsKyfaw// wcg c&dkif/ +rdK@ae/wdkufaersm;cGJ +yD;au c&dkif0ef/ +rdK@tkyf/ wdkufol}uD;&dk @u tqifhqifh tkyfcsKyfaw? wdkufol}uD;vufatmufrSm &Gmacgif;aqmifrsm;eef@a=u;xrf;}uD;rsm;[da&? *kydkiftkyfcsKyf&D;ud k &D+rDa'otvdkuf csrSwfcauavh pD;yGm;&D;/ atmufusr_/ vrf;yef;qufoG,f&D; nHhzsif;r_ bmompum;cufac;r_&dk @u xda&mufr_r[dc? tcGefawmfrsm;udk zdaumufvdk @ ajyoltrsm;rSm arG;jymus&a&? v,form; awmfvSefr_ trsm;tjym; ay:aygufc&a&?&cdkif rif;qufopf xlaxmifzdk@ t}udrf}udrf }udK;pm;cuwfaw?

pdkufawGrSm +cDcsvdk @ EdkifiHjcm; om;ukr%Drsm; /wdkif;&if;om;ukr`%Drsm; /x&D;'def;rsm;/ aumfydk&D;&Sef;rsm; cspfwD;ukvm; olaX;rsm;/ qefpyg;eef@tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;ud k vkyfudkifcuwfaw? ,if;EdkifiHjcm; "eo#ifrsm;/ vuf0DcH wdkif;&if;om; "eo#ifrsm;/ &cdkifv,form;&dk @. v,f,mudk;q,f&mcdkifE_ef; a&muf[dvm;ca&? pdkufawG +rdK@rSmav; EdkifiHjcm;om;OD;a& ig;q,f &mcdkifE_ef;avmuf [dvm;ca&? OD;a&$om ukr`%D&dk@ydkif/ ukr%Drsm;vkyftm;c tae;eef @ vkyftm;trsm;yD;Edkifa&? pyg;&dkufom; ukr`%Dfwdudk ajyol tusdK;pD;yGm;wckax;udk&m =unfh+yD;au ajAmufaomufoGif;,lcvdk@&cdkifajynfrSm &ifusm ac: pyg;&dwf om; ukvm;OD;a& wESpfxufwESpf ruefruefwdk;yGm;c&a&?

1885 ckrSm odDaygrif;udk zrf;+yD;au txuf Armajyudk +Adwdo# ukr`%Dtpdk;&u odrf;ydkufvdkufaw? +Adwdo# Am;rm;ax;rSm txuf ArmajyudkoGif;ydkufvdkufaw? r[m 0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfaw? 1897 ckrSm bk&ifcH utkyfcsKyfaw? vuf[d&cdkifajyudk Armajyrm aygif;awh+yD;au0efo#ifawmfrif;}uD;u tkyfcsKyfaw? pdkufawGrSm &Hk;pdkufaw/ wcg yvuf0g;c&dkif/ pdkufawGc&dkif/ ausmufjzLc&dkif/ oHawG;c&dkif&dk@udk c&dkif0ef}uD; wOD;utkyfcsKyfaw? awmifcGifc&dkfifudkum; ykodrfc&dkifeef@ aygif;pyfvdkuf,m +zdKufaw? ,if; Oya'topft& c&dkif0ef atmufrSm aeyfkdif/ +rdK@ydkif/&Gmol}uD;&dk @u tqifhqifhtkyfcsKyf&a&? wcg c&dkif0efatmufrm c&dkif&D;0ef/ opfawm 0efaxmuf/ pdkufysdK;0efaxmuf/ vrf;yef;0wfaxmuf/ynm0efaxmuf/ aiGwdkuf0efaxmuf/ v,f0ef/ axmifydkif}uD;/ pufo#if /w&m;ol}uD; toD;oD; Xmeqdkif&m pDrH tkyfcsKyfuwf&auavh &efukefrm&Hk;pdkufauawmh bk&ifcHvufatmufrSm [duwf&a&?

,if;&dk@tjyif &efukefA[dktkyfcsKyf&D;XmerSm opfawmrif;}uD; /b%m&D;rif;}uD;/ taumufcGef Xmerif;}uD;/wd&p>mefqD;ukefXenGef=um;&D;0ef}uD;/usef;rm&D;Xme nGef=um;&D;0ef ,dkufrsdK;rif;}uD;/ tdef*sdefeD,mcsKyf/ qdyfurf;rif;}uD;pol&dk@yg0ifa&?a'XmetoD;oD;u oufqdkifor# tr_xrf;&dk@a& &cdkifajywdk@ vma&mufpDrHtkyfcsKyfuwfaw?


17/59

17

t*kydkif tkyfcsKyfxm;vdkufpGmav 1927 ck wdkifatmif+zdKufaw? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&; ,EW&m;rSm yg0ifeDa&? qdkif&mqdkif&m XmewdrSm udkvdkeDynmwwf&ckdif trsdK;om; vli,f&G,frsm;twGuf v#ma&usp&m +zdKufedDvDa&? ,if;a=umifh &cdkifynmwwf vli,frsm;tax;rSm &mxl;&l0g' apG;eD&a&?t*kxufxd+zdKufaw? &mxl;vd_if;om; }uD;}uD;rm;rm; wwfvdk@ygau rdr/ a,mcreef@ vlayG;pm;&dk@. vla&mif; vla0 arSmifcdkpsD;rSm psD;aumif;aumif;eef@&Edkifa& t*kxd+zdKufaw?atvifa&mif;vifa0;pEdkufa&- trSefu &cdkiftrsdK;om;,dSifaus;r_rSm r[dc//t&if;o#ifpD;yGm;&D;. yumoeavmurSm ay:vma&pepfqdk;&m+zdKufaw?

qdkca& 1826 uyif 1916 ckxd &cdkifvlr_ tazG @tap;a& +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@udk ae;rdsK;pHkeef @ awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcuwfaw eD&mrSmt,H_;eef@csnf;yif &ifqdkifcauavh udk,fhtcsKyftcsm tm%mykdifqdkifr_ twGuf rsdK;qufrjywf awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcuwfvdk@ &cdkifhtrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& qufavsmuf eD&wkef;+zdKufaaw? ,if;ydkif umvrsdK;rSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; atmifvHudkf vGifhxl+ydD;au avsmufeD wHk;+zdKufaw?

1900 ck aemufykdif;udk usvwfawtcg txl;ojzifh qdkca& 1916ck aemufykdif;udk usvwfawtcg &cdkifajyrSm +Adwdo# udkvdkeDu|efouf 100eD;eD; [dvwf,m+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefrSm +Adwdo# t&if;o#if pepfrSm t&dSeft0g wdk;wufwkef;+zdKufaw? tjcm;wbufrSm +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@ESifhwuG t&if;o#if wavmwvHk;ukd ody`Hae;us qdkacsvpf0g'u xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufwkef;+zdKufaw? *smr%D eef @ *syefwdk @uav; wpcef;xvmwke;f+zdKufaw? a'tcsdefumvrSm &cdkiftrsdK;om; w&yfvHk;a& acwfopfurBm}uD;udk wdG@xdvmpjyKwkef; yif+zdKufaw? txl;ojzifh &cdkifynmwwfvlwef;pm;a& urBmeef @ txdwdG@qHk;+zdKufeDa&? &cdkif &[ef;ynmwwf vlynmwwfd&dk @ &cdkifvlr_tazG @tap;rm OdD;aqmifr_eD&mudk ,lvmwkef;tcg+zdKufaw?

txufuwifjyca&twdkif; &cdkif+rDrm t&if;o#ifpepf xGef;xGef;aygufayguf r[dcvdk @ puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk}uD;rsm;r[dc? ,if;eef @ t*kpuf&Hktvkyform; tvkyf&Hk/ tvkyform;rsm;qdkvdk @ aumif;aumif;r[d/ qefpuftvkyforsm;&m tae;[da&? rif;r_xrf;/ tpdk;&vcpm;rsm;&m [da&?a&S@aea&S@&yfav; oufatmifacs[da&?

rdom;pk av;pkavmuf[da& wdkif;&if;om;t&if;o#if&dk @rm b%fvkyfief;eef @ aiGcsD;pm; v,fu oD;pm;caumufeef @ toufarG;+rLvdrf,leDuwfaw? aecsJ@ vuf0DcH "eo#if (uGefz&m'dk) tqifhrmom [deDca&?

&cdkifajy. vlOD;&Dtrsm;rm v,form;+zdKufaw? v,form;rm qif;&Ja& v,form;/ tv,ftvwfv,form;/ csrf;oma&v,form;vdk@oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;[da&/ tm;vHk;a& vufwqkyfpm &ckdifh"eo#if rdom;pk vufatmufcHb0u tae;eef@trsm;ruif;v$wfuwf? ukefoG,fvlwef;pm;awmfoifh&Hk[dauav; w&kwf/ ukvm;ukefonfwdavmufrrsm;/ ol&dk@avmufavywfr_r[d ?

atydkif teDtxm;rSm[da& igh&dk @ vlr_tazG@tap;udk EdkifiH&D;t&/ pD;yGm;&D;t& pkap;zdk @a& rvG,fc? EdkifiH&D; t&pkap;zdk@qdkau trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifr_udk&atmif tazG@tap;wckcku v_yf&Sm;yD;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? ,if;ydkif v_yf&Sm;r_vkyfzdk@qdkau urBmordkif;pOf twdkfif;qdkauynmwwfvlwef;pm;u acwfrDpepfv_yf&Sm;r_ yD;&zdk@yif+zdKufaw? a,au &cdkifynmwwfrsm;ESif h &cdkift&if;&ifwdk @a& 1960 ck ywf0ef;usifavmufrSm

trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;wm0efudk &,lzdk@yif+zdKufaw? ,auavh ,if;ydkifr+zdKufc?pD;yGm;&D;t& pkap;zdk@qdkau pdD;yGm;&D;A[dkXme wckck &cdkif+rDrSm ay:aygufzdk@vdka&? pdkufawG+rdK@udk pD;yGm;&D; A[dkXmet+zdKuf ukr`%Dtpdk;&ujyKkvkyfcauavh b*Fvm; pD;yGm;&D;atmufu rv$wfc? ukr%Dydkifp acwfOD;ydkif;rSm b*Fvm;pD;yGm;&D; vufatmufrSm [ddedDca&?

1937 ck +Adwdo#Am;rm;udk oD;jcm; cGJxkwfvdkufawtcg &cdkif ta&SS@bufjcrf; (pdkufawG/ ausmufjzL/ oHawG;/ yvuf0g;) a& &efukefudk rsufESmrleD&a&// &cdkiftaemufbufjcrf; (b*F g 12 +rdK@/ Adkvfrif;axmif/ oufaxmif/ zvHaxmif/ +rHKaxmif) a& b*Fvm;udk rsufESmrlvm&a&?

+Adwdo#Am;rm;udk oD;jcm;azG@ap;+yD;aemuf&efukefudk yxr+rdK@awmf/ rEWav;udk 'kwd, +rdK@awmft+zdKuf owfrSwfvdkufaw? &efukefa& tkyfcsKyf&D;/w&m;pD&if&D; / w&m;jyKvkyf&D;/ A[dk&Hk;pdkuf&m +zdKufvma&? pD;yGm;&D; ynm&D;/ tcsuftcsmaw&m +zdKufvma&? ,if;tcgrSm &ckdifta&S@bufjcrf;(&cdkifwdkfif;) a& tkyfcsKyf&D;/ w&m;pD&if&D;/ w&m;Oya'jyKvkyf&D;/ pD;yGm;&D; / ynm&D;t& &efukef. wqifhcH+zdKufvma&// wae; Arm.wqifhhcH+zdKufvmc&a&?

,+yD;au t*Fvdyfpmudk &Hk;oHk;/ Armpmudk +Adwdo# Am;rm; ajywGif;oHk; vdk@owfrSwfvdkufaw? ,if;tjyif +Adwdo#Am;rm;. trsdK;om;toGifvuQ%mudk aumuf,l&mrSmavh Arm trsdK;om; toGifvuQ%mudk aumuf,lxm;ca&? ,if;a=umifh &cdkifeef@wuG rGef/u&if/ u,m;/ o#rf;/ucsif/csif;/ trsdK;om; toGifvuQ%mwdrm wqufquf wdrfaumvm;uwfvD&a&?

,if;ydkif &ckdif trsdK;om;toGif vuQ%mwd wdrfaum+yD;au ordkfif;a=umif; r_ef0g;vm;vwftcgrm &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;orfdkif;a=umif;avh r_ef0g;vm;c&a&? *kydkif tcsdfefavmufrm to#if OwWr rax&fa& 0HomeK &uQdw trsdK;om;&D; w&m;udk ArmajywcGifrSm wGifwGif}uD;a[m=um;vma&? aecsJ @ qef@usif&D;/ trsdK;om;nDnGwf&D; w&m;udk &J&Jawmuf a[m=um;yga&? atto#ifa& &cdkif trsdK;om; &[ef;awmfwpfyg;yif+zdKufauavh tdENd,ajy Armajy&dk @rm&m EdkifiH&D;w&m; trsdK;om; Edk;=um;&D;w&m;&dk@udk &J&Jawmuf a[m=um;ca&? ,if;ajywdrm&m tESdufpuftrsdK;rsdK;cHvdk@v_yf&Sm;ca&? &ckdifajy bufodk @ ta&muf taygufae;yg;ca&? ,if;q&mawmfum; aecsJ@qef@usif&D;/ tm&S0HomeKacgif;aqmifwpfyg;yif+zdKufaw?

&ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif; (0g) &ckdif vGwfvyf&D; vrf;a=umif; r_ef0g;vm;pGm q&mawmf bk&m;u aecsJ@qef@usif&D;/0efomeKtrsdK;cspf0g' xm;[d&D;&dk@ud k tdENd, ajyArmajy tESH @tjym;rm a[m=um;eDca& tcsdefwdrm w&kwfESifh tdENd,ajywdrm


18/59

18

wdkif;&if;rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf/ ynmwwfvlwef;pm;rsm;/ v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw// w&kwf+rDrSm a'gufwm qGef,ufqif. ulrefwH tazG@}uD;

v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? (Dr-Sung Yed Sen Kuomintang) tdENd,+rDrm uGefu&ufygwD}uD; v_yf&Sm;eDwkef; r[wWr *END*sD v_yf&Sm;edDwkef;+zdKufaw? Arm+rDrm (YNBA)toif;&dk@ aemufGCBA toif; v_yf&Sm;eDwkef;+zdKufaw?

8/12/76 &cdkif+rDrmum; a'tcsdefrm &ckdif edkifiH&D; vr;fa=umif;udk +Adwdo# Am;rm;ax;rSm cif;usif;zdk@ }udK;pm; eDwkef;+zdKufaw? r_ef0g;vm;ca&&ckdif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;udk &ckdif rsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKufrsm; / &ckdifta=umif;udk pdwf0ifpm;a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;rsm; &cdkif tusK;dudpPudk

jrifhwifvdka& &ckdif t&m[drsm;&dk @a& &ckdiftrsdK;om;&D; v_yf&Sm;r_udk &efukefodk @ OD;aw,lvm;cuwfaw? ArmrsdK;csdKuf/ ajycsdKuf 0HomeKacgifaqmifrsm;eef@ ,if;acwfu &ckdif rif;wdkfifyiftrwfwd yl;aygif;aqmif&GufpGmu tp &cdkif trsK;dom; awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;a& a&mxGD;vm;c&a&?&cdkif trsdK;om;rsm;+zdKufaw OD;aratmif/ q&may:xGef; / q&m xGef;atmifausmf / a'gufwm a&$pHatmif / OD; pdefvSatmif/ OD; pdefxGef;atmif pa&yk*~dKvf&dk@a& +Adwdo# Am;rm;ukdvdkeD tazG@rSm 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;&if; &ckdif trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif; a&mxGD;vm;ca&?

xdkyk*~dKvf&dk @a& &cdkifajy tajctaeudk aumif;rGef wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifcuwfpGmudkawmcg trsm;todyif+zdKufaw? &ckdif awmfvSef&D;vrf;a=umif;udk Arm awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;eef@ abmifuGJjym;atmif rvkyfcpGmudkavh trsm;todyif+zdKufaw?

,if;tcsdefY r&dSraESmif; tcsdefavmufu &ckdifajyrm &ckdifwdkif;toif; vli,frsm; Edk;=um;&D; toif;/ &ckdif wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m pD;yGm;&D;tazG @csKyf /wdkif;&if;om;tap;tvHk;&dk@ ay:aygufvm;+yD;au &ckdif t&D;tcif; (Arakan Affair) wdk;wufvmatmif }udK;pm;v_yf&Sm;cuwfaw?

at'D 1937 ck 'DZifbmvrm &ckdifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m pD;yGm;&D;tazG@csKyfeef@ wdkif;&if;om; tap;tvHk;&dk @a& pdkufawG@ wef;cdk; q&mawmfausmif;rmrsufESmpHknD aqG;aEG;+yD;au &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qkdif&m wdkif;&if;om; tap;t&Hk;udk wnDwnGwfaw; awaxmifvdkufaw? OuUXrSm OD;ompHvS 'kOuUXrSm OD;atmifxGef; OD;+zdKufaw? a'umvrm &ckdif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;jzwfvm;ca& umvwpfckyif+zdKufaw? trsdK;om;0HomeK umv v_yf&Sm;r_wdvkyfeDa& 0HomeKumvud k jzwfoef;eDc&pGmyif+zdKufaw? wae; trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;. t}udKumvwckudk (0g) trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D;.ap;&Hk;&D;umvwckudk jzwfoef;eDcpGmyif+zdKufaw?

0HomeKumv (0g) trsdK;om;awmfvSSef&D;. ap;&Hk;&D;umva& ajy@0r_ &ifhusufr_r[dau trsdK;om;awmf vSef&D;a& a,mhusvm;wwfaw?avG;acsmfvm;wwfaw? atmifayG;r[dyJ qHk;&SL;vm;wwfaw?

EdkifiHwum 0HomeKumvudk avhvm=unfhvdkufau ,if; acwfumvrm udk,fqdkif&m trsdK;om; vuQ%mudk azmfxkwfjcif;/trsdK;om;vuQ%mjyefav qef;opf&D;jyKvkyfjcif;/ trsdK;om; vuQ%m jyefav yGifhvif;&D;vkyfjcif;/ wdk@udkwGd @&a&? trsdK;om;&D;v_yf&Sm;r_ /EdkifiH&D;v_yf&Sm;r_wdk@udk rsdK;csdKufajycsdKuf vlvwfwef;pm;u OD;aqmifpGmudk wdG @&a&? w&kwfajy 0HomeKumvrSm a'gufwm qGef,ufqifydkifw&kwfynmwwfrsm;um; OD;aqmifpGmudkwdG @&a&// tdENd,ajy 0HomeKumvrSm r[wWr*END*sD &dk @ OD;aqmifca&? Armajy 0HomeKumvudk to#if OD;OwWr rax&f / ocif udk,fawmfrd_if; / a'gufwm barmf&dk@ydkif ynmwwfrsm; OD;aqmifpGmudkwGd@&a&?

t*,ifhyif 0HomeKumvrm aecsJ@udk qef@usif+yD;au trsdK;om; vuQ%m t&yf&yfud k azmfxkwf&a&? aecsJ@wdk @. 0g;rsKdzHk;vGrf;zdk@}udK;pm;csuf t&yf&yfudk umuG,f&a&? udk,ftrsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_abmif/ trsdK;om; abmif&dk@ud k azmfxkwf&a&// jrSifhwif&a&// udk,fEdkifiH/udkf,fhtrd sK;om; ,Ofaus;r_ / udk,fhpmyDqdka& usL;ausmfoH&dk@ud k ajymifajymif /ajrmufajrmuf azmfxkwfyD;&a&// trsdK;om;&D;pdwf"gwfeef@

,Ofaus;r_tiftm; (National Spirit and Cultural )&dk@udk trsdK;om;w&yfvHk;rSm ajyh0&ifhusufvmatmif / ckdifrmvmatmif/vkyfaqmifyD;&a&? ,if;u wqifh EdkifiH&D;tiftm; Political Forceudk ody`Hae;usus wGef;yD;&a&?

(txl;rSwfom;p&m&txl;rSwfom;p&m&txl;rSwfom;p&m&txl;rSwfom;p&m&dS)a'ydkif tiftm;udk wGef;yD;a&tcg a&;&ifhjywfom;&a&? wcgwcg vufeufudkif awmfvSef&D;udkxd awmufavsmuf

vkyfaqmifvm;&pgGudk urBmordkif; t&yf&yfrSm odEdkifa&? attydkif;eef @ ywfowfvdk @ ajrmufudk&D;,m;ordkif;rm yHkpHjyp&m erlem,lp&maumif;wckyif+zdKufaw?

,au &ckdif0HomeKumvu ZmydkifvJ,au &ckdif0HomeKumvu ZmydkifvJ,au &ckdif0HomeKumvu ZmydkifvJ,au &ckdif0HomeKumvu ZmydkifvJ?pD;yGm;&D;/ EkdifiH&D;/ yx0Dt& a&mxDG;eD,m+zdKufaw// &ckdifvlr_ tazG @tap;a& a'tcdsefumvrm taysmhpm; tcsdefudka&muffedDa& ?

trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=umif;avh a&mxGD;eD,m+zdKufaw? a'ydkif tajctaersdK;rm 0HomeK vkyf&yfa& pdpyf aocsmeDzdk@vdka&? jywfom;zdk@vdk@a&?,if;acwf/ ,if;tcgu &cdkifh v_yf&Sm;r_udk =unfhvd kufau &cdkif &mZ0ifudk ArmpmyDrm jyKvkyfjcif;/ &cdkif ta=umif;udk t*FvdyfpmyDrSm azmfxkwfjcif;/&cdkif&dSa[mif;pmyDudk ArmpmyDavmurm azmfxkwfjcif; vkyfeDcuwfpgGudk wGd @&a&? &cdkifr_t&yf&yfudk azmfxkwfa&tydkif;udk ,if;ydkfifwGd@&+yD;aemufydkif;rmjrSifhwifa&tydkif;udkrwGd@&? v_yf&Sm;a&tydkfif;udk rwGd@&/ &cdkifEdkifiHudk udk,fEdkifiH / &cdkif trsdK;om;a& udk,f h trsdK;om;/ &cdkif ,Ofaus;r_a& udkf,fh,Ofaus;r_/&cdkifpmyDa& udkf,fpmyD vdk@a=uG;a=umfcpGmudk rwGd @&? ,if;acwfu ynmo#if&dk @ vkyfaqmif}udK;yrf;cuwfpGma& trSefyiftusdK;[dyga&? ,auavhtrsdK;om;abmifudk jywfjyw/f om;om; rv_yfcuwfaw twGufeef @ &cdkifabmifeef @ Armabmif a&mxD;Gvm;cuwfaw? a&mxDG; vm;pGmrSmawmifwef;wl &G,fwla&mxD;Gvm;pGmr[kwfbJ wqifhcH vufatmufcH teDeef@&m a&mxDG; vm;cuwfpGm+zdKufaw? 0g;rsKdcH&pGmxufqdk;oda&?


19/59

19

,if;eef @Zk t*kigh&dk@acwfrm &cdkifrm pm[d,ifhvm; / &ckdifrm *Dw [d,ifhvm;/ &cdkifrmaw;jcif;[d,ifhvm;/&cdkifrmtrsdK;om;0wfpHk[d,ifhvm; pa& &Sufaumif;xref; ar;cGef;wday:vm&a& r[kwfvm;? Zmavmufxdav;qdkygau &cdkifa& vlrsdK;wrsdK;vm;&cdkifajyvm;/ &ckdifwdkif;vm; &ckdifa& Armajy. tpdyftydkif; wckr[kwfvm; &cdkifajya& udkvdkeD wydkif;&m+zdKufaw? vHk;0udkvdkeDr[kwf &cdkiftrsdK;om;&D;vkyfau usdKif;ajrmif;a&/ &cdkif,Ofaus;r_udk jrSifhwifhazmfxkwfpGma& acwfaemufjyefqGJa& pa& ar;cGef;wd / pum;wday:aygufvmc&a&r[kwfvm;? Zmavmufxd&Sufzdk@aumif;a&av;//

a'&cdkif 0HomekacwfrSm xda&mufawajyh0r_ /&ifhusufr_ / jywfom;r_ &dk@r[dcvdk @ &ckdif abmifeef @ Armabmif a&mxDG;vm;c&a&?trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_ abmifawmifru EdkifiH&D;abmif/ awmfvSef&D; abmifrmyg a&mxDFG;vm;c&a&? trsKd;om; ,SOfaus;r_abmifjywfom;rS trsdK;om;awmfvSef&D; abmif jywfom;zdk @ a,rSjywfom;a& trsdK;om; atmifayG;udk &zdk@? trsdK;om;&D; abmifjywfom;rS trsdK;om; atmifayG;udk jywfom;zdk@?

t*kydkif abmifa&mxDG;pGm. ta=umif;w&m;udk rsufarSmufuvuyif twdwfumv txd jyefav oHk;oya=uhauatmufygtwdkif;wGd@@[d&a&?

1? 20 &mpk yxrydkfif; &cdkif EdkifiH&D;acgif;aqmif pmyD ,Ofaus;r_ acgif;aqmif&dk @ &cdkif trsdK;om; awmfvSef&D; vrf;a=uif; udk*&krpdkufjcif;?

2? 19 &mpkumvu +Adwdo#t&if;o#if aecsJ@&dk @ &ckdifpD;yGm;&D;/ EdkifiH&D;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ vlr_&D;/ wdk@udka &mxDG;ydkufjcif;/ &cdkifajyudk cGJpdyfcsifydkifcGJpdyfvdk@ aygif;pyfcsifydkifaygif;pyfydkufjcif;?

3? 18 &mpkumvu Arm ya'o&mZfaecsJ@&dk @ &ckdif trsKd;om; vuQ%mt&yf&yfudk zsufqD;ydkufjcif;/ wajyvHk;udkaqmufaw&mr&atmif ESdyfpufowfjzwfjcif;//

4? 17 &mpk &cdkif trsdK;om;tcsif;csif; a'opGJt&/ *dk%f;pGJt& cGJjcm;cwwfjcif;/ trsdK;om; ap;&Hk;&D; +ydKuGJ ysufpD;jcif;&dk@ +zdKufaw?

*kydkif ysufqD;eDpGm. o&kyfudk aecsJ@tqufquf udkifwG,fzsufqD;cauavh &cdkifh acgif;aqmif tqufquf rudkifwG,frjyKjyifcuwfvdk @ rawmfvSefcuwfvdk @ ig&dk@t*kydkif t+zdKufqdk;/ teDqdk;/ wdudk &ifqdkifvmuwf&pGm +zdKufaw? t*kxd ArmaecsJ@&dk @a& &cdkif h trsdK;om;tax;udk *dk%f;*epGJpdwf/ a'opGJpdwf&dk@udk &ckdif opPmazmufwd uwqif h +zdKuf+zdKuf /wdkuf&dkuf+zdKuf+zdKuf owfoGif; eDwkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;eef @ t*kig&dk@twGuf =uyf=uyf owdxm;p&m ocFef;pm,lp&m av;+zdKufaw?

(c) 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &cdkif awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmydkifav;(c) 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &cdkif awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmydkifav;(c) 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &cdkif awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmydkifav;(c) 20 &mpk yxrydkif; &cdkif awmfvSef&D;rsm; Zmydkifav;?19 &mpktukef 20 &mpktpydkif;rm +Adwdo# aecsJ@&dk @a& txufu wifjyca&twdkif; +Adwdo# tdENd,udk azG@ap;+yD;au udkvddkeD t+zdKufudk

wqwfqwf oGwfoGif;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyf&D; ,EWm;xd a&mufatmif +zdKufzdk@twGuf udkvdkeDynm&D;udk ysdK;axmifatmifjrifeDwkef;+zdKufaw? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ul;oef;a&mif;a0&D;qdka& udkvdkeD pD;yGm;&D; ausmuf+zdKufudk wqwfqwfcsvma&? nDwlnDr# w&m;pD&if&D;qdkau udkvdkeD w&m;Oya' pD&ifwkef;udk ysdK;axmifyD;vma& // ,if;eef @ t*k &ckdifrsdK;quf wquf+yD;wquf udkvdkeD t&dyftm0goudkcdkvH_vmuwf&a&? ArmaecsJ @ ya'o&mZf}uD;wd &ufpuf,Sufrmr_ rsdK;pHkudk &ifqdkifc&a&? &ckdif vlr_ tazG@tap;twGuf +Adwdo# t&if;pepfa&

tyef;ajzpcef; +zdKufcpGmudk qef;a&vdk@qdkzdkr[kwf?,if;umvrm &ckdifajyrm pD;yGm;&D; A[dkjyK&m oD;jcm;+rdK@awmfr[djcif;// vrf;yef; qufoG,f&D; nHhzsif;jcif;/ *k%f;pdwf/

a'opGJpdwfvGrf;rdk;eDjcif;/ ArmaecsJ@&dk @. 'g%fa=umif; evHrxl edkifodjcif;/ +Adwdo#&dk @ cGJjcm;&D;pepf aESmifh,Sufjcif;&dk@@a=umifh t&if;o#if udkvdkeDb0rm&cdkiftrsdK;om; w&yfvHk; aumif;aumif; }uD;=umatmif tdyfarm useDc&a&?,if;tcsdefrsdK;rSm tdENd,rm trsdK;om;ap;&Hk;&D;vkyfief; (0g) 0HomeKvkyfief; t[defaumif;eDwkef;+zdKufaw? ,if;tcsdefavmufrmArmynmwwfavmuudk tdENd, v_yf&Sm;&D; *,uf&dkufvma& ? Oa&my wdkufom; Ak'


20/59

20

v_yf&Sm;vmuwfaw? toif;tazG@&dk@. r[mAsL[mudkk,if;toif;tazG@&dk@. emrnfudk =unfhvdk@odEdkifa&? toif;[email protected]& ,if;toif;.r[mAsL[mudk azmfnGef;jya&? &cdkifajytpm; &ckdifwdkif;vdk @ oHk;xm;pGmudk =unfhuaw;uyif &cdkifajyudk Armajy.tpdyftydkif;t+zdKufcH,lvm;c,m+zdKufawqdkpgGudkodEdkifa&// ,if;toif;tazG@&dk @. pdwfrm Zm[d

What We Are Going to Do? - Sara San Kyaw Tun

Documents

Transcript of What We Are Going to Do? - Sara San Kyaw Tun