What system was discovered to help farmers grow crops more efficiently? What were some...
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Transcript of What system was discovered to help farmers grow crops more efficiently? What were some...
What system was discovered to help farmers grow crops more efficiently?
What were some characteristics of towns in Medieval Europe?
Who were three authors of this time and what were their major works?
a warmer climate existed from 800-1200
used horses to plow twice as much land as oxen used to, but they required better food and harnesses
three-field system: farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year instead of just half, other one-third recovered
more food and better food meant in increase in population and longer lives
goods traded in towns at fairs
guild: an association of people who worked at the same occupation, they controlled all wages and prices in their craft, enforced standards of quality
merchants had to borrow money to buy goods, but Christians were forbidden from lending money at interest, a sin called usury
this led to many Jews becoming moneylenders
as trade grew, towns swelled with people
serfs ran away from their lords to live in towns because they were unhappy with the feudal system, could be free after living there for a year and a day
narrow streets with no sewers, houses built of wood, people never bathing, and little fresh air in homes led to hazardous and unhealthy conditions in most towns
at first, towns were under lords, but burghers (town dwellers) resented this, organized, and demanded their rights which they won by force
University: a group of scholars meeting wherever they could Came from Latin for universitas, or “guild” Medieval Univ. were educational guilds that produced educated
and trained individuals 1st Universities
Bologna, Italy Attracted by great Roman law teacher Formed guild to protect their rights (1158)
University of Paris Oxford By 1500 there were 80 universities
for most students, the goal was a government job or a job in the Church
Very strict Awoke at 5am, in class until
10am , 1st meal Afternoon class until 5pm,
Light supper Study until time for bed
Classes In rented rooms, Sat on hard
benches Often expected to memorize
texts Women
Not allowed to attend University Exception
Christine de Pizan Italian who lived at French Court Married at 15, husband died when
she was 25, became a writer Wrote City of Ladies
Asked if women were capable of learning
University Curricula Traditional liberal arts
curriculum Grammar, rhetoric, logic,
arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy
Teaching done by lecture Oral examinations given when
applied for a degree Usually 4-6 yr period of study Could go on to study law,
theology, or medicine Could earn doctor’s degree
after 10 years, could then teach
DanteWrote Divine ComedyTakes readers on an imaginary journey
through hell and purgatoryUses humor, tragedy, and medieval quests
for religious understandingHighlights key idea of Christianity- people’s
actions in life will determine their afterlifeChaucer
Follows English band of pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb
Each character tells a story
after Crusades, interactions with Muslims brought about knowledge of science, law, math, etc.
Thomas Aquinas’ Suma Theologica about the idea that most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument
Tried to reconcile faith and reason Tried to harmonize Christian teachings with works of Greek
Philosophers Aristotle reintroduced during 12th century
He upset Christian theologiansTaught people to reason through truth… questioning the church???Wasn’t using logic undermining the church???
Thomas Aquinas Tried to reconcile Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity in
13th century Wrote Summa Theoligica
Organized according to logical method of intellectual investigation used by scholars
Asked “Does God exist?” Cited sources with opposing opinions before reconciling them and
arriving at his own conclusions Process used by future philosophers
Certain that two truths of religion and science would not contradict one another