WHAT IS THE

N.F.P.A. 70E

N.F.P.A. 70E“Standard for

Electrical Safety in the Workplaces”

HAZARDS of ELECTRICITY

• FIRE-Faulty wiring-building fires. Clothing fires(Arc flash).• SHOCK-When electrical current enters and exits the body creating a

path.• FLASH-A dangerous condition associated with the release of energy

caused by an electric arc. This explosive condition includes a broad spectrum of electromagnetic energy, plasma, fragments and a spray of molten materials. (As much as 80% of all electrical injuries are burns resulting from an arc-flash and ignition of flammable clothing)

• BURN / BLAST-Pressure wave caused by the expansion of gases and conducting materials with flying molten materials.(Arc temperature can reach 35,000°F - this is four times hotter than the surface of the sun. Fatal burns can occur at distances over 10 ft.)

Electrical Hazards - Shock

• ANY VOLTAGE OVER 50 VOLTS (AC or DC) CAN BE A POTENTIAL

SHOCK HAZARDS

Electrical Hazards - Shock

• SHOCK INJURIES:– SHOCK REACTION– ELECTROCUTION– BODY TISSUE DAMAGE– BODY ORGAN DAMAGE– SUFFOCATION

SHOCK POTENTIAL

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

0.2

2.0

20

200

1000

50

SLIGHT SENSATION

PAINFUL SHOCK(Let Go Threshold)

3.0 SEC. FIBRILLATION

0.3 SEC. FIBRILLATION

MUSCULAR CONTRACTION

Milli-amps

Volts

Milliampere Affect on Person0.5 - 3 Tingling sensations

3+ Shock10+ Muscle contractions and pain30+ Respiratory paralysis60+ Heart Paralysis (may be fatal)

100+ Ventricular fibrillation (usually fatal)4+ Amps Heart Paralysis5+ Amps Tissue and Organs start to burn

Electrical Hazards - Shock

•EVERY ELECTICAL SHOCK HAS THE

POTENTIAL OF FATALITY

•Shock Hazards-----Electrocution

Electrical Hazards -ARC FLASH

• An arc flash is the energy released as a result of an arcing.

• ARC FLASH INJURIES:– FLASH BURNS– BURNS from CLOTHING– BLAST SHRAPNEL– BLAST PRESSURE– HEARING LOSS

PPE Clothing, but no Arc Shield

HISTORY of ELECTRICAL SAFETY

• 1897 FIRST ELECTRIC CODE• 1911 NFPA TAKE OVER N.E.C• 1930 FIRST STUDIES of ELEC

SHOCK AS A HAZARD• 1950’s ELECTRICAL SHOCK

TAKEN SERIOUSLY

HISTORY of ELECTRICAL SAFETY

• 1968 FIRST GFIC REQ in NEC• 1970 OSHA LAWS PASSED• 1979 NFPA PUB. 1ST 70E• 1981 OSHA ADDS 1910 SUB-S• 1982 FIRST PUB STUDIES of

ELEC ARC FLASH HAZARDS

HISTORY of ELECTRICAL SAFETY

• 1994 NAT’L ELECTRICAL SAFETY FOUNDATION ORGANIZED (NESF)

• 1995 NFPA 70E ADDS ARC FLASH & BOUNDARIES

• 1998 AFCI ADDED to NEC

• 2002 FLASH PROTECTION LABELING add to NEC

• 2003 OSHA, NECA, & IBEW SETTING UP MODEL PROGRAMS USING NFPA-70E

• 2004 ENERGIZED WORK PERMIT added to NFPA-70E-Guidelines for Training, Outside Contractor Communication, 110.8.1 Electrical Hazard Analysis, and simplified format.

HISTORY of ELECTRICAL SAFETY

What is the NFPA 70E-2004

• NFPA 70E is:– National consensus standard and a “Standard

for Electrical Safety in the Workplace”

– and is a part of the National Electrical Code and has been adopted by OSHA as an enforcement standard.

Safety Overview--Today• Electrical safety is the most over-looked employee work hazard

– OSHA Published top 10 most violated standards. Electrical violations is fourth.

– Electrocution is fourth in work related fatalities with a majority of these incidents occurring at 600 volts or less.

– 277 work related deaths last year Source: Bureau Labor Statistics 2001

– 7,600 disabling and non-disabling electrical injuries occur in the US each year.

• Currently there is confusion industry wide concerning electrical safety procedures and electrical safety products.

• Prevailing mindset of the electrical industry with management and labor is “It won’t happen to me” - Famous last words.

GENERALEMPLOYEE

SAFETY

FIRE SHOCK FLASHBURN / BLAST

NFPANEC 70

NFPA70E

O.S.H.A.1910

SUBPART S

PEOPLEPROTECTION

PROPERTYPROTECTION

BUSINESSLOSS$$$

ELECTRICAL SAFETY CHART

HISTORY of N.F.P.A. 70E• 1975 STD CONCEPT & SCOPE

STARTED to assist OSHA• 1979 FIRST EDITION of 70E• 1981 2nd EDITION of 70E• 1983 3rd EDITION of 70E• 1988 4th EDITION of 70E

HISTORY of N.F.P.A. 70E• 1995 5th EDITION of 70E introduced the Arc

Flash Concept• 2000 6th EDITION of 70E Adds Additional

Arc Flash Information• 2002 FLASH PROTECTION LABELING

added to NEC• 2004 7th Edition of 70E Adds Hot Work Permit,

simplified format. Training, Communication, Planning, and Documentation guidelines.

What's in NFPA 70E-2004• PART-I Safety-Related Work Practices.• PART-II Safety-Related Maintenance Req.• PART-III Safety Requirements for Special Equipment.• PART-IV Installation Safety Requirements.• Equipment APPENDIX:

• C - Limits of Approach• D – Sample Calculation Arc Flash Flash Boundary• E - Electrical Safety Program• F - Hazard / Risk Evaluation• G - Lockout / Tag out Procedures• H - Flame-Resistant Clothing

• 2004 I – Job Briefing and Planning Checklist• 2004 J – Energized Electrical Work Permit

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 90•90.1 Scope. What’s covered. This standard address those electrical safety requirements for employee workplaces that are necessary for the practical safeguarding of employees in their pursuit of gainful employment. This standard covers the installation of electric conductors, electric equipment, signaling and communication conductors and equipment, and raceways for the following:•1. Public and Premises, including buildings, structures, mobile homes, recreational vehicles and floating buildings.•2. continued---

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 90•90.1 Scope. What’s covered. •2. Yards, lots, parking lots, carnivals, and industrial substations.•3. Installation of conductors and equipment and connect to the supply of electricity.•4. Installation used by the electric utility, such as office buildings, warehouses, garages, machine shops and recreational buildings, that are not an integral part of a generating plant, substation, or control center.

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 110•110.1 Scope. Chapter 1 covers electrical safety-related work practices and procedures for employees who work on or near exposed energized electrical conductors or circuits parts in workplaces that are included in the scope of this standard. Electrical circuits and equipment not included in the scope of this standard might present a hazard to employees not qualified to work near such facilities. Requirements have been included in Chapter 1 to protect unqualified employees from such hazards.

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 110•110.3 Responsibility. The Safety-related work practices contained in chapter 1 shall be implemented by employees. The employer shall provide the safety-related work practices and shall train the employee who shall then implement them.

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 110•110.4 Outside Personnel. (Contractors, etc.) Whenever outside servicing personnel are to be engaged in activities covered by the scope and application of this standard, the on-site employer and the outside employer(s) shall inform each other of existing hazards, personal protective equipment/clothing requirements, safe work practice procedures, and emergency /evacuation procedures applicable to the work to be preformed. This coordination shall include a meeting and documentation.

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 110•110.6(A) Safety Training. The training requirements contained in this section shall apply to the employees who face a risk of electrical hazard that is not reduced to a safe level by the electrical installation requirements of chapter 4. Such employees shall be trained to understand the specific hazards associated with electrical energy. They shall be trained in safety-related work practices and procedural requirements as necessary to provide protection from electrical hazards associated with their respective job or task assignments. Employees shall be trained to identify and understand the relationship between electrical hazards and possible injury.

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 110•110.7 Electrical Safety Program.•(A) General. The employer shall implement an overall electrical safety program that directs activity appropriate for the voltage, energy level, and circuit condition.•(B) Awareness and Self-Discipline.•(C) Electrical Safety Program Principles.•(D) Electrical Safety Program Controls.•(E) Electrical Safety Program Procedures.•(F) Hazard/Risk Evaluation Procedures.•(G) Job Briefing. 1 General. Before starting each job, the employee in charge shall conduct a job briefing with the employees involved.

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 130•130.1 Justification for Work. Live parts to which an employee might be exposed shall put into an electrically safe work condition before an employee works on or near them, unless the employer can demonstrate that deenergizing introduces additional or increased hazards or is infeasible due to equipment design or operational limitations. Energized parts that are operated at less than 50 volts to ground shall not be required to be deenergized if there will be no increased exposure to electrical burns or to explosion due to electric arcs.

NFPA-70E 2004 Article 130•130.1(A) Energized Electrical Work Permit.•Where Required. If live parts are not placed in an electrically safe work condition (I, e., for the reason of increased or additional hazards or infeasibility per 130.1), work to be performed shall be considered energized electrical work and shall be performed by written permit only.

•130.3 Exemption to work Permit. Testing and trouble shooting---Not Required. PPE is Required for testing and trouble shooting.

Flash Protection(2002 NEC)• 110-16. Switch boards, panel boards, industrial control

panels and motor control centers that are other than dwelling occupancies and are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or maintenance while energized shall be field marked to warn qualified person of potential electric arc hazards. The marking shall be located so to be clearly visible to the qualified person before examination, adjustments, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment.(NFPA 70E 2004 400.11)

Minimum Warning

Advanced Warning

130.2 - Limits of Approach

• Two type of persons (definition 110.6(D)2)

– Unqualified Persons must• not cross the “limited approach

boundary”• not cross the “flash protection boundary”

unless wearing PPE and• be closely supervised by qualified person.

Limits of Approach

130.2 - Limits of Approach– Qualified Persons must (definition 110.6(D)1)

• be qualified to perform the task/job in order to cross the “limited approach boundary” and must be Trained.

• determine the “flash protection boundary” and hazard level

• not cross the “flash protection boundary” unless wearing PPE...

110 Flash Hazard Analysis• 110.8.(b) Flash hazard analysis shall be

done before a person approaches any exposed electrical conductor or circuit part that has not been placed in electrical safe work condition.– This qualifies for the above--most testing

and troubleshooting is done on live circuits(FR clothing and gloves are required).

130 Flash-Limits of Approach

• “Flash Protection Boundary” – 130.3(A) For systems which are 600

volts and below, the flash protection boundary shall be 4 feet based on clearing time of 6 cycles).

– This can extend out to 10 feet or till the the incident energy level equals 1.5 cal/cm2 .

– Boundary should be setup to keep others out.

130 Limits of Approach• “Flash approach boundary”

– NFPA 2004 130.3(A) – 130.3(A) calculation formula.– Duke Energy FREEWARE program available on:

Certified Insulated Products website-insulatedtools.com-download- flux.exe ‘Freeware’

• need to know » fault current, arc gap, supply voltage,

distance to person and number of cycles.» 3 phases times 3/Box factor times 2

– Others are commercially available.

Limits of Approach• “Flash approach boundary”

– Rule of thumb for 600 volts or less is 4 ft when; • fault current is 50kA or less• clearing time 6 cycles (0.1 seconds)

– breakers est. 6 cycles– current limiting fuse 1/4 cycle

Calculating Arc Flash• NFPA 130.3(A) Protective Clothing

and PPE Equipment for applications with a Flash Hazard Analysis.– employer shall document the incident

energy exposure of the worker in cal/cm2 (Flash Hazard Analysis)

– For information on estimating Incident Energy. See Annex D NFPA 70E 2004

130 - Calculating Arc Flash• NFPA 130.3 (con’t)

– “as an alternative, the PPE requirement of 130.3(A)(calucalation method)---A Hazard/Risk Category Chart System” 130.7 (C)(9))(a) shall be permitted to be used in lieu of the detailed flash hazard analysis using the calculation approach.

Clothing Not Permitted-PPE

• 130.7(C) (14). Clothing made from Synthetic materials such as acetate, nylon, polyester, rayon, either alone or in blends with cotton, shall not be worn.

• The most severe burns are caused by ignited clothing, not by the original Flash Fire or Electrical Arc Exposure.

• Clothed areas can be burned more severely than exposed skin.

Personal Protective Equipment• Table 130-7(c)(9)(a) Hazard Risk Category

Classifications pages 70E 2004 29 thru 31

– Based on task, voltage, type of equipment and notes (fault current and clearing time) the table shows:

• hazard / risk category• if V-rated gloves are required• if V-rated tools are required

– For any task, voltage, fault current or clearing times not listed in the table do the calculation outlined in 130.3(a) page 70E-25

Personal Protective Equipment• Protective Clothing (non melting)

• hazard / risk category to PPE page 70E-34– 0 untreated cotton ATPV n/a– 1 FR shirt and FR pants ATPV 4 cal/cm2– 2 cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants

ATPV 8 cal/cm2– 3 cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants plus

FR coverall ATPV 25 cal/cm2– 4 cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants plus

double layer switching coat and pants ATPV 40 cal/cm2.

» ATPV=arc thermal performance value» Cal/cm2. (Calories per Sq. Centimeter)

NFPA 70E – Hazard Risk 00-untreated cotton ATPV n/a

• This hazard risk category poses minimal risk. Some examples of tasks in this category are tasks that involve:– Circuit breaker or fused switch operation with

covers on when working with Panel boards rated 240 V and below.

– Contactor operation with enclosure doors closed when working with NEMA E2 (fused contactor) Motor Starters, 2.3 kV through 7.2 kV.

NFPA 70E – Hazard Risk 11-FR shirt and FR pants ATPV 4 cal/cm2• This hazard risk category poses some risk. Some

examples of tasks in this category are tasks that involve:– Circuit breaker or fused switch operation with

covers off when working with Panel boards rated 240 V and below.

– Opening hinged covers (to expose bare, energized parts) when working with "Other 600 V Class (277 V through 600 V, nominal) Equipment.

NFPA 70E – Hazard Risk 22-cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants ATPV 8 cal/cm2• This hazard risk category involves tasks that pose a

moderate risk. Some examples of tasks in this category are tasks that involve:– Circuit breaker or fused switch operation with

enclosure doors closed when working with 600 V Class Motor Control Centers (MCCs).

– Work on control circuits with energized parts 120 V or below, exposed when working on Metal Clad Switchgear, 1 kV and above.

NFPA 70E – Hazard Risk 33-cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants plus FR coverall ATPV 25 cal/cm2

• This hazard risk category involves tasks that pose a high risk. Some examples of tasks in this category are tasks that involve:– Insertion or removal of circuit breakers from

cubicles, doors open, when working with 600 V Class Switchgear (with power circuit breakers or fused switches).

– Opening hinged covers (to expose bare, energized parts) when working with "Metal Clad Switchgear, 1 kV and above.

NFPA 70E – Hazard Risk 44-cotton underwear plus FR shirt and FR pants plus

double layer switching coat and pants ATPV 40 cal/cm2

• This hazard risk category represents tasks that pose the greatest risk. Some examples of tasks in this category are tasks that involve:– Removal of bolted covers (to expose bare, energized

parts) when working with NEMA E2 (fused contactor) Motor Starters, 2.3 kV through 7.2 kV.

– Opening voltage transformer or control power transformer compartments when working with Metal Clad Switchgear, 1kV and above.

Personal Protective Equipment• Face shields are available that are listed with

ATPV ratings from many manufactures... Do not use general duty face shield.

• always wear safety glasses under face shields

• always wear a hard hat • hearing protection is recommended• protective hoods or parkas should be

worn in conjunction with shields and hard hats

Personal Protective Equipment• Voltage rated gloves

• gloves rated for the proper voltage shall be worn when called for

– leather protectors shall be worn over glovesgloves must be inspected every 6 month by qualified lab

Personal Protective Equipment– Gloves rated by voltage

» Class 00 = 500 volts max» Class 0 = 1000 volts max» Class 1 = 10 kV max» Class 2 = 20 kV max

• Shoes– Heavy-duty leather work shoes shall be

used for all tasks when ATPV is 5 cal/cm2 and above.

• insulating soles are recommended• overshoes or dielectric boots are recommended.

Personal Protective Equipment• Voltage rated tools

– shall be rated for the voltage on which they are used

– shall be double insulated• built to ATSM F1505 standards(double triangle

marking)• many tool are available in composite

construction • rated at 1000 volts, tested to 10,000 volts

» 3M 33+ wrapped tool is not an insulated tool

• tool must be inspected before each use

29CFR1910.333(a) General. Safety-related work practices shall be employed to prevent electric shock or other injuries resulting from either direct or interact contacts, when work is performed near or onequipment or circuits which are or may be energized. The specific safety-related work practices shall be consistent with the nature and extent of the associated electrical hazards.

•Creating an Electrical Safety Program-OSHA

Personal Protective Equipment• NFPA 70E 130-7(a) General (who’s responsible)

“Employees working is areas where there are electrical hazards shall be provided with, and shall use , protective equipment that is designed and constructed for the specific part of the body to be protected and for the work to be performed”

• OSHA 1910.335 Safeguards for personal protection: (a)use of protective equipment. (1) Personal protective equipment. Employees working in areas where there are potential electrical hazards shall be provided with, and shall use, electrical protective equipment that is appropriate for the specific parts of the body to be protected and for the work to be performed.

Warning Signage• 400.16(C) Warning Signs

– “Entrances to rooms and other guarded locations that contain exposed live parts operating at 50 volts shall be marked with conspicuous warning signs”

• “marked to warn of potential electric arc flash hazard” (NEC 110.16/2004 NFPA 70E 400.11)

• more detailed information is recommended, see Lock/Tag out Procedures Article 120.2004 70E

Why Do I Need Electrical Safety PPE?

• OSHA/NFPA 70E regulations - For energized circuits over 50 volts or more, safety tools and protective equipment must be used.

• Safe work environment.• Reduced insurance rates.• Improved worker morale.• It’s the law!

Who’s Responsible for Safety?

• The “Employer” is responsible for complying with OSHA requirements, electrical safety program, safety policies, procedures and Safety Training.

• The “Employee” is responsible for implementing procedures.

• The “Plant/Jobsite Owner” is inherently responsible for Contractors on site.

Summary• Electricity is dangerous.• Any contact with electricity can be fatal.• OSHA is using the NFPA 70E• PPE is required over 50volts

– when working hot– when troubleshooting and testing for de-energized

circuit• Do not work it“hot”

– every day in the USA at least one professional electrician is killed by electricity

2/3 of all injuries are from Electric Shock

1/3 are from Arc Flash Burns

Statistics on Electrical Injuries

0102030405060708090

100

Cha

nce

of S

urvi

val %

20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59Age Group

25% Body Burn50% Body Burn75% Body Burn

Injury costs can last a lifetime

A study of one utility revealed these costs of a survivable serious electrical injury

•Immediate direct costs…… $250,000

•Direct costs after year 1….. $1.3 million

•Indirect costs ……………… $11.24 million

Total ….. $12.8 million*

*1991 dollars. Equivalent in 2003 dollars is $17.4 million

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SHOCK

VOLTAGE LEVEL

APPROACHBOUNDARIES

JOB TASK

PROHIBITED

RESTRICTED

LIMITED

ARC FLASH

ENERGY LEVEL

PROTECTIONBOUNDARIY

JOB TASK

SELECTPPE

SELECTPPE

JOB PLAN

HAZARD / RISK ANALYSIS

N.F.P.A. 70E•WILL BE THE Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplaces.

REFERENCES:• NFPA 70E “Standard for Elec. Safety in

the Workplace”• “Elec. Safety in the Workplace” by

J. G. & R. A.Jones• “Electrical Safety Handbook” by J.

Cadick• IEEE STD-1998 (Yellow Book) “Guide

for Maint., Oper.,& Safety……….”