Invertebrate/Vertebrate Pretest. Invertebrate or Vertebrate?
What is the difference between an invertebrate and a vertebrate animal?
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Transcript of What is the difference between an invertebrate and a vertebrate animal?
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What is the difference between an invertebrate and a
vertebrate animal?
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Invertebrates do not have a backbone
• Examples: jellyfish, earthworm, grasshopper, butterfly, octopus, crab
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Vertebrates are chordates• Characteristics of chordates (all present at some point
during development) Notochord – flexible, supporting structure. The notochord
becomes the backbone in vertebrate chordates. Dorsal hollow nerve cord (spinal cord) Post-anal tail – a tail that is posterior to the anus Pharyngeal pouches (gill slits)
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Nonvertebrate chordates
Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
A Cladogram of Chordates
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Evolutionary Patterns
• Adaptive radiation or divergent evolution – evolutionary lines become less similar
• Convergent evolution – unrelated organisms become more similar
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Body Temperature Control
• Ectotherms obtain heat from the environment and rely on behavior to regulate body temperature (fish, amphibian, reptile)
• Endotherms generate heat through metabolic activity and rely on physiological mechanisms to regulate body temperature (birds, mammals)
Bo
dy
Tem
per
atu
re (
°C)
Environmental Temperature (°C)
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Trends in Vertebrate Evolution• As you move from fish to mammals, organ
systems become more complex• The heads of vertebrates show many adaptations
for feeding (mouthparts, snouts and tongues)
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Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow
Digestive Systems of Vertebrates
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Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Respiratory Systems of Vertebrates
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Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-LoopCirculatory System
FISHES MOST REPTILES BIRDS &
MAMMALS
Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates
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Right atrium
Left atrium
Complete division
Heart
Domestic pigeon
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
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Section 32-1
Right atrium
Left atrium
Complete division
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
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Excretory Systems
• Fish and aquatic amphibians excrete ammonia through gills
• Birds and reptiles excrete uric acid through kidneys
• Mammals, land amphibians and cartilaginous fish excrete urea through kidneys
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Nervous system
• The complexity of the cerebrum and cerebellum increases from fish to mammals
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Movement
• Fish, snakes and salamanders move by wiggling side to side; limbs stick out to side
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Movement
• Reptiles (lizards, crocodiles) have limbs bent under body, movement still side to side
• Mammals and birds have limbs directly under body; movement involves the backbone flexing up and down
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Reproduction
• Sexual
• Fertilization is external in water for fish and amphibians
• Fertilization is internal on land for reptiles, birds and mammals
• Development of the egg is related to the habitat (oviparous, ovoviviparous or viviparous)