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What is Science?
-the organized body of knowledge about the Universe derived from observation and
experimentation carried out to determine the principals underlying what is being studied
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Branches of Science
Natural science
Biological sciences Physical sciences Earth sciences
botany
zoology
anatomy
physics
chemistry
geology
meterologyvirology
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Scientific Method
• Question why or how something happens
• Research Existing Data
• Form a hypothesis (expected answer)
• Experiment
• Collect data (information)
• Draw a conclusion
• Contemplate opportunities for future study
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DATA
• Data must be collected to support or refute the hypothesis:
• Data may be
Quantitative: Numeric Quantity
Qualitative: Descriptive in nature
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The Scientific Method allows science to be universal. Why?
• Language Barriers exists between countries (English Speakers vs. Non-English Speakers)
• Measurement Standards (distance can be measured in feet or meters )
• This standardization allows for scientists around the world to share ideas.
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Setting up a valid experiment: Scientific Method Style
• Make an observation: Plants seem to grow best with a certain amount of moisture.
• State the question: How does water affect the growth of plants?
• Form a hypothesis: If I give a plant more water, then it will grow taller.
• Set up the experiment: One control group and one experimental group.
• Collect data: Record plant growth and water distribution and graph the data.
• Repeat: Redo the experiment to disprove results.
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Variables in an experiment
• Independent variable: the portion of the experiment that the scientist actually controls or changes (the cause / the if) -always graphed on the x axis
• Dependent variable: the portion of the experiment that changes on its own (the effect / the then) – always graphed on the y axis
DependentVariable
Independent Variable
Y axis
X axis
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Control GroupFull sun and 25*C
Experimental GroupFull sun and 25*C
A B C D
Plant water added daily growth A 10mL 0 cm
B 15mL 5 cm C 20mL 10 cmD 25 mL 15cm
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Growth(cm)
Water added(mL)
0 5 10 15 20 25
15
10
5
0
Growth vs. Water for Plants
A graph of this shape supports the hypothesis that more water increases plant growth.
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Growth(cm)
Water added(mL)
0 5 10 15 20 25
15
10
5
0
Growth vs. Water for Plants
A graph of this shape does not support the hypothesis that more water increases plant growth. You may have
over-watered the plant and it wilted.
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Significant Figures
• the number of digits in a measurement that are known with certainty
___________________________________
• 4 Rules for finding significant figures
• Rules for Adding / Subtracting Sig Figs
• Rules for Multiplying / Dividing Sig Figs
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Rule 1 for determining Significant Digits
• All non-zero numbers are significant 1.27m has 3 sig figs
2278s has 4 sig figs
98 feet has 2 sig figs
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Rule 2 for determining Significant Digits
• Any zero that is between two non-zero numbers is significant. 105m has 3 sig figs
190003cm has 6 sig figs
2006 mi has 4 sig figs
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Rule 3 for determining Significant Digits
• Any zero to the right of a decimal is significant.
23.30s has 4 sig figs
0.450m has 3 sig figs
29.000m has 5 sig figs
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Rule 4 for determining Significant Digits
• A zero that has the sole purpose of placing a decimal is not significant.
20 m has 1 sig fig
200 mi has 1 sig fig
0.0092 m has 2 sig figs
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Addition and Subtraction for Significant Digits
• With addition and subtraction, limit your answer to the number of decimal places held by the measurement containing the least number of decimal places.
2.50cm + 9.0 cm = 11.5 cm (not 11.50 cm)
1/100DecimalPlace
1/10Decimal
Place
1/10DecimalPlace
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35.05g - 5.0g = 30.05g =30.1g
1/100
Decimal Place
1/10Decimal
Place
1/10Decimal
Place
Rounding: 0-4 = Round down
5-9 =Round up
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Multiplication and Division for Significant Digits
• When multiplying or dividing measurements, your answer should contain the same of significant digts found in the measurement with the least number of significant digits.
3.0 cm X 2 cm = 6 cm2 (not 6.0 cm2)
2 sig figs 1 sig fig 1 sig fig
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50.00 g / 2 moles = 25 g/mole = 30 g/mole
4 sig figs1 sig fig
2 sig figs
Answer must also have 1 sig fig
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Accuracy vs. Precision
• Accuracy– The closeness of a
measurement to an accepted value.
• Precision– The closeness of
a group of measurements to each other.
2 of 3 are accurate.Accurate?No.
Very precise. 3 are grouped together.
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Measurement Examples
• Accepted Value: 10.0 m
• Measurements: 10.0, 9.9, 10.0, 9.9– Good accuracy, Good precision
• Measurements: 11.4, 11.5, 11.5, 11.6– Poor accuracy, Good precision
• Measurements: 8.9, 11.9, 12.5, 9.2– Poor accuracy, Poor precision.
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Percent Error
• How far your measurements are away from an accepted value.
• You generally want 10% error or less. This would be equivalent to making a 90 on a test.
• Formula:• % Error = | observed value – accepted value| X 100%
accepted value
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Percent Error Example
• The actual density of steel is 7.8 g/cc. In lab you measure the density as 9.2 g/cc. What is the percent error of your measurement?
• % error = | 9.2 g/cc – 7.8 g/cc | = 0.179 7.8 g/cc
Convert this number to a % by multiplying it by 100.
0.179 X 100 = 17.9 % = 18 %
Follow sig fig rules to round.
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Measurements
• The SI System (International System)– Based on the metric system, the powers of
10, and uses prefixes.– World-wide use.– Also known as the KMS system.
• Kilogram, meter, second
– Mass will be measured in kilograms with a triple beam balance.
– Length will be measured in meters using a ruler.– Time will be measured in seconds using a stopwatch.
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Prefixes for the Metric System
kilo
hecto
deca
base
deci
centi
milli
1
.1
.01
.001
10
100
1000
1.) Move up or down depending upon conversion of units.2.) Count steps each way.
3.) k, h, da, d, c, m
Base units: gram, liter, meter,second
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Conversion Example:
• Convert 256 cm to meters.
meter
decimeter
centimeter
millimeter
1. Start on centimeter2. Count steps to meter.
3. Move the decimal 2 places to the left.4.) 2.56 m
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Scientific Notation
• A way to express very large or small numbers. • Formula:
Z X 10n
• Z is the mantissa. It is a number between 1 and 10. The number of significant figures is included in the mantissa.
• n is a power of 10 that represents the direction and number of spaces that the decimal is moved in order to arrive at the Z number.
• Positive n moves the decimal to the right. Negative n moves the decimal to the left.
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Example
• Convert 207,000 to scientific notation.
2.07 X 105
• Convert 0.00101 to scientific notation.
1.01 X 10-3
1.) write down all sig figs2.) place decimal so the number is
between 1 and 103.) count placeholders and record them as an exponent
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Relationship of Science and Technology
• Wheel of knowledge:
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Scientific Theory vs. LawScientific Theory vs. Law
• A scientific law is simply an observation about A scientific law is simply an observation about nature: Ex: What goes up, must come down”nature: Ex: What goes up, must come down”
• A scientific theory is an explanation of an A scientific theory is an explanation of an observation. Ex. “The bending of space observation. Ex. “The bending of space causes gravitation”causes gravitation”
• Theories are:Theories are:
-Simple and clear-Simple and clear
-Testable-Testable
-Repeatable-Repeatable