General Safety:

What is safety?

The condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury.

Safety cultureis the ways in whichsafetyis managed in the workplace, and often reflects "the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation tosafety". In other words, "the way we dosafetyaround here".

Anergonomic hazardis a physical factor within the environment that harms the musculoskeletal system.Ergonomic hazardsinclude themes such as repetitive movement, manual handling, workplace/job/task design, uncomfortable workstation height and poor body positioning.

What is risk assessment?

A systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity or undertaking.

How to assess the risks in your workplace

Identify the hazards

Decide who might be harmed and how

Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions

Record your significant findings

Review your assessment and update if necessary

Many organisations, where you are confident you understand what's involved, can do the assessment themselves. You don't have to be a health and safety expert.

When thinking about your risk assessment, remember:

ahazardis anything that may cause harm, such as chemicals, electricity, working from ladders, an open drawer etc

theriskis the chance, high or low, that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards, together with an indication of how serious the harm could be

What is JSA

A Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is one of the risk assessment tools used to identify and controlworkplace hazards.A JSA is a second tier risk assessment with the aim of preventing personal injury to a person, or their colleagues, and any other person passing or working adjacent, above or below. JSAs are also known as Activity Hazard Analysis (AHA), Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) and Task Hazard Analysis (THA).

Ajob safety analysis(JSA) is a procedure which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and practices into a particular task or job operation. In aJSA, each basic step of the job is to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job.

What is ALARP?

ALARPstands for "as low as reasonably practicable", and is a term often used in the milieu ofsafety-criticalandsafety-involvedsystems. TheALARP principleis thatthe residual risk shall be as low as reasonably practicable. It has particular connotations as a route to reduce risksSFAIRP(so far as is reasonably practicable)

ALARPis one of the fundamental principles of risk management. We neither need nor want to manage risk to the point where we eliminate it, because doing so is simply not a good use of resources

ERICPD The Hierarchy of Hazard Control Measures

EliminateReduceIsolateControlPersonal Protective EquipmentDisciplineThe hierarchy of control is used to remove or reduce hazards and risks and should be used during a risk assessment. The idea is that you start by choosing methods from the top of the list and work your way down if required.As an example imagine in a manufacturing factory where operators need to clean machine rollers regularly with a chemical like MEK because of a build up of glue from the processed material; presenting hazards from the chemical and a risk of getting hands injured in the rollers. When considering the hazards it is easy to get sucked into PPE, safe systems of work and training but the best way is to use ERICPD.Eliminate why are we cleaning the rollers in the first place, can the supplier improve the material? Are we using too much pressure on the rollers? Can we coat the rollers with a non-stick material? Maybe this is the end of the story the safest control measure is to eliminate the hazard completely.Reduce or Substitute OK so we cannot eliminate but can we improve it by doing some of the above things so that we need to do it less often, can we reduce the number of people who are allowed to clean the rollers so they can be made experts, can we use a less hazardous chemical for cleaning the rollers.Isolate This one is not particularly relevant in this case but lets say the chemical was extremely toxic and only applied to one machine maybe we could screen the machine off maybe in a separate room and isolate it from the rest of the workers and have local controls.Control This is where we consider organizational and technical controls such as safe systems of work, procedures, training, supervision, local exhaust ventilation, machine guards, safety devices and tools to carry out the task to keep hands away from the rollers etc.Personal Protective Equipment such as wearing suitable and well-maintained gloves, eye protection and respirators.

Discipline make sure that all controls are monitored reviewed and enforced.What is the difference between a non-conformance and a non-compliance?

Anon-complianceis the failure to adhere to an Act or its RegulationsAnon-conformanceis the failure to comply with a requirement, standard, or procedure.

What is lock out and tag out?

Lockout-tagout (LOTO) orlockandtagis a safety procedure which is used in industry and research settings to ensure that dangerous machines are properly shut off and not started up again prior to the completion of maintenance or servicing work.

What is PTW?

Apermit-to-worksystem is a formal written system used to control certain types of work that are potentially hazardous. Apermit-to-workis a document which specifies the work to be done and the precautions to be taken. Permits-to-work form an essential part of safe systems of work for many maintenance activities.

What is LOA?

Limitation of access

Electrical Safety:

Double Insulation

Some appliances, such as vacuum cleaners and electric drills, do not have an earth wire. This is because they have plastic casings, or they have been designed so that the live wire cannot touch the casing. As a result, the casing cannot give an electric shock, even if the wires inside become loose.

1.Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

AnEarth LeakageCircuit Breaker (ELCB) is a device used to directly detect currents leaking to earth from an installation and cut the power and mainly used in TT earthing systems.

There are two types of ELCBs:

1. Voltage Earth LeakageCircuit Breaker(voltage-ELCB)2. Current Earth Leakage Current Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (Current-ELCB).

The National Electrical Code requires GFCI protection of receptacles located outdoors and in bathrooms, garages and spa areas. This GFCI circuit breaker provides protection against overloads, short circuits and ground faults. It detects very low levels of electrical current leaks (ground faults), and acts quickly to shut off power,preventing serious shock.

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

Rated current not more than 100 A.

Trip characteristicsnormally not adjustable.

Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.

MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)

Rated current up to 1000 A.

Trip current may be adjustable.

Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.

RCD (Residual Current Device / RCCB(Residual Current Circuit Breaker)

Phase (line) and Neutralboth wires connected through RCD.

It trips the circuit when there is earth fault current.

The amount of current flows through the phase (line) should return through neutral .

It detects by RCD. any mismatch between two currents flowing through phase and neutral detect by -RCD and trip the circuit within 30Miliseconed.

If a house has an earth system connected to an earth rod and not the main incoming cable, then it must have all circuits protected by an RCD (because u mite not be able to get enough fault current to trip a MCB)

A 300/500 mA RCCB may be used where only fire protection is required. eg., on lighting circuits, where the risk of electric shock is small.

Difference between ELCB and RCCB.

ELCB is the old name and often refers to voltage operated devices that are no longer available and it is advised you replace them if you find one.

RCCB or RCD is the new name that specifies current operated (hence the new name to distinguish from voltage operated).

The new RCCB is best because it will detect any earth fault. The voltage type only detects earth faults that flow back through the main earth wire so this is why they stopped being used.

The easy way to tell an old voltage operated trip is to look for the main earth wire connected through it.

RCCB will only have the line and neutral connections.

ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current. But RCCB is not having sensing or connectivity of Earth, because fundamentally Phase current is equal to the neutral current in single phase. Thats why RCCB can trip when the both currents are deferent and it withstand up to both the currents are same. Both the neutral and phase currents are different that means current is flowing through the Earth.

Finally both are working for same, but the thing is connectivity is difference.

RCD does not necessarily require an earth connection itself (it monitors only the live and neutral).In addition it detects current flows to earth even in equipment without an earth of its own.

This means that an RCD will continue to give shock protection in equipment that has a faulty earth. It is these properties that have made the RCD more popular than its rivals. For example, earth-leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) were widely used about ten years ago. These devices measured the voltage on the earth conductor; if this voltage was not zero this indicated a current leakage to earth. The problem is that ELCBs need a sound earth connection, as does the equipment it protects. As a result, the use of ELCBs is no longer recommended.

Confined Space Safety:

What is the availability of oxygen in the atmosphere?

The common nameairis given to the atmospheric gases used inbreathingandphotosynthesis. By volume, dry air contains 78.09%nitrogen, 20.95%oxygen,[1]0.93%argon, 0.039%carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount ofwater vapor, on average around 1% at sea level, and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air content andatmospheric pressurevary at different layers, and air suitable for the survival ofterrestrial plantsandterrestrial animalsis found only in Earth'stroposphereandartificial atmospheres.

Effects of carbon monoxide in human body.

BreathingCOcan cause headache, dizziness, vomiting, and nausea. IfCOlevels are high enough, you may become unconscious or die. Exposure to moderate and high levels ofCOover long periods of time has also been linked with increased risk of heart disease.

Aself-contained breathing apparatus, orSCBA, sometimes referred to as a compressed air breathing apparatus (CABA), or simply breathing apparatus (BA), is a device worn by rescue workers, firefighters, and others to provide breathable air in an "Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health" atmosphere (IDLH).

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

A self-contained breathing apparatus is used when extremely toxic chemicals are present, in an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, or when the contaminant or concentration is not known. SCBA's are also typically used in emergency situations.

Excavation Safety:

Fire Fighting System:

Explain about the types of fire extinguishers?

Types, Use and Colours of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Water

Water Spray

Water Mist (Dry Water Mist)

Dry Powder (Multi-Purpose)

Dry Powder (Special Powders)

Foam (AFFF)

Carbon Dioxide

Wet Chemical

Fire Blanket

Hose Reel

Fire Bucket

Scaffolding Safety:

1)What are the components for tubular scaffolding?

Tubes, Couplers(Right angle, Swivel, End to end, single, Board retaining, Girder, ladder coupler, toe board clamp, joint pin, Toe boards

2)What is maximum height of the mobile scaffold?

Maximum is 9.2 meters,

3)What is the minimum width of the scaffolding platform?

3 Boards width 3 x 225 mm = 675mm

4)What is the maximum capacity of heavy duty/medium duty/light duty scaffolding?

Heavy Duty - 250 kg / m2

Medium Duty - 200 kg / m2

Light Duty - 150 kg /m2

5)What is the minimum width of the scaffolding passage?

Not understandable. It Means human entry?

6)What is the minimum height of a toe board?

Minimum 150mm

7)What is the minimum load carrying capacity of a guard rail system?

90 Kgs

8)What is the minimum distance between hand rail and post?

Not understandable

9)Access ladders landing area should notExceedmore than _ meters?

350 mm

10)Access ladder shall be project at least _ meters above the landing platform?

1 Meters

2.Distance from toe board to hand rail -May be toprail

950 mm

3.Minimum over lapping of portable ladder in landing area

450mm

Safe angle of portable ladde?

75 egree

Hazardous Chemicals:

What is TLV?

Thethreshold limit value(TLV) of achemical substanceis a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse.

TheTLVis a recommendation by ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists with only a guideline status. As such, it should not be confused with exposure limits having a regulatory status, like those published and enforced by the OccupationalSafetyand Health Administration (OSHA).

What is PPM?

This is an abbreviation for "parts per million" and it also can be expressed as milligrams per liter (mg/L). This measurement is the mass of a chemical or contaminate per unit volume of water. Seeing ppm or mg/L on a lab report means the same thing.

ppmis an abbreviation ofparts per million.ppmis a value that represents the part of a whole number in units of 1/1000000.ppmis dimensionless quantity, a ratio of 2 quantities of the same unit. For example: mg/kg.

Lower explosive limit[edit]

Lower explosive limit(LEL): The lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). The term is considered by many safety professionals to be the same as thelower flammable limit(LFL). At a concentration in air lower than the LEL, gas mixtures are "too lean" to burn. Methane gas has an LEL of 4.4%. If the atmosphere has less than 4.4% methane, an explosion cannot occur even if a source of ignition is present.

Upper explosive limit[edit]

Upper explosive limit(UEL): Highest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). Concentrations higher than UFL or UEL are "too rich" to burn.

Inhalation for health and safety?

To avoid respiratory or other problems caused by exposure to dust, hazardous substances should be substituted with non-hazardous substances. Where substitution is not possible, other engineering control methods should be introduced. Some examples are:

use of wet processes

enclosure of dust-producing processes under negative air pressure (slight vacuum compared to the air pressure outside the enclosure)

exhausting air containing dust through a collection system before emission to the atmosphere

use of vacuums instead of brooms

good housekeeping

efficient storage and transport

controlled disposal of dangerous waste

Compressed Gas Safety:

What is the characteristic of acetylene gas?

Chemical Composition: An acetylene molecule is composed of two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms. The two carbon atoms are held together by what is known as a triple carbon bond. This bond is useful in that it stores substantial energy that can be released as heat during combustion. However, the triple carbon bond is unstable, making acetylene gas very sensitive to conditions such as excess pressure, excess temperature, static electricity, or mechanical shock.

Storage: Because of acetylene's unstable nature, it must be stored under special conditions. This is accomplished by dissolving the acetylene in liquid acetone. The liquid acetone is then stored in the acetylene cylinder, which in turn, is filled with a porous (sponge-like) cementitious material.

Heat Stress:

Accident / Incident Investigation:

The Reporting of Injury Disease and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR). This law requires employers to report certain accidents by telephone (or via the internet) within 24 hours of the accident occurring. Also, the accident should be reported to the authority on a special form and submitted within 7 days of the accident.

RIDDOR For those accidents and dangerous occurrences that are reportable under the provisions of RIDDOR (the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995), this information must be notified to the enforcing authority.

The Five Stages of an Accident Investigation

Reporting

Gathering information

Analysing information

Identifying risk control measures

Action planning and implementing

Lifting and Rigging Safety:

Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER)

LOLER also requires that all equipment used for lifting is fit for purpose, appropriate for the task, suitably marked and, in many cases, subject to statutory periodic 'thorough examination'. Records must be kept of all thorough examinations and any defects found must be reported to both the person responsible for the equipment and the relevant enforcing authority.

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) will also apply (includinginspectionand maintenance). All lifting operations involving lifting equipment must be properly planned by a competent person, appropriately supervised and carried out in a safe manner.