By :

1.Nurul Hidayah (10420091)

2.Nur Farida (10420109 )

3.Etty Ayu Kartika (10420113 )

4.Rini Wulandari (10420124)

5.Nur Fitri Aprillyani (10420350 )

“ Research is commonly defined as a systematic

approach to provide answers to questions .”

(Tuckman, 1978: 1 )

There are 3 basic components in a research :

A systematic approach

Answers

Questions

“ Research is a process which involves :

a)Defining a problem,

b)Stating an object,

c)Formulating an hypothesis.

(Nunan, 1992:2)

“Research is the systematic and objective analysis and

recording of controlled observations that may led to the

development of generalizations, principles, or theories,

resulting in prediction, and ultimate control of many

events that may be consequences or causes of specific

activities “

(Best, 1977:8)

From the two research definitions above, we can conclude that:

PROBLEM

SOLLUTION

RESEARCH

There are 10 steps in the research process :

1. Identifying a problem

2. Construction a hypothesis

3. Reviewing the literature

4. Etc.

There are some characteristics of a problem that

should be taken into consideration in choosing the

most suitable one.

1.It should ask about a relationship between two or

more variable.

2. It should be stated clearly and unambiguously,

usually in questions form.

3. It should be testable by empirical methods

4. It should not represent a moral or ethical position

A hypothesis, a suggested answer to the problem has the

following characteristics :

a.It should hypothesize upon a relationship between two or

more variables.

b.It should be stated clearly and unambiguously in the form of a

declarative sentence.

c.It should be testable; that is , it should be possible to restate it

in an operational form that can then be evaluated based on data.

Question : Is there a drinking problem

among students?

Thesis : There is a drinking problem

among students at this

college.

The thesis is a statement of belief.

The next step is to sharpen the thesis.

The refining of the thesis might go like this :

Thesis 1: There are students on this campus

who have drinking problem

Thesis 2: The students who drink excessively have

problem

Thesis 3: Students who drink excessively have problem

with their school work.

After you have sharpened your thesis, the next step is to

develop testable hypothesis.

The sharper the hypothesis, the neater the information.

A hypothesis is a tentative proposition about a relationship

between two or more phenomena, a proposition that can be

empirically tested to be either true or false.

Ex : Hypothesis

Excesssive drinkers will have lower grade point average

than will moderate drinkers or teetolalers among the student.

If A is valid, B follows ...

If you hit a child with a cain, he/she will cry.

If A is changed, then there is also a

change in B

If you give a child chocolates, he/she will happy.

Deduction is a process that goes from the general to the

specific.

E.g: If you don’t have a ticket,you cannot rida the train

You don’t have a ticket so you cannot ride the train.

Induction is the process that begins with data and

observation (empirical events ) and proceeds towards

hypotheses and theories.

e.g : My apple is red

Your apple is red

All apple is red

An essential step in any research project is the

literature review.

The function is to provide background information on

the research question and to identify what others have

said and / or discovered about the question.

Function of reviewing literature:

1.Reviewing history of the problem

2.Helping to choose the research design

3.Penetrate the base teory that relevant with rthe

problem.

4. Reviewing lack and overage result of the result of the

research.

5. Avoid the duplication research

6. Support statement of the problem

Thank you for you attention ...See you...

bye...bye....!!!