What is peripherisation and what makes peripheries

different? The long lasting story of N+

courses ...

Ilkka Pyy

Second house people involvement in local community and political life

NordPlus intensive field course lecture at Tartu, 5.5.2015

Peripheries, second-homes – everyday and academic perspectives

• Periphery and boundary both are products of nation state building – in many respects e.g. Joensuu is much more peripheral in national than in global context

• Why to bother to study peripheries?– Problem sites, which preserve conservative values but ruin the nature, do not

offer decent income but imitate the ways of life from the centers– Idyll sites, where small is beautiful and where the assessment of societal

change and development can be done from the distance and deeply• “It is clear that peripherality is, or should be, a contextual category

rather than a mere technical instrument to be employed in the classification of social – mainly economic – space. … peripherality should be a contextual but is also a relativistic category; there are no ‘absolute’ peripheries.” (Paasi 1995, 253-4)

• ”However, there still seems to be some agreement that the role of second-home phenomena for regional development is not fully understood. Thus, Second Homes: Curse or Blessing? [1977] remains a powerful reminder that scientific problems are not solved easily, particularly since they are objects of continuous change and diversification.” (Müller & Hoogendoorn 2013, 366) 5.5..2015Esityksen nimi / Tekijä 2

5.5..2015Ilkka Pyy 3

What is Peripherisation and what makes peripheries different?

Table of contents• (Extensive) perspectives to peripheries• Investigating and studying peripheries – N+ field course story

• Peripherisation and regionalisation– From dualisms . . .– . . . to three-fold analyses of differentiated peripheries

. . .– . . . and towards intensive development & training

strategies

Extensive perspectives to peripheries

The dimensions of (the Northern) peripheriesRegional differentiation can be divided into core areas and peripheral areas. We can

see this division on different regional scales from global to local. The cores are

typically diverse centres of economic growth, political power, culture life etc.

Main characteristics of peripheral regions:

“Peripheral in both a spatial and a social sense means being out of the centre of

resources, such as wealth, power, or connection” (Oksa 1995,183).• geographically remote (distance to/from centers), territorially

remote (border areas) • dependent up on external political and industrial decision-making• resource-based economy (agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing)• strong dependence on the state as provider of employment, services,

subsidies etc.• relatively low levels of income, education, health, housing etc.• culturally traditional• decline of population, employment, services• out-migration of young people, aging of the population• unfavourable climate and geological conditions (archipelago,

mountainous etc.)

Peripherality as an expenditure factor: some Nordic features

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LOW POPULATION DENSITY AND LONG DISTANCESA The share of people living outside population centres (the

share of people in sparsely populated areas)B The density of the people living in sparsely populated areas

- conventional density: average number of inhabitants/km2- grid square model of density: average number of inhabitants/populated km2-grids

C Wideness- the size of the area- the length of general roads- the average distance of farms from the population centre

REMOTE LOCATIOND The distance from the population as a demand potential

- the lack of collaboration possibilities- the lack of purchasing power- the lack of political power

E The distance to the town centresF The site of location on the border

OTHER FACTORS OF UNFAVOURABILITY (RELATED TO REMOTENESS)- bilingualism- special support for salaries in remote municipalities

Two populationdensities

(Rusanen et al. 1993)Population in municipality /areal size of municipality (km²)

Population in inhabited grids (1 km²)according to municipal division

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Remoteness index according to crow fly

Remoteness index according to road distance

Source: Simo Rautianen 2015

Remoteness index(Pyy 1996)

5.5..2015Source: Simo Rautianen

2015 9

Remoteness Archipelago

Population / 2 km² grid remoteness index 0,00 - 0,99 1,00 - 1,49 1,50 - 2,00

rate 1 1,5 3fixed charge 207,12 €/resident

lump sum charge 368,87 €/resident

Population in index grids 2013

Specified revenue (€)

Present revenue (€)

Total population

Specified revenue (€)

Hirvensalmi 2 094 161 83 422 208 0 2 338 862 418Mikkeli 53 458 1 029 148 1 258 931 0 54 635 20 153 212Savonlinna 33 375 1 360 1 521 4 557 633 755 315 36 256 13 373 751Enonkoski 332 1 102 88 557 734 35 806 1 522 561 420Puumala 0 195 2 124 2 327 532 369 487 2 319 855 410Sulkava 309 1 996 489 1 265 409 230 928 2 794 1 030 623

Index category

Remoteness index according to road distance

The impact of water bodiesby increasing remoteness

Category change

Investigating and studying peripheries

Nordplus research areasin 1999-2015

Source of the map: Spiekermann, K. & Aalbu, H., Nordic Peripherality in Europe. Nordregio Working Paper 2004:2

NordPlus –course themes 1999-2015 (2016?)

5.5..2015

• Spring 2016 ? in Lithuania ?? ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZENSHIP AND

RURAL CENTRE RENEWAL IN THE EUROPEAN NORTH ???12

• 27.9. – 8.10. 1999 in Saltdal, Rognan (140 km south-east of Bodø) with a 3-days excursion to Rana, Lurøy and Træna: LOCAL RESTRUCTURING OF THE NORDIC WELFARE SOCIETY

• 2. – 13.10. 2000 in Saltstraumen (30 km east of Bodø) with a 3-days excursion to the Lofoten Islands: INNOVATIONS, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORDIC CONTEXT

• 30.9. – 11.10. 2002 in Røkland (100 km south-east of Bodø) with a 3-days excursion to the Lofoten Islands: SOCIAL CAPITAL, LOCAL MOBILIZATION AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORDIC CONTEXT

• 19. – 31.10. 2003 in Tornio/Haparanda with a 3-days excursion to Luleå, Piteå, Pajala, Pello, Rovaniemi and Kemi: LEARNING REGIONS AND CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN THE NORDIC PERIPHERY

• 4. – 15.10. 2004 in Ylitornio with a 4-days excursion to Kolari, Enontekiö, Kautokeino, Karasjokk, Utsjoki, Inari and Rovaniemi: NEW DYNAMICS OF ETHNIC AND REGIONAL POLITICS IN THE NORDIC PERIPHERY

• 2. – 13.10. 2006 in Ylitornio with a 3-days excursion to Pajala, Kiruna, Gällivare, Jokkmokk, Boden and Luleå: MOBILITY IN A BRIDGING AND BONDING CAPACITY IN THE NORDIC PERIPHERY

• 1.-12.10.2007 in Kuusamo with a 4-days excursion to Eastern Lapland and Rovaniemi: MAPPING TACIT KNOWLEDGES. UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF RURAL ECONOMIES

• 3.-14.11.2008 in Pärnu with a 3-days excursion to Southern Estonia: RESILIENT REGIONS AND PEOPLE: TRANSFORMATION AND ADAPTATION OF LOCAL ECONOMIES

• 5.-16.10.2009 in Valga-Valka with excursions along Via Hansaetica between Tartu and Riga: NEW FORMS OF POSTPRODUCTIVISM, RURAL-URBAN INTERACTION AND REGIONALISM IN BALTIC BORDERLANDS

• 11.-22.10.2010 in Riga with a 3-days excursion to Eastern Latvia (Latgale): DUALISMS AND DIALOGUES IN BALTIC REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLICY

• 15-27.4.2012 in Tartu with a 3-days excursion to Vöru and Valga County, Vidzeme and Riga. KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTIONs AND LOCALISED LEARNING IN SPATIAL AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN PERIPHERAL FUNCTIONAL URBAN AREAS OF THE BALTIC SEA REGION

• 14 – 27.4.2013 in Tartu with a 3-days excursion to Estonian-Latvian-Russian corner border regions. BORDERING PERSPECTIVES AND PROCESSES IN EVERYDAY LIFE AT THE EU'S EXTERNAL FRONTIERS

• 11-24.5.2014 in Pärnu with a day s excursion to Hiiumaa and Saaremaa. INVISIBLE POPULATIONS AND THE FUTURE OF RECREATIONAL PERIPHERIES

• 3-16.52015 in Tartu with a 3 excursion Valga, Sigulda, Riha, Häädemeeste and Halliste: SECOND HOUSE PEOPLE INVOLVELMENT TO LOCAL COMMUNITY AND POLITICAL LIFE

Ongoing research project based on Nordplus-courses 1999-20151 How the students structure the problems of

regional development in the context of peripheral regions?

2 How the argumentation is connected to societal/grand principles and tensions (of e.g. efficiency and equity)?

3 What are main results/findings/observations/remarks in the study papers

4 Problem-solving and recommendations - what explains the orientation and articulation? (Zeitgeist?, EU-guidelines?, best-seller theoretical approaches?, charisma of teaching/supervision?, content of the courses?, intensive course dynamics?, general group dynamics?, group work habits like SWOT-analysis?)

5 The processes of knowledge in expert training and regional development work?

Approaches to study reports

• Periphery (dualisms)– global-local, state-municipality,

centralization-decentralization, vertical-horizontal, city-countryside, capital-labor, economy-culture, effectiveness-equity

• Competitiveness and welfare (three-fold analyses)– competence – connections – concept (Moss-Kanter 1995)– specialization – productivity – know-how – hierarchy – partnership – network – having – loving – being (Allardt 1976)

• Would these classifications reach the ideas of intensive development work …?

Peripherisation and regionalisation: From dualisms. . .

Towards combined LAU 1 & 2 in Finland?Country LAU 1 LAU 2

Estonia Counties (Maakond)

15 Municipalities (Vald, linn)

227

Finland Sub-regions (Seutukunnat / Ekonomiska regioner)

70 Municipalities(Kunnat / Kommuner)

317

Latvia Districts, republic cities (Rajoni, republikas pilsētas)

33 Cities, municipalities, parishes (Pilsētas, novadi, pagasti)

118

Lithuania

Municipalities(Savivaldybės)

60 Elderships(Seniūnijos)

518

Norway Economic regions 89 Municipalities 431

Iceland Regions 8 Municipalities 74

North Karelia in future: three municipalities?

Dimensions and examples

• Reforms about how to secure regional equity of urban type of services (border regions are usually peripheral in nature, thus removing borders by creating sub-regional municipalities (larger functional urban-rural regions will decrease peripherisation)

more people and/or services on wheels revaluation of real estate property in the centres of suspended

municipalities Sustainability in terms of economic, social, political, cultural and

ecological change• The renaissance of industries based on natural resources.

Mining boom in Finland (e.g. 4 mines in action in Lapland and 7 more will be started up in the near future)

• ”Pop in/pop out countryside/peripheries”• Broadband networked regionalisation and remote

telecommuting work

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. . . to three-fold analyses . . .

Three perspectives of estimating development/change

a) Statistical indicators– Certainties at the level of large numbers and avarages– GNP, HDI …

b) Single success stories and failures– Options for understanding the mechanisms of change and

innovation processes– Uniqueness versus general lessons

c) Views from the bottom– Less developed areas / poor people as critical determinants

of ”real” development– e.g. absolute change of income at the lowest deciles of

distribution

Triangle of (local) development/success

(Developed from Almås 1985)Local resources

ANCHOR

CATALYSTImpulse from outside

ENABLERPublic sector

- legislative reforms and control- fiscal subvention, support- programmes, guidance

production consumption ownership regulation

- business consultant- project manager- voluntary worker- developer-reseacher

. . . and towards intensive development & training strategies

From triple to quadruple helix?

• Spheres of action– rational– normative– communicative– emotional

• Types of knowledge– commercial– state-oriented– academic– local

“Live” beer -“Rezeknes bryuvers” produced from natural, ecologically clean materials. Not pasteurized.

An incident at the course 2013 • In year 2013 the expectations towards field studies were made as challenging as possible, since the preparation seminar ended up an open disagreement and miscommunication among teachers about strictly guided or more freely chosen methodological approach in front of the students.

• In the evening, just before students’ departure for field study locations, each teacher tried to calm down the situation within groups and by collectively shared e-mail with apologies, explanations and promises of full online accessibility of teachers during the field days.

• Work in high stress and time squeeze is very common in many organizations, nowadays even within an academia. Very turbulent time needs ever higher degree of flexibility, ad hoc solutions and good will for a proper communication. If you cannot make it then it will not cost you a job. Somehow by accident this was an opportunity to put our students’ abilities to the test.

• Obviously, the crisis before the field study strengthened the ties between group members as well as the working spirit. Students were doing so well that also local people seemed to recognize the good humour of the teams. They were wished to welcome and doors for interviews and observations opened easily to local authorities, services and industries.

• Consequently, students achieved materials they could analyze in the frameworks of knowledge/identity resources and codified/tacit knowledge. In many papers there were serious efforts to find means and matters to understand whether there is a phenomenon called local knowledge.

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Accommodation service

Salmela Art Center(28 000 visitors in 2012)Repovesi National Park(89 000 visitors in 2012)

Free-time residence

Converted free-time residence (”grandma's villa”)Tourism development areaMäntyharju water-route

Cycling route

Hiking route

Vehicles per day, averageRailway passengers, 2011

Mäntyharju as second house& tourism region

Mäntymotelli22 hotel rooms +33 cottages= 205 beds

Linkkumylly5 cottages / 20 beds

1650

Thank You!

www.uef.fi